Stadium in Beijing, China
The
National Stadium
[3]
(
?家?育?
), a.k.a
Bird's Nest
(
?巢
),
[4]
is a
stadium
at
Olympic Green
in
Chaoyang
,
Beijing
,
China
. The National Stadium, covering an area of 204,000 square meters with 91,000 capacity, broke ground in December 2003, officially started construction in March 2004, and was completed in June 2008.
[5]
The National Stadium is owned and operated by a
partnership
company between Beijing Municipal State-owned Assets Management Co Ltd (58%) and
CITIC Group
(42%).
[6]
The stadium was designed for the
2008 Summer Olympics
and
Paralympics
. It was also used during the
2022 Winter Olympics
and
Paralympics
.
History
[
edit
]
Located at the
Olympic Green
, the stadium cost US$428 million. The design was awarded to a submission from the Swiss architecture firm
Herzog & de Meuron
in April 2003 after a bidding process that included 13 final submissions. The design, which originated from the study of
Chinese ceramics
, implemented steel beams in order to hide supports for the retractable roof; giving the stadium the appearance of a
bird's nest
. Leading Chinese artist
Ai Weiwei
was the artistic consultant on the project.
[7]
The retractable roof was later removed from the design after inspiring the stadium's most recognizable aspect. Ground was broken on 24 December 2003 and the stadium officially opened on 28 June 2008. A shopping mall and a hotel are planned to be constructed to increase use of the stadium, which has had trouble attracting events,
football
and otherwise, after the Olympics.
[8]
Bidding
[
edit
]
In 2001, before Beijing had been awarded the games, the city held a bidding process to select the best arena design. Multiple requirements including the ability for post-Olympics use, a
retractable roof
, and incredibly low maintenance costs, were required of each design.
[9]
The entry list was narrowed to thirteen final designs.
[10]
Of the final thirteen,
Li Xinggang
of China Architecture Design and Research Group (CADG), said after he placed the model of the "nest" proposal at the exhibition hall and saw the rival entries he thought to himself, "We will win this."
[9]
The model was approved as the top design by a professional panel and later exhibited to the public. Once again, it was selected as the top design.
[9]
The "nest scheme" design became official in April 2003.
[9]
Design
[
edit
]
Why does a Chinese bowl or a Chinese window have this kind of pattern? Maybe the Chinese people like things to appear in this irregular way, but underneath there are very clear rules. The Bird's Nest developed in this way.
? Li Xinggang, head architect of CADG
[11]
Beijing National Stadium (BNS) was a joint venture among architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron of
Herzog & de Meuron
, project architect Stefan Marbach and CADG, which was led by chief architect
Li Xinggang
.
[12]
During their first meeting in 2003, at
Basel
, the group decided to do something unlike Herzog and de Meuron had traditionally designed. "China wanted to have something new for this very important stadium," Li stated.
[12]
In an effort to design a stadium that was "porous" while also being "a collective building, a public vessel",
[11]
the team studied
Chinese ceramics
.
[13]
This line of thought brought the team to the "nest scheme".
[11]
The stadium consists of two independent structures, standing 50 feet apart:
[1]
a red concrete seating bowl and the outer steel frame around it.
[11]
In an attempt to hide steel supports for the retractable roof, required in the bidding process, the team developed the "random-looking additional steel" to blend the supports into the rest of the stadium.
[11]
Twenty-four trussed columns encase the inner bowl,
[14]
each one weighing 1,000
tons
.
[9]
Despite the random appearance of the Stadium, each half is nearly symmetrical.
[15]
After a collapse of a roof at the
Charles de Gaulle Airport
,
[9]
Beijing reviewed all major projects. It was decided to eliminate the retractable roof, the original inspiration for the "nest" design,
[9]
as well as 9,000 seats from the design.
[15]
The removal of the elements helped to bring the project under the reduced construction budget of $290 million, from an original $500 million.
[9]
With the removal of the retractable roof, the building was lightened, which helped it stand up to
seismic activity
; however, the upper section of the roof was altered to protect fans from weather.
[15]
Enerpac
was granted the contract to perform the stage lifting and lowering of the stadium roof as part of the construction process.
[16]
China National Electric Engineering Co Ltd
and
China National Mechanical Engineering Corporation
lifted and welded the steel structure. Due to the stadium's outward appearance, it was nicknamed "The Bird's Nest". The phrase was first used by Herzog & de Meuron, though the pair still believes "there should be many ways of perceiving a building."
[11]
The use is a compliment Li explained, "In China, a bird's nest is very expensive, something you eat on special occasions."
[9]
Construction
[
edit
]
Construction of the stadium proceeded in several distinct phases, the first phase involving the construction of a concrete supporting structure upon the concrete foundations laid for the construction site. This was followed by the phased installation of the curved steel frame surrounding the stadium, which is largely self-supporting. This phased installation involved the interconnection of sections of the curved steel frame constructed in Shanghai and transported to Beijing for assembly and welding. The entire structure of interconnected sections was welded together as the primary means of interconnection used to assemble the entire surrounding nest structure. Upon removal of the supporting columns used for the purpose of expediting the assembly of the interconnecting sections, the completed nest structure as a whole settled approximately 27 cm to attain full stability before the interior design and construction of the stadium could be installed and completed.
[17]
Completion
[
edit
]
Ground was broken, at the
Olympic Green
,
[18]
for Beijing National Stadium on 24 December 2003.
[19]
At its height, 17,000 construction workers worked on the stadium.
[20]
Portraits of 143 migrant workers at the construction site were featured in the book
Workers (Gong Ren)
by artist Helen Couchman. On 1 January 2008,
The Times
reported that 10 workers had died throughout construction; despite denial from the Chinese government.
[21]
However, in a story the following week,
Reuters
, with the support of the Chinese government, reported that only two workers had died.
[20]
All 121,000 tons of steel were made in China. On 14 May 2008 the grass field of 7,811 square meters was laid in 24 hours.
[22]
The field is a modular turf system by
GreenTech ITM
.
[23]
Building the Beijing Olympic Field Beijing National Stadium officially opened at a ceremony on 28 June 2008.
[24]
Features and events
[
edit
]
The eastern and western stands of Beijing National Stadium are higher than northern and southern stands, in order to improve sightlines.
[25]
A 24-hour-per-day
rainwater collector
is located near the stadium; after water is purified, it is used throughout and around the stadium.
[26]
[27]
Pipes placed under the playing surface gather heat in the winter to warm the stadium and disperse heat in the summer to cool the stadium.
[28]
The stadium's design originally called for a capacity of 100,000 people; however, 9,000 were removed during a simplification of the design. The new total of 91,000 was shaved further when 11,000 temporary seats were removed after the 2008 Olympics; decreasing the stadium's capacity to current 80,000.
[29]
[30]
The farthest seat is 460 feet (140 meters) from center field.
[1]
[28]
Temperature and airflow of every surface were optimized to increase ventilation.
[28]
Beijing National Stadium hosted the
opening
and
closing
ceremonies,
athletic events
, and
football final
of the
2008 Summer Olympics
from 8 to 24 August 2008.
[3]
The stadium also hosted the
Opening
and Closing ceremonies and athletic events of the
2008 Summer Paralympics
from 6 to 17 September 2008.
[3]
Though designed for
track and field events
of the Olympics, the stadium continued to host sporting events, such as football, afterwards.
[15]
A shopping mall and a hotel, with rooms overlooking the field, are planned to help increase use after the Olympics.
[1]
Li stated, "This will become the most important public space in Beijing."
[1]
Although ignored by the Chinese media, design consultant Ai Weiwei has voiced his anti-Olympics views and distanced himself from the project, saying, "I've already forgotten about it. I turn down all the demands to have photographs with it," and that it is part of a "pretend smile" of bad taste.
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
China
men's
and
women's
team has not played any matches since the opening of the stadium.
On its first anniversary, 8 August 2009, the stadium hosted a performance of the opera
Turandot
, and the 2009
Supercoppa Italiana
(Italian Super Cup) final, the traditional curtain raiser to the Italian football league season.
[35]
In August 2011, the Bird's Nest once again hosted the
Supercoppa Italiana
, the stadium's second in three years, and also in
2012
.
The
Beijing Guo’an
football club was scheduled to play at the stadium, but later backed out of their agreement, citing the embarrassment of using an 80,000+ seat venue for games that routinely draw only slightly more than 10,000.
[8]
[36]
In July 2010, the stadium hosted a friendly football match between
Football League Championship
team
Birmingham City
and Beijing Guoan as a part of Birmingham's pre-season trip to China, homeland of the club's owner
Carson Yeung
. Birmingham City recorded a 1?0 victory in the game.
[37]
Arsenal
and
Manchester City
played each other in the inaugural 'China Cup', a one-off match in Beijing's played on 27 July 2012. Manchester City won the match with a score of 2?0.
[38]
On 25 July 2016 Manchester City were scheduled to meet
Manchester United
as part of the
2016 International Champions Cup
. However the game was cancelled due to heavy rain soaking the pitch, poor pitch conditions due to fungus and the pitch being relaid with turf.
[39]
[40]
On 22 July 2017,
Arsenal
and
Chelsea
played against each other in a friendly match.
[41]
After China became the host of the
2023 AFC Asian Cup
on 4 June 2019 which the stadium was originally intended as the
Beijing
venue, but it was replaced by
Workers' Stadium
on 4 January 2020. However, on 14 May 2022,
AFC
announced that China would not be able to host the tournament due to the exceptional circumstances caused by the
COVID-19 pandemic
.
[42]
Other sports events
[
edit
]
The stadium hosted the
2009 Race of Champions
motor racing carnival.
[43]
In 2014 and 2015, the
FIA Formula E Championship
motor racing series hosted the
Beijing ePrix
at the Beijing Olympic Park.
On 1 November 2010, the
IAAF
announced that the
2015 World Championships in Athletics
would take place at the Beijing National Stadium.
[44]
On 29 July 2017, the stadium hosted
Monster Jam
and the
Stadium Super Trucks
, marking the first Chinese race for both racing series. Chinese driver
Li Ya Tao
was among the ten drivers competing in the Stadium Super Truck race.
[45]
On 4 November 2017, the stadium hosted the
League of Legends World Championship 2017
Finals.
[46]
Concerts
[
edit
]
Jackie Chan
was the first artist to hold a pop concert at the stadium on 2 April 2009.
"King of Chinese Pop"
Wang Leehom
held the first solo pop concert at the stadium on 14 April 2012 for a sold-out crowd of 90,000 fans.
[47]
Taiwanese band
Mayday
performed at the stadium for two nights from 29 to 30 April 2012, as part of their Mayday No Where Tour. They were the first band ever to hold two-day concerts at the stadium. They returned in August 2013 to hold one show as part of their Mayday Now Here Tour. They came back to the stadium to hold their three shows of their Just Rock It!!! World Tour in August 2016 and five shows of their
Mayday Life Tour
in August 2017 and 2018. They returned in August 2019 to hold three shows of their Just Rock It!!! World Tour to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the release of their first album in 1999.
Korean pop
artists under
S.M. Entertainment
including
Kangta
,
BoA
,
TVXQ
,
Super Junior
(
Super Junior-M
),
Girls' Generation
,
SHINee
,
f(x)
,
EXO
,
Zhang Liyin
, and
Tasty
performed at the stadium for the first time on 19 October 2013 as part of the
SMTown Live World Tour III
.
Chinese pop star Jason Zhang held the Future Live concert at the stadium on 11 August 2018.
Chinese pop and rock star
Hua Chenyu
was the first solo artist under 30 to hold a concert, let alone two, on 8 September 2018, to 9 September 2018.
Since 2014, the finals for the Chinese singing competition
The Voice of China
and
Sing! China
, based on the hit international singing competition
The Voice
, were held at the stadium. The finals were usually held on either 7 October or on a Sunday of the
Golden Week
to commemorate the event.
Pageants
[
edit
]
In 4th quarter of 2017, this stadium is also open for both local & international pageant events.
Post-Olympics legacy
[
edit
]
On 12 January 2009 the venue's owners announced plans for the stadium to anchor a shopping and entertainment complex. These plans, having been developed by operator
CITIC Group
, were projected to take three to five years to achieve. The stadium also continues to function as a tourist attraction, while hosting sports and entertainment events.
[36]
However, by 2013 the stadium had fallen into visual disrepair and was criticized as appearing rusty and neglected by visitors to Beijing.
In 2009, the stadium was the site of a Pit Stop for the double-length penultimate leg in the
14th season
of
The Amazing Race
.
[48]
In 2010, an Olympic-themed Detour was held here in the fifth leg of the
first season
of
The Amazing Race: China Rush
.
[49]
Later in 2016, the first leg of the
third season
of
The Amazing Race China
featured a Roadblock where a team member reenacted a dancing segment from the
opening ceremony
.
[50]
The National Stadium was intended to be a Monument of New China, expected to be visited by millions of tourists and showcased through an array of media representations.
[51]
In spite of the lack of significant events, the stadium appears to be quite profitable, drawing some 20,000 to 30,000 people a day at the price of a 50
yuan
admission.
[52]
In 2010 it was used as a snow theme park.
[53]
The venue costs approximately
$
9 million to maintain per year.
[8]
[36]
The stadium was used for the finals of the
2017 League of Legends World Championship
.
[54]
This included performances by
Jay Chou
.
The stadium was used to host "The Great Journey", an art performance marking the
100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party
on 1 July 2021.
[55]
2022 Winter Olympics
[
edit
]
The stadium was used for the opening and closing ceremonies of
2022 Winter Olympics
and
2022 Winter Paralympics
. It is the only stadium to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics and Paralympics opening and closing ceremonies.
[8]
-
The Beijing National Stadium at night during the Summer Olympics
-
Inside of the stadium during the 2008 Summer Olympics
-
Interior view of the stadium
-
2008 Summer Olympics flame
-
Detail of the exterior
-
Architectural detail of the stadium's exterior
-
Beijing National Stadium at night
-
Golden hall, the lounge for national leaders
-
Silver hall, the lounge for IOC officials
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
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, pp. 98
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.
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Sources
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
39°59′30″N
116°23′26″E
/
39.99167°N 116.39056°E
/
39.99167; 116.39056
|
---|
New venues
| | |
---|
Existing venues
| |
---|
Temporary venues
| |
---|
Venues outside
Beijing
| |
---|
|
---|
19th century
| | |
---|
20th century
|
- 1900
:
Croix-Catelan Stadium
- 1904
:
Francis Field
- 1908
:
White City Stadium
- 1912
:
Stockholm Olympic Stadium
- 1920
:
Olympisch Stadion
- 1924
:
Stade Yves-du-Manoir
- 1928
:
Olympic Stadium
- 1932
:
Olympic Stadium
,
Riverside Drive at Griffith Park
- 1936
:
Avus Motor Road
,
Olympic Stadium
- 1948
:
Empire Stadium
- 1952
:
Olympic Stadium
- 1956
:
Melbourne Cricket Ground
- 1960
:
Arch of Constantine
,
Raccordo Anulare
,
Stadio Olimpico
,
Via Appia Antica
,
Via Cristoforo Colombo
- 1964
:
Fuchu City
,
Karasuyama-machi
,
National Stadium
,
Sasazuka-machi
,
Shinjuku
- 1968
:
Estadio Olimpico Universitario
,
Zocalo
- 1972
:
Olympiastadion
- 1976
:
Montreal Botanical Garden
,
Olympic Stadium
, Streets of
Montreal
- 1980
:
Grand Arena
, Streets of
Moscow
- 1984
:
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
,
Santa Monica College
, Streets of
Los Angeles
, Streets of
Santa Monica
- 1988
:
Seoul Olympic Stadium
, Streets of
Seoul
- 1992
:
Estadi Olimpic de Monjuic
, Marathon course,
Mataro
, Walking course
- 1996
: Marathon course,
Olympic Stadium
, Walking course
|
---|
21st century
|
- 2000
: Marathon course,
North Sydney
,
Olympic Stadium
- 2004
:
Marathon (city)
,
Olympic Stadium
,
Panathenaic Stadium
,
Stadium at Olympia
- 2008
:
Beijing National Stadium
,
Olympic Green Promenade
Walking course, Streets of
Beijing
Marathon course
- 2012
:
Marathon Course
,
Olympic Stadium
- 2016
:
Estadio Olimpico Joao Havelange
,
Pontal
,
Sambodromo
- 2020
:
Japan National Stadium
,
Odori Park
- 2024
:
Stade de France
,
Champs-Elysees
- 2028
:
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
,
BMO Stadium
,
Grand Park
- 2032
:
Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre
,
Alexandra Headland
|
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|
---|
1890s
| |
---|
1900s
| |
---|
1910s
| |
---|
1920s
| |
---|
1930s
| |
---|
1940s
|
- 1948
- Arsenal Stadium
,
Champion Hill
,
Craven Cottage
,
Empire Stadium
(medal matches),
Fratton Park
,
Goldstone Ground
,
Green Pond Road
,
Griffin Park
,
Lynn Road
,
Selhurst Park
,
White Hart Lane
|
---|
1950s
| |
---|
1960s
|
- 1960
- Florence Communal Stadium
,
Grosseto Communal Stadium
,
L'Aquila Communal Stadium
,
Livorno Ardenza Stadium
,
Naples Saint Paul's Stadium
,
Pescara Adriatic Stadium
,
Stadio Flaminio
(final)
- 1964
- Komazawa Olympic Park Stadium
,
Mitsuzawa Football Field
,
Nagai Stadium
,
Tokyo National Stadium
(final),
Nishikyogoku Athletic Stadium
,
?miya Football Field
,
Prince Chichibu Memorial Football Field
- 1968
- Estadio Azteca
(final),
Estadio Cuauhtemoc
,
Estadio Nou Camp
,
Jalisco Stadium
|
---|
1970s
| |
---|
1980s
|
- 1980
- Dinamo Stadium
,
Dynamo Central Stadium ? Grand Arena
,
Central Lenin Stadium ? Grand Arena
(final),
Kirov Stadium
,
Republican Stadium
- 1984
- Harvard Stadium
,
Navy?Marine Corps Memorial Stadium
,
Rose Bowl
(final),
Stanford Stadium
- 1988
- Busan Stadium
,
Daegu Stadium
,
Daejeon Stadium
,
Dongdaemun Stadium
,
Gwangju Stadium
,
Olympic Stadium
(final)
|
---|
1990s
| |
---|
2000s
|
- 2000
- Brisbane Cricket Ground
,
Bruce Stadium
,
Hindmarsh Stadium
,
Melbourne Cricket Ground
,
Olympic Stadium
(men's final),
Sydney Football Stadium
(women's final)
- 2004
- Kaftanzoglio Stadium
,
Karaiskakis Stadium
(women's final),
Olympic Stadium
(men's final),
Pampeloponnisiako Stadium
,
Pankritio Stadium
,
Panthessaliko Stadium
- 2008
- Beijing National Stadium
(men's final),
Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium
,
Shanghai Stadium
,
Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium
,
Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium
,
Workers' Stadium
(women's final)
|
---|
2010s
|
- 2012
- Coventry Arena
,
Hampden Park
,
Millennium Stadium
,
St James' Park
,
Old Trafford
,
Wembley Stadium
(both finals)
- 2016
- Estadio Nacional de Brasilia
,
Arena Fonte Nova
,
Mineirao
,
Arena Corinthians
,
Arena da Amazonia
,
Estadio Olimpico Joao Havelange
,
Maracana
(both finals)
|
---|
2020s
|
- 2020
- International Stadium Yokohama
(both finals),
Kashima Soccer Stadium
,
Miyagi Stadium
,
Saitama Stadium
,
Sapporo Dome
,
Tokyo Stadium
- 2024
- Parc des Princes
(both finals),
Parc Olympique Lyonnais
,
Stade de la Beaujoire
,
Stade de Nice
,
Stade Geoffroy-Guichard
,
Stade Matmut Atlantique
,
Stade Velodrome
- 2028
- SoFi Stadium
(men's final),
BMO Stadium
,
Rose Bowl
(women's final),
Levi's Stadium
,
PayPal Park
,
Stanford Stadium
,
California Memorial Stadium
,
Snapdragon Stadium
|
---|
2030s
| |
---|
| |
|
---|
19th century
| |
---|
20th century
| |
---|
21st century
| |
---|
|
---|
20th century
| |
---|
21st century
| |
---|
|
---|
1980s
| |
---|
1990s
| |
---|
2000s
| |
---|
2010s
| |
---|
2020s
| |
---|
|
|
---|
Areas
| |
---|
Education
| |
---|
Landmarks
| |
---|
Transport
| |
---|
This list is incomplete.
|