"Bartenstein" redirects here. For the German principality with a similar name, see
Hohenlohe-Bartenstein
.
Place in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland
Bartoszyce
(
pronounced
Barto-shitse
[bart????t?s?]
ⓘ
;
German
:
Bartenstein
,
[?ba?tn??ta?n]
ⓘ
) is a
town
on the
Łyna River
in northern
Poland
, with 22,597 inhabitants as of December 2021.
[3]
It is the capital of
Bartoszyce County
within the
Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
.
Geographical location
[
edit
]
Bartoszyce lies on the left shore of river
Łyna River
in a valley, approximately 90 kilometres (56 miles) east of
Elbl?g
and 55 kilometres (34 miles) south of
Kaliningrad
, at an altitude of 3 metres (9.8 feet)
above sea level
.
History
[
edit
]
Middle Ages
[
edit
]
Gothic
Saint John the Evangelist church, built after 1332, and expanded in 1360?80 and in the 15th century
Around 1241 the
Teutonic Knights
(the monastic German Order) constructed a castle on the left shore of the
Łyna River
on the border between the
Old Prussian
regions of
Natangia
and
Bartia
.
[5]
The castle was part of the district (
Komturei
) of
Balga
. It was first composed of stone houses,
palisades
, and earthworks and later built of bricks.
[
citation needed
]
Besieged by the native
Old Prussians
for four years during an
uprising
beginning in 1260, the castle was destroyed in 1264. The Order rebuilt it shortly afterward, but it was besieged by another Baltic group, the
Sudovians
, in 1273. After the Old Prussian uprisings ended, the Knights rebuilt the
Ordensburg
out of stone from 1274?80.
[5]
During the 14th and 15th centuries, the castle was managed by the
Komtur
(administrator) of Balga.
Thereafter, a settlement developed near the castle on the right shore of the Alle River opposite the castle. First documented in 1326 under the name
Rosenthal
, it received
town privileges
from the Teutonic Grand Master
Luther von Braunschweig
in 1332.
[
citation needed
]
After that the name was changed to Bartenstein and the settlement of Rosenthal below the castle on the left shore of the river was relocated, as the left side had become too endangered by warfare.
[5]
[6]
Poles
settled in sizeable numbers in Bartenstein from the 14th to the 17th century. The town's Polish residents used the Polish names
Bartoszyce
and
Barsztyn
.
[6]
The town's Teutonic Order administrator (German:
Komtur
),
Henning Schindekopf
of Balga, began construction of a
wall
around the town in 1353.
[5]
In 1440, the town joined the anti-Teutonic
Prussian Confederation
, upon the request of which Polish King
Casimir IV Jagiellon
incorporated the region and town to the
Kingdom of Poland
in 1454.
[7]
At the beginning of the subsequent
Thirteen Years' War
, the Teutonic castle was destroyed and was not rebuilt afterward.
[5]
However, the residents of Bartenstein became reconciled with the Teutonic Knights in 1460. After the
peace treaty
signed in
Toru?
in 1466, the town became part of Poland as a
fief
held by the
State of the Teutonic Order
.
[8]
To stabilize the Order's financial situation, the Order sold the ruined castle's farmyard and meadows to Wend von Eulenburg in 1469; the entire manor of Bartenstein was sold in 1513 to
Heinrich
Reuß
von Plauen
(not
the
Grand Master
).
[5]
Modern era
[
edit
]
Lidzbarska Gate in the town center
With the secularization of the Teutonic Order's Prussian territories in 1525, the town became part of the
Duchy of Prussia
, established with the consent of the Polish king
Sigismund I the Old
, as a vassal state of the Polish Crown. The town converted to
Protestantism
in the same year during the
Protestant Reformation
.
[5]
Bartenstein became part of the secular
Kingdom of Prussia
in 1701 and the Prussian Province of
East Prussia
in 1773. During the
Napoleonic Wars
, Prussia and the
Russian Empire
signed a treaty of alliance in the town on 26 April 1807,
[9]
the
Treaty of Bartenstein
. Administrative reform following the
Napoleonic Wars
placed Bartenstein within East Prussia's Landkreis Friedland in 1818. The town was subjected to
Germanisation
policies, and although the post of a Polish preacher still existed in 1829, the appointed preacher did not speak Polish.
[10]
Bartenstein in the early 20th century
The
Lyck
-Bartenstein (
Ełk
?Bartoszyce) train line ran through the town in 1868, leading to the establishment of industries, including an iron foundry, a machine factory, and a train-car factory. It was also noted for its oak trade. A garrison town for the
Prussian Army
, Bartenstein was the seat of the district court. Because it had grown to become the largest town in
Landkreis Friedland
during the 19th century, the town was made the district capital in 1902. Landkreis Friedland was renamed
Landkreis Bartenstein
in 1927. The foundations of the old castle were used in the construction of the administrative seat; this building was destroyed in 1945.
[5]
In January 1945 during
World War II
, the town was 50% destroyed in fighting between German forces and the
Soviet
Red Army
. As a result of border changes promulgated at the
Potsdam Conference
(July?August 1945), the town and the area was assigned to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime which stayed in power until the
Fall of Communism
in the 1980s. Remaining German residents who had survived were either
evacuated
or later
expelled
in accordance with the
Potsdam Agreement
, and the town was repopulated with
Poles
.
As part of the repressions against the
Catholic Church
, the communists created a special military unit in Bartoszyce, to which they forcibly conscripted students of
theological seminaries
.
[11]
The future priest
Jerzy Popiełuszko
did his military service there in 1966?1968.
[11]
He initiated resistance, for which he was repeatedly punished, affecting his health for the rest of his life.
[11]
There is a memorial to Jerzy Popiełuszko in Bartoszyce.
Bartoszyce in 1991
Bartoszyce was administratively located in
Olsztyn Voivodeship
from 1946 to 1998. It became part of the
Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
in 1999.
Number of inhabitants by year
[
edit
]
Historical population
Year
| Pop.
| ±%
|
---|
1729
| 2,000
| ?
|
---|
1785
| 2,780
| +39.0%
|
---|
1831
| 3,603
| +29.6%
|
---|
1875
| 6,460
| +79.3%
|
---|
1880
| 7,132
| +10.4%
|
---|
1890
| 6,442
| ?9.7%
|
---|
1905
| 6,805
| +5.6%
|
---|
1925
| 7,890
| +15.9%
|
---|
1933
| 8,717
| +10.5%
|
---|
1939
| 11,268
| +29.3%
|
---|
2009
| 24,994
| +121.8%
|
---|
Note that the above table is based on primary, potentially biased, sources.
[12]
[13]
|
Liceum Ogolnokształc?ce
im. Stefana ?eromskiego (high school)
Popular culture
[
edit
]
The town is the location of a scene in
Leo Tolstoy
's
War and Peace
.
[14]
: 228
International relations
[
edit
]
Twin towns - sister cities
[
edit
]
Bartoszyce is
twinned
with:
[15]
Former twin towns
[
edit
]
On 25 March 2022, Bartoszyce County decided to terminate its cooperation with Russian city of Bagrationovsk as a response to the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
.
[16]
Notable residents
[
edit
]
- Matthaus Waissel
(1540?1602), German theologian, lutist, author
- Max Baginski
(1864?1943), German?American anarchist
- Hans Koch
(1893?1945), German anti?Nazi resistance fighter
- Erwin Geschonneck
(1906?2008), German actor
- Gunther Schack
(1917?2003), German fighter pilot
- Hans-Joachim Reske
(born 1940), German athlete
- Zbigniew Lubiejewski
(born 1949), Polish volleyball player
- Marek Da?ko
(born 1991), Polish handball player
- Mateusz Czunkiewicz
(born 1996), Polish volleyball player
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Burmistrz Miasta Bartoszyce"
.
bartoszyce.pl
(in Polish). Miasto Bartoszyce
. Retrieved
2022-08-30
.
- ^
"Local Data Bank"
. Statistics Poland
. Retrieved
2022-08-30
.
Category K1, group G441, subgroup P1410. Data for territorial unit 2801011.
- ^
a
b
"Local Data Bank"
. Statistics Poland
. Retrieved
2022-08-30
.
Category K3, group G7, subgroup P1336. Data for territorial unit 2801011.
- ^
"Local Data Bank"
. Statistics Poland
. Retrieved
2022-08-30
.
Category K3, group G7, subgroup P2425. Data for territorial unit 2801011.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Ostpreußen.net
.
Geschichte der Stadt Bartoszyce - Bartenstein
. Accessed 1 April 2007.
(in German)
- ^
a
b
"Bartoszyce, eMazury"
(in Polish)
. Retrieved
June 7,
2019
.
- ^
Gorski, Karol (1949).
Zwi?zek Pruski i poddanie si? Prus Polsce: zbior tekstow ?rodłowych
(in Polish).
Pozna?
: Instytut Zachodni. pp. XXXVII, 54.
- ^
Gorski, pp. 96?97, 214?215
- ^
Der Große Brockhaus
, 15th edition, Vol. 2, Leipzig 1929, p. 333.
- ^
K?trzy?ski, Wojciech
(1882).
O ludno?ci polskiej w Prusiech niegdy? krzy?ackich
(in Polish). Lwow:
Zakład Narodowy im. Ossoli?skich
. pp. 587?588.
- ^
a
b
c
"
"Popiełuszko - ?ołnierz z Bartoszyc"
"
.
PolskieRadio.pl
(in Polish)
. Retrieved
2 October
2021
.
- ^
Johann Friedrich Goldbeck
:
Vollstandige Topographie des Konigreichs Preußen
. Part I:
Topographie von Ost-Preussen
, Marienwerder 1785,
p. 18, no. 1.
- ^
Michael Rademacher:
Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Provinz Ostpreußen, Kreis Friedland/Bartenstein
(2006).
- ^
Tolstoy, Leo (1949).
War and Peace
. Garden City: International Collectors Library.
- ^
"Miasta Partnerskie"
.
bartoszyce.pl
(in Polish). Miasto Bartoszyce
. Retrieved
2022-08-30
.
- ^
"Uchwała Rady Powiatu nr LIV/259/2022"
.
bipspbartoszyce.warmia.mazury.pl
(in Polish). Bulletin of Public Information of Bartoszyce County. Archived from
the original
on 2022-08-30
. Retrieved
2022-08-30
.
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Bartoszyce
.
|
---|
Urban gminas
| | |
---|
Urban-rural gminas
| |
---|
Rural gminas
| |
---|
|
---|
Seat (not part of the gmina)
| | |
---|
Villages
| |
---|
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
---|
Geographic
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|