Town in Cumbria, England
Human settlement in England
Barrow-in-Furness
is a
port town
and
civil parish
(as just "
Barrow
") in the
Westmorland and Furness
district, in the ceremonial county of
Cumbria
, England.
Historically
in
Lancashire
, it was incorporated as a
municipal borough
in 1867 and merged with
Dalton-in-Furness
Urban District in 1974 to form the
Borough of Barrow-in-Furness
. In 2023, the borough merged with Eden and South Lakeland districts to form a new unitary authority: Westmorland and Furness. At the tip of the
Furness peninsula
, close to the
Lake District
, it is bordered by
Morecambe Bay
, the
Duddon Estuary
and the
Irish Sea
. In 2021, Barrow's population was 55,489, making it the second largest urban area in Cumbria after
Carlisle
, and the largest in the Westmorland and Furness unitary authority.
Natives of Barrow, as well as the local dialect, are known as
Barrovian
.
[1]
In the
Middle Ages
, Barrow was a small
hamlet
within the parish of Dalton-in-Furness with
Furness Abbey
, now on the outskirts of the town, controlling the local economy before its
dissolution
in 1537. The iron prospector
Henry Schneider
arrived in Furness in 1839 and, with other investors, opened the
Furness Railway
in 1846 to transport iron ore and slate from local mines to the coast. Further
hematite
deposits were discovered, of sufficient size to develop factories for smelting and exporting steel. For a period in the late 19th century, the
Barrow Hematite Steel Company
-owned steelworks was the world's largest.
[2]
Barrow's location and the availability of steel allowed the town to develop into a significant producer of naval vessels, a shift that was accelerated during
World War I
and the local yard's specialisation in submarines. The original iron- and steel-making enterprises closed down after
World War II
, leaving
Vickers
shipyard as Barrow's main industry and employer. Several
Royal Navy
flagships
, the vast majority of its
nuclear submarines
as well as numerous other naval vessels,
ocean liners
and
oil tankers
have been manufactured at the facility.
The end of the
Cold War
and subsequent
decrease in military spending
saw high unemployment in the town through lack of contracts; despite this, the
BAE Systems
shipyard remains operational as the UK's largest by workforce (12,000 employees in 2024)
[3]
and is now undergoing a major expansion associated with the
Dreadnought
-class
submarine programme.
[4]
Furthermore, in 2023 it was announced that a new class of nuclear submarine, associated with the trilateral
AUKUS
military alliance, will be designed and principally constructed in Barrow.
[5]
Today Barrow is also a hub for energy generation and handling. Offshore wind farms form one of the highest concentrations of turbines in the world, including
the second largest offshore farm
, with multiple operating bases in Barrow.
[6]
Toponymy
[
edit
]
The name was originally that of an island, Barrai, which can be traced back to 1190. This was later renamed Old Barrow, recorded as Oldebarrey in 1537, and Old Barrow Insula and Barrohead in 1577. The island was then joined to the mainland and the town took its name. The name itself seems to mean "island with promontory", combining British
barro-
and Old Norse
ey
, but it is more likely that
Scandinavian
settlers simply accepted
barro-
as a meaningless name, and so added an explanatory
Old Norse
second element.
[7]
Nicknames
[
edit
]
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Barrow was nicknamed "the English Chicago" because of the sudden and rapid growth in its industry, economic stature and overall size.
[8]
More recently the town has been dubbed the "capital of
blue-collar
Britain" by
The Guardian
, reflecting its strong working class identity.
[9]
Barrow is also often jokingly referred to as being at the end of the longest
cul-de-sac
in the country because of its isolated location at the tip of the Furness peninsula.
[10]
History
[
edit
]
Early history
[
edit
]
Barrow and the surrounding area has been settled non-continuously for several millennia with evidence of
Neolithic
inhabitants on
Walney Island
. Despite a rich history of
Roman
settlement across Cumbria and the discovery of related artefacts in the Barrow area, no buildings or structures have been found to support the idea of a functioning Roman community on the
Furness
peninsula.
[11]
The
Furness Hoard
discovery of
Viking
silver coins and other artefacts in 2011 provided significant archaeological evidence of
Norse
settlement in the early 9th century. Several areas of Barrow including
Yarlside
and
Ormsgill
, as well as "Barrow" and "Furness", have names of
Old Norse
origin. The
Domesday Book
of 1086 recorded the settlements of Hietun, Rosse and Hougenai, which are now the districts of
Hawcoat
,
Roose
and
Walney
respectively.
In the
Middle Ages
the Furness peninsula was controlled by the
Cistercian
monks of the Abbey of St Mary of Furness, known as
Furness Abbey
. This was in the "Vale of Nightshade", now on the outskirts of the town.
[12]
Founded for the
Savigniac order
, it was built on the orders of
King Stephen
in 1123. Soon after the abbey's foundation the monks discovered iron ore deposits, later to provide the basis for the Furness economy. These thin strata, close to the surface, were extracted through open cut workings,
[13]
which were then smelted by the monks.
[14]
The proceeds from mining, along with agriculture and fisheries, meant that by the 15th century the abbey had become the second richest and most powerful Cistercian abbey in England, after
Fountains Abbey
in Yorkshire.
[15]
The monks of Furness Abbey constructed a wooden tower on nearby
Piel Island
in 1212 which acted as their main trading point; it was twice invaded by the Scots, in 1316 and 1322. In 1327
King Edward III
gave Furness Abbey a
licence
to
crenellate
the tower, and a
motte-and-bailey castle
was built. However Barrow itself was just a hamlet in the parish of
Dalton-in-Furness
, reliant on the land and sea for survival. Small quantities of iron and ore were exported from jetties on the channel separating the village from Walney Island. Amongst the oldest buildings in Barrow are several cottages and farmhouses in
Newbarns
which date back to the early 17th century; as well as
Rampside Hall
, a
Grade I listed
building and the best-preserved in the town from the 1600s. Even as late as 1843 there were still only 32 dwellings, including two pubs.
[16]
19th century
[
edit
]
In 1839
Henry Schneider
arrived as a young speculator and dealer in iron, and he discovered large deposits of
haematite
in 1850. He and other investors founded the
Furness Railway
, the first section of which opened in 1846, to transport the ore from the slate quarries at
Kirkby-in-Furness
and haematite mines at
Lindal-in-Furness
and
Askam and Ireleth
to a deep-water harbour near
Roa Island
.
[17]
The crucial and difficult link across
Morecambe Bay
between
Ulverston
and
Carnforth
on the main line was promoted, as the
Ulverston and Lancaster Railway
, by a group led by
John Brogden
and opened in 1857. It was promptly purchased by the Furness Railway.
[18]
[19]
The docks built between 1863 and 1881 in the more sheltered channel between the mainland and
Barrow Island
replaced the port at Roa Island. The first dock to open was
Devonshire Dock
in 1867, and Prime Minister
William Ewart Gladstone
stated his belief that "Barrow would become another Liverpool". The increasing quantities of iron ore mined in Furness were then brought into the centre of Barrow to be transported by sea.
The investors in the burgeoning mining and railway industries decided that greater profits could be made by smelting the iron ore and converting the resultant pig-iron into steel, and then exporting the finished product. Schneider and
James Ramsden
, the railway's general manager, erected
blast furnaces
at Barrow that by 1876 formed the largest steelworks in the world.
[20]
Its success was a result of the availability of local iron ore and coal from the
Cumberland
mines and easy rail and sea transport. The Furness Railway, which counted local aristocrats
the 7th Duke of Devonshire
and the
Duke of Buccleuch
as investors, kick-started the
Industrial Revolution
on the peninsula. The railway brought mined ore to the town, where the steelworks produced large quantities of steel. It was used for shipbuilding, and derived products such as rails were also exported from the newly built docks.
[17]
Barrow's population grew rapidly. Population figures for the town itself were not collected until 1871,
[21]
though sources suggest that Barrow's population was still as low as 700 in 1851.
[22]
During the first half of the 19th century, Barrow formed part of the parish of
Dalton-in-Furness
, the population of which shows some of Barrow's early growth from the 1850s:
Population of the Parish of Dalton-in-Furness
[21]
Year
|
1801
|
1811
|
1821
|
1831
|
1841
|
1851
|
1861
|
Population
|
1,954
|
2,074
|
2,446
|
2,697
|
3,231
|
4,683
|
9,152
|
In 1871 Barrow's population was recorded at 18,584 and in 1881 at 47,259, less than forty years after the railway was built.
[21]
The majority of migrants originated from elsewhere in Lancashire although significant numbers settled in Barrow from
Ireland
and
Scotland
, which represented 11% and 7% of the local population in the 1890s.
[23]
[24]
By the turn of the 20th century, the Scottish-born population had increased to form the highest portion anywhere in England. Other notable immigrant groups included Cornish people who represented 80% of the district of Roose's population at the time of the 1881 census. In an attempt to diversify Barrow's economy James Ramsden founded the Barrow and Calcutta Jute Company in 1870 and the
Barrow Jute Works
was soon constructed alongside the Furness Railway line in
Hindpool
. The mill employed 2,000 women at its peak and was awarded a gold medal for its produce at the 1878 Paris
Exposition Universelle
.
[25]
The sheltered strait between Barrow and Walney Island was an ideal location for the shipyard. The first ship to be built, the
Jane Roper
, was launched in 1852; the first steamship, a 3,000-ton liner named
Duke of Devonshire
, in 1873. Shipbuilding activity increased, and on 18 February 1871 the Barrow Shipbuilding Company was incorporated. Barrow's relative isolation from the United Kingdom's industrial heartlands meant that the newly formed company included several capabilities that would usually be subcontracted to other establishments. In particular, a large engineering works was constructed including a foundry and pattern shop, a forge, and an engine shop. In addition, the shipyard had a joiners' shop, a boat-building shed and a sailmaking and rigging loft.
[26]
During these boom years, Ramsden proposed building a
planned town
to accommodate the large workforce which had arrived. There are few planned towns in the United Kingdom, and Barrow is one of the oldest. Its centre contains a grid of well-built terraced houses, with a tree-lined road leading away from a central square. Ramsden later became the first mayor of Barrow,
[27]
which was given
municipal borough
status in 1867, and county borough status in 1889.
[28]
The imposing red sandstone
town hall
, designed by W.H. Lynn, was built in a neo-gothic style in 1887.
[29]
Prior to this, the borough council had met at the railway headquarters: the railway company's control of industry extended to the administration of the town itself.
The Barrow Shipbuilding Company was taken over by the
Sheffield
steel firm of
Vickers
in 1897, by which time the shipyard had surpassed the railway and steelworks as the largest employer and landowner in Barrow. The company constructed
Vickerstown
, modelled on
George Cadbury
's
Bournville
, on the adjacent Walney Island in the early 20th century to house its employees.
[30]
It also commissioned
Sir Edwin Lutyens
to design
Abbey House
as a guest house and residence for its managing director, Commander Craven.
[31]
20th century
[
edit
]
By the 1890s the shipyard was heavily engaged in the construction of warships for the Royal Navy and also for export. The Royal Navy's first submarine,
Holland 1
, was built in 1901,
[32]
and by 1914 the UK had the most advanced submarine fleet in the world, with 94% of it constructed by Vickers. Vickers was also famous for the construction of
airships
and
airship hangars
during the early 20th century. Originally constructed in a large shed at Cavendish Dock, production later relocated to
Barrow/Walney Island Airport
.
HMA No. 1
, nicknamed the Mayfly is the most notable airship to have been built in Barrow. The first of its kind in the UK it came to an untimely end on 24 September 1911 when it was wrecked by wind during trials. Well-known ships built in Barrow include
Mikasa
, the Japanese flagship during the 1905
Russo-Japanese War
, the liner
SS
Oriana
and the aircraft carriers
HMS
Invincible
and
HMAS
Melbourne
. It should also be noted that there was a significant presence of Vickers' armament division in Barrow with the huge
Heavy Engineering Workshop
on Michaelson Road supplying ammunition for the
British Army
and
Royal Navy
throughout both world wars. World War 1 brought significant temporary migration as workers arrived to work in the munitions factory and shipyard, with the town's population reaching to an estimated peak of around 82,000 during the War.
[21]
Thousands of local men fought abroad during World War I, 616 were ultimately killed in action.
[33]
During World War II, Barrow was a target for the
German air force
looking to disable the town's shipbuilding capabilities (see
Barrow Blitz
).
[34]
The town suffered the most in a short period between April and May 1941. During the war, a local housewife,
Nella Last
, was selected to write a diary of her experiences on the home front for the
Mass-Observation
project. Her memoirs were later adapted for television as
Housewife, 49
starring
Victoria Wood
. The difficulty in targeting bombs meant that the shipyards and steelworks were often missed, at the expense of the residential areas. Ultimately, 83 people were killed and 11,000 houses in the area were left damaged. To escape the heaviest bombardments, many people in the central areas left the town to sleep in hedgerows, with some being permanently evacuated. Barrow's industry continued to supply the war effort, with
Winston Churchill
visiting the town on one occasion to launch the
aircraft carrier
HMS
Indomitable
.
[35]
Besides the dozens of civilians killed during World War II, some 268 Barrovian men were also killed whilst in combat.
[33]
Barrow's population reached a second peak in of 77,900 in 1951;
[36]
however, by this point the long decline of mining and steel-making as a result of overseas competition and dwindling resources had already begun. The Barrow ironworks closed in 1963,
[37]
three years after the last Furness mine shut. The by then small steelworks followed suit in 1983,
[38]
leaving Barrow's shipyard as the town's principal industry. From the 1960s onwards it concentrated its efforts in submarine manufacture, and the UK's first nuclear-powered submarine,
HMS
Dreadnought
, was constructed in 1960.
HMS
Resolution
, the
Swiftsure
,
Trafalgar
and
Vanguard
-class
submarines all followed. The last of these are armed with
Trident II
missiles
as part of the British government's
Trident nuclear programme
.
The end of the Cold War in 1991 marked a reduction in the demand for military ships and submarines, and the town continued its decline. The shipyard's dependency on military contracts at the expense of civilian and commercial engineering and shipbuilding meant it was particularly hard hit as government defence spending was reduced dramatically.
[39]
As a result, the workforce shrank from 14,500 in 1990 to 5,800 in February 1995,
[40]
with overall unemployment in the town rising over that period from 4.6% to 10%.
[4]
The rejection by the
VSEL
management of detailed plans for Barrow's industrial renewal in the mid-to-late 1980s remains controversial.
[41]
This has led to renewed academic attention in recent years to the possibilities of converting military-industrial production in declining shipbuilding areas to the offshore renewable energy sector.
[42]
21st century
[
edit
]
In a 2002
outbreak of legionellosis
in the town, 172 people were reported to have caught the disease, of whom seven died. This made it the fourth worst outbreak in the world in terms of number of cases and sixth worst in terms of deaths. The source of the bacteria was later found to be steam from a badly maintained air conditioning unit in the council-run arts centre
Forum 28
.
[43]
At the conclusion of the inquest into the seven deaths, the coroner for Furness and South Cumbria criticised the council for its health and safety failings.
[44]
In 2006, council employee Gillian Beckingham and employer
Barrow Borough Council
were cleared of seven charges of
manslaughter
. Beckingham, the council senior architect was fined £15,000 and the authority £125,000. Following the trials the contractor responsible for maintaining the plant settled a £1.5 million claim by the council for damages.
[45]
The borough council was the first public body in the country to face corporate manslaughter charges.
[46]
2006 saw the construction of
Barrow Offshore Wind Farm
, which has acted as a catalyst for further investment in offshore
renewable energy
.
Ormonde Wind Farm
and
Walney Wind Farm
followed in 2011, the latter of which became the largest offshore wind farm in the world. The three wind farms are located west of Walney Island and are operated primarily by
Ørsted (company)
, contain a total of 162
turbines
and have a combined
nameplate capacity
of 607 MW, providing energy for well over half a million homes.
West of Duddon Sands Wind Farm
was commissioned in 2014 while Walney was extended in 2018 to again become the world's largest such offshore facility.
During the initial wave of the
COVID-19 pandemic
, Barrow had the highest rate of infection of any local authority in the United Kingdom. This was attributed to various socio-economic factors and a high level of testing also seen in the neighbouring authorities of South Lakeland and Lancaster.
[47]
Rates fluctuated throughout the year and towards the end of 2020 infection rates were amongst the lowest in country.
From the mid 2010's to present, significant investment has taken place at BAE Systems' shipyard in Barrow with an expansion to accommodate the new
Dreadnought
-class
programme. Further to this, commitments associated with the
AUKUS
submarine programme will safeguard the shipyard's long-term future. Significant investment in renewable energy is also taking place with emerging proposals to repurpose Rampside Gas Terminals to facilitate the storage of carbon in the depleted Morecambe gas fields.
In 2023 media reported that Barrow was "torn apart" by
false grooming gang allegations
, with public demonstrations targeting the
local newspaper
, the Asian community and police.
[48]
[49]
The scandal was the subject of the 2024 BBC documentary
Liar: The Fake Grooming Scandal
and the perpetrator
Eleanor Williams
was duly convicted and sentenced to eight and a half years in prison.
[50]
Governance
[
edit
]
Barrow is the largest town in the district of
Westmorland and Furness
. Previously the town was in the borough of
Barrow-in-Furness
, which had directly inherited the municipal and county borough charters given to the town in the late 19th century.
[51]
Historically it is part of the hundred of
Lonsdale
'north of the sands' in the
historic county boundaries
of
Lancashire
.
[52]
1974 reorganisation
[
edit
]
From the 1974 local government reforms until 2023, the town was within the administrative county of
Cumbria
. On 1 April 1974 the parish was abolished
[53]
and became an
unparished area
. It still forms a part of the
Duchy of Lancaster
. The
Barrow-in-Furness Borough Council
formed the 'lower' tier of local government under
Cumbria County Council
.
[54]
Since the
2011 local election
, the
Labour Party
has had overall control of the borough council, while the Borough elected six Labour and five Conservative Party councillors at the
2017 Cumbria County election
. Until 2023 the town, along with
Walney Island
, was unparished and formed the bulk of the wards which made the entire borough's area. The mayor and deputy mayor of Barrow were elected annually, and held the roles of chairman and vice-chairman of Barrow-in-Furness Borough Council.
[55]
The borough and former county borough of Barrow-in-Furness were served by 107 mayors, beginning with
Sir James Ramsden
in 1867 and continuing through to incumbent 2022 mayor Helen Wall.
[55]
2023 reorganisation
[
edit
]
On 1 April 2023, both Barrow Borough Council and
Cumbria County Council
ceased to exist when the districts of Barrow, Eden and South Lakeland merged to form
Westmorland and Furness
. A civil parish was formed named just "Barrow" from the unparished area.
[56]
[57]
[58]
At the same time, ward boundaries within Barrow were redrawn, combining previously independent wards. These include: 'Old Barrow' (comprising the existing Barrow Island, Central and Hindpool wards), Hawcoat and Newbarns, Ormsgill and Parkside, Risedale and Roosecote and Walney Island.
Members of Parliament
[
edit
]
The Barrow-in-Furness
UK Parliament constituency
first came into existence during the
1885 United Kingdom general election
, with
David Duncan
of the
Liberal Party
becoming the first
Member of Parliament
(MP) for the town. The seat was won by the Conservative Party in
1892
, before being won for the first time by Labour in
1906
. In the subsequent 40 years the seat swung between Conservative and Labour, but since 1945 it has been generally considered a Labour safe seat.
[59]
In 1983, the constituency was expanded to include several commuter towns such as Dalton-in-Furness and Ulverston and was renamed
Barrow and Furness
. It was subsequently won by the Conservatives, with the victory attributed to Labour's stance against the nuclear-powered submarines that were being constructed in Barrow.
[59]
Following a change in Labour policy the party won Barrow and Furness in 1992.
John Woodcock
was the MP for the constituency between the
2010
and
2019 general election
, when Conservative
Simon Fell
succeeded as MP for the Borough.
Geography
[
edit
]
Barrow is situated at the tip of the
Furness
peninsula on the north-western edge of
Morecambe Bay
, south of the
Duddon Estuary
and east of the
Irish Sea
.
Walney Island
, surrounds the peninsula's Irish Sea coast and is separated from Barrow by the narrow
Walney Channel
. Both Morecambe Bay and the Duddon Estuary are characterized by large areas of
quicksand
and fast-moving
tidal bores
. Areas of
sand dunes
exist on coasts surrounding Barrow, particularly at
Roanhead
and
North Walney
. The town centre and major industrial areas sit on a fairly flat coastal shelf, with hillier ground rising to the east of the town, peaking at 94 metres (310 ft) at Yarlside. Barrow sits on soils deposited during the end of the
Ice Age
, eroded from the mountains of the
Lake District National Park
, 10 miles (15 km) to the north-east. Barrow's soils are composed of glacial lake clay and
glacial till
, while Walney is almost entirely made up of reworked glacial morraine.
[60]
[61]
Beneath these soils is a
sandstone
bedrock, from which many of the town's older buildings are constructed.
[61]
Barrow town centre is located to the north-east of the docks, with suburbs also extending to the north and east, as well as onto Walney. Barrow is the only major urban area in South Cumbria, with the nearest settlements of a similar size being
Lancaster
and
Morecambe
. Other towns nearby include
Dalton-in-Furness
,
Askam-in-Furness
,
Ulverston
,
Millom
,
Grange-over-Sands
,
Kendal
and
Windermere
.
Islands
[
edit
]
Most of the town is sheltered from the Irish Sea by
Walney Island
, a
14 mile (22.5 km)
long island connected to the mainland by the
bascule
type
Jubilee bridge
. About 13,000 live on the isle's various settlements, mostly in
Vickerstown
, which was built to house workers in the rapidly expanding shipyard. Another significant island which lay in the Walney Channel was
Barrow Island
, but following the filling of the channel to create land for the shipyard it is now directly connected to the town. Other islands which lie close to Barrow are
Piel Island
, whose
castle
protected the harbour from marauding
Scots
,
Sheep Island
,
Roa Island
and
Foulney Island
.
Parks and open spaces
[
edit
]
There are numerous natural and managed public parks and open spaces within Barrow. Walney North and
South Nature Reserves
are protected as Sites of Special Scientific Interest, as is
Sandscale Haws
. Formal woodland areas within the town include Hawcoat/Ormsgill Quarry, How Tun Woods,
Abbotswood
, Barrow Steel Works & Slag Bank and Sowerby Wood. The 45-Acre
Barrow Park
is the largest and most centrally located man-made park in the town with smaller parks including Channelside Haven, Hindpool Urban Park and Vickerstown Park. There are also 25 council-owned playgrounds and 15 allotments.
Demography
[
edit
]
Population
[
edit
]
The
Barrow council district
, which included adjacent urban areas, had a population of 67,407 according to the 2021 census. This is -0.25% less than the 2011 figure and one of only five district which saw a decline in population, although the rate of decline is much lower than the 4% reduction seen between 2001 and 2011.
[62]
[63]
The Office for National Statistics states Barrow's population as being in long term decline with a projected population of around 65,000 by 2037. This is largely a result of negative
net migration
although is based on historic trends thus does not take account of investment at BAE Systems and associated substantial job creation.
[64]
The population within the town of Barrow itself was 55,489 as at 2021.
Ethnicity and language
[
edit
]
The 2021 census states 95.7% of Barrow's population as
White British
, and ethnic minority populations in Barrow stood at 4.2%.
[65]
Other ethnic groups in Barrow include
Other White
1.4%,
Asian
1.4%,
Mixed Race
0.8%,
Black
0.5%,
Arab
0.1% and
all other ethnic groups
represented 0.2% of the population. The first people to settle in what is now Barrow were the
Celts
and
Scandinavians
followed by the
Cornish
. Most Barrovians however are descended from migrants from
Scotland
,
Ireland
and other parts of England who arrived from the late 19th century onwards.
Barrow's Chinese connections were the subject of a documentary on Chinese state television in 2014.
[66]
The programme covered diplomat
Li Hongzhang
's fact finding mission to the town's steelworks and shipyard in 1896 as well as the 2012 discovery of a hoard of Chinese coins discovered in Barrow dated around a similar time that have been suggested as having been brought over by sailors or labourers.
[66]
The
Society for Anglo-Chinese Understanding
is a charity with a branch based in Barrow that aims to develop relations with the
British Chinese
community and the general British population. It was established in 1975 and publishes the quarterly
China Eye
magazine.
In 2021 93.0% of the borough's population was born in England, 2.3% in
Scotland
, 0.5% in
Wales
and 0.4% in
Northern Ireland
. 3.8% of the town's 2021 population were born elsewhere in the world. The five most common foreign countries of birth were the
Philippines
,
India
,
Nigeria
,
Germany
and
Poland
.
[67]
According to the 2021 census, 98.4% of Barrovians spoke English as a main language, with
Tagalog
, the various Chinese dialects and
Polish
prevailing as the second, third and fourth most common main languages (0.3%, 0.2% and 0.2% of the population respectively). The Tagalog-speaking population represents the second highest of any district in northern England by percentage of the population.
[68]
Religion
[
edit
]
In the 2021 census 53.1% of Barrow's population stated themselves as being Christian. People stating no religion or chose not to state totalled 45.5% combined. Other religious groups represented 1.4% of the population, with
Islam
and
Buddhism
prevailing as the first and second most common groups.
[69]
Conishead Priory, the first
Kadampa
Buddhist centre in the west, is home to around 100 Buddhists and is located off the Barrow to Ulverston Coast Road within the
South Lakeland
district.
[70]
Historically Barrow was home to a notable
Ashkenazi Jewish
community that peaked in size during the 1930s with a synagogue in the town. Nonetheless, it closed in 1974 and less than 20 Jews were recorded by the 2021 census.
[71]
Economy
[
edit
]
Historically Barrow's economy was dominated by the manufacturing sector, with the
Barrow Hematite Steel Company
and
Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering
being amongst the most important global companies in their respective fields during the 20th century. In the present day, manufacturing remains the largest employment sector in the town.
BAE Systems
is the single largest employer with around 12,000 employees as at 2024, anticipated to increase by a further 5,000.
[72]
However, like most of the UK, employment trends have greatly diversified since the 20th century and there are no other predominant employment sectors in Barrow.
Shipyard and port
[
edit
]
Barrow has played a vital role in global ship and submarine construction for around 150 years.
Ottoman submarine
Abdul Hamid
was built in the town in 1886 and became the first submarine in the world to fire a live torpedo underwater, while oil tanker
British Admiral
became the first British vessel to exceed 100,000 tonnes when launched in 1965. The vast majority of all current and former Royal Navy submarines were constructed in Barrow as well as numerous
Royal Navy Fleet Flagships
.
The
BAE Systems Maritime ? Submarines
shipyard at Barrow is the largest in the UK by workforce ahead of
BAE Systems Maritime ? Naval Ships
in
Govan
. It was expanded in 1986 by construction of a new covered assembly facility, the
Devonshire Dock Hall
(DDH), completed by
Alfred McAlpine
, on land that was created by infilling part of the
Devonshire Dock
with 2.4 million tonnes of sand pumped from nearby Roosecote Sands.
[73]
DDH is the tallest building in Cumbria at 51 m. With a length of 268 m (879 ft), width of 51 m (167 ft) and an area of 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft) it is one of the largest shipbuilding construction complex of its kind in Europe.
[74]
The DDH provides a controlled environment for ship and submarine assembly, and avoids the difficulties caused by building on the slope of traditional slipways. Outside the hall, a 24,300 tonne capacity shiplift allows completed vessels to be lowered into the water independently of the tide. Vessels can also be lifted out of the water and transferred to the hall.
[75]
The first use of the DDH was for construction of the
Vanguard
-class
submarines, and later vessels of the
Trafalgar
class
were also built there. The shipyard is currently constructing the
Astute
-class
submarines, the first of which was launched on 8 June 2007.
[76]
BAE Systems is currently studying the design of a
new class
of ballistic missile submarines. BAE Systems also has orders for submarine pressure domes for the
Spanish Navy
.
[77]
The shipyard has been awarded contracts for the construction of submarines which will carry nuclear missiles in a
successor programme
to the current
Vanguard
class containing the
Trident system
.
[78]
BAE Systems is investing £300 million in Barrow's shipyard to construct buildings capable of manufacturing and assembling the new class of submarines. This major development is the largest in 25 years at the shipyard and will see thousands of new jobs created, further cementing its place as the UK's largest shipyard and one of the few to have seen continuous contracts since founding over a century ago.
[78]
In 2023 the governments of the United Kingdom,
United States
and
Australia
committed to construction of a new class of nuclear submarine as part of the
AUKUS
military alliance. The submarines will be designed and predominantly constructed in Barrow securing the shipyards long term future even beyond Vanguard. Submarines to be constructed in Australia will also be based on design principles established in Barrow.
The most recent surface vessels to be constructed in Barrow were
Wave-class
tanker
RFA
Wave Knight
and
Albion
-class
amphibious assault ships
HMS
Albion
and
HMS
Bulwark
in the early 2000s when the shipyard was part of
BAE Systems Marine
division. It also undertook fitting out and commissioning of helicopter carrier
HMS
Ocean
in the mid-1990s after the ship was built by
Kvaerner Govan
in Glasgow.
Associated British Ports Holdings
owns and operates the
Port of Barrow
which can berth vessels up to 200 m (660 ft) long and with a draught of 10 m (33 ft). The four main docks include
Buccleuch Dock
,
Cavendish Dock
,
Devonshire Dock
and
Ramsden Dock
, with the latter handling almost all of the port's cargo. Buccleuch and Devonshire Docks are utilised primarily by BAE Systems, while Cavendish Dock the largest by surface area is now a reservoir. Principal traffic includes the export of condensate by-product from the production of gas at the
Rampside Gas Terminal
, wood pulp and locally quarried limestone which is exported to Scandinavia for use in the paper industry. The port, which has deep water access, also handles the shipment of nuclear fuels and radioactive waste for
BNFL
's nearby
Sellafield
plant.
[79]
James Fisher & Sons
, a service provider in all sectors of the marine industry and a specialist supplier of engineering services to the nuclear industry in the UK and abroad,
[80]
was founded in Barrow in 1847.
[81]
It is listed on the
London Stock Exchange
and is the largest company to have its headquarters in Cumbria.
[82]
Annual revenue stood at £307 million in 2012 (up 15% from £268 million in 2011), as well as staff numbers standing at over 1,500 worldwide, with 120 of those in the Barrow headquarters.
[82]
[83]
Numerous vessels are registered at the Port of Barrow, with the majority being owned by James Fisher & Sons and
International Nuclear Services
/Pacific Nuclear Transport Limited.
Energy generation
[
edit
]
In 1899 Barrow Corporation built and operated the coal-fired
Barrow-in-Furness power station
in Buccleugh Street adjacent to the railway line. This eventually had a generating capacity of 23 MW; it was decommissioned in 1960.
[84]
Roosecote power station
was a 120 MW coal-fired generating station commissioned in 1953,
[84]
it was later converted to gas firing and closed in 1986. A 120 MW combined cycle gas turbine station was commissioned in 1991, it was closed in 2012. From 2018 the site has been the location of 49 MW battery storage facility.
[85]
In 1985, gas was discovered in Morecambe Bay, and to this day the products have been processed onshore at
Rampside Gas Terminal
in south Barrow.
[86]
The complex is operated jointly Spirit Energy. Directly adjacent to Rampside Gas Terminal is
Roosecote Power Station
which was the first
CCGT
power station to supply electricity to the United Kingdom's National Grid. Although originally coal-fired, the station became gas-fired until it was mothballed in 2015.
In 2023 with gas reserves in Morecambe Bay depleting, Spirit Energy revealed plans to utilise the former gas fields as a carbon storage cluster capable of storing a gigaton of carbon dioxide. It is anticipated that carbon emitted from industrial uses across the north will be transported via both pipelines and ships.
[87]
Barrow and its wider urban area form part of 'Britain's Energy Coast',
[88]
and has one of the highest concentrations of
wind farms
in the world, the vast majority are located offshore and have been built during the early 2010s. All four of these wind farms are located off the coast of Walney Island, including the 189 turbine
Walney Wind Farm
, 108 turbine
West Duddon wind farm
, 30 turbine
Barrow Offshore Wind Farm
and 30 turbine
Ormonde Wind Farm
. Walney Wind Farm was the largest offshore wind farm in the world upon completion, in 2015 it received government consent to be trebled in size.
DONG Energy
and
Scottish Power
maintain a wind farm operations base with 30 full-time staff members at the Port of Barrow.
[89]
Sellafield
and
Heysham nuclear power stations
are also located within 25 miles (40 km) of Barrow.
Tourism and leisure
[
edit
]
Although it is at the end of a peninsula, Barrow is only around 20 minutes from the
Lake District
,
[90]
Barrow has been referred to as a "gateway to the lakes" and "where the lakes meets the sea",
[91]
a status which could be enhanced by the new marina complex and planned cruise ship terminal.
[92]
Barrow itself has several tourist attractions that support just over 1,000 jobs; the town saw a higher growth in tourist expenditure during the 2000s than Cumbria as a whole and had about 2.3 million overnight stays during 2008.
[93]
Barrow's most popular free-entry tourist attraction is the
Dock Museum
. The museum tells the history of Barrow (including the steelworks industry, the shipyard and the
Barrow Blitz
), as well as offering gallery space to local artists and schoolchildren. It is built upon and around an old graving dock.
[94]
Walney Island has two world-renowned nature reserves (the 130 hectare (0.5 sq mi) South Walney Nature Reserve
[95]
and the 650 hectare (2.5 sq mi)
North Walney Nature Reserve
).
[96]
Both nature reserves have
Site of Special Scientific Interest
designation, as do the
Duddon Estuary
and
Sandscale Haws
to the north of the borough. Barrow has a number of beaches which are popular in the summer with sunbathers, kitesurfers and caravanners. They include
Earnse Bay
, Biggar Bank,
Roanhead
and
Rampside
. The first two of these provide views of the
Isle of Man
and
Anglesey
on exceptionally clear days. The wider borough has more than 60 km of coastline.
[97]
The Park Leisure Centre is a fitness suite with a pool, set in the 45-acre (18 ha)
Barrow Park
.
[98]
The historic ruins of
Furness Abbey
and
Piel Castle
, which are both managed by
English Heritage
, are also popular tourist destinations.
South Lakes Safari Zoo
is one of Europe's leading conservation zoos and has been voted Cumbria's best tourist attraction in five non-consecutive years although it has a checkered history; it lies within the borough of Barrow-in-Furness on the outskirts of Dalton. The zoo underwent a multi-million pound expansion during the mid-2010s. It now holds thousands of animals and covers an area of 51 acres (21 ha) making it one of the Northern England's largest such parks.
[99]
The town centre is home to a large indoor market
[100]
[101]
and
Portland Walk Shopping Centre
, the latter previously hosting a number of major national retailers although many have since vacated.
[102]
Barrow has many retail and leisure parks for a town of its size, including
Cornmill Crossing
,
Cornerhouse Retail Park
,
Hollywood Park
,
Hindpool Retail Park
and Walney Road Retail Park.
[103]
[104]
Between them they host a number of supermarkets, electrical, home furnishing, clothing and discount stores, gyms, restaurants and Cumbria's largest cinema. Other modern visitor attractions in Barrow include Lazer Zone in Hindpool Road's former
Custom House
and a similar Lazer Quest,
escape room
and play centre in the former Hitchens building on Buccleuch Street.
Regeneration and redevelopment
[
edit
]
Urban regeneration has been ongoing in Barrow since the 1990s.
Portland Walk Shopping Centre
opened in 1998 anchored by
Debenhams
as part of a major reconstruction of Barrow town centre. Around the same time the
Hindpool Retail Parks
and
Dock Museum
were constructed over various former industrial sites in Barrow, including the
dry dock
, the
Barrow Jute Works
and the
Barrow Steel Works
.
[105]
Recent construction projects in the town also include the £43 million expansion of
Furness College
's Channelside campus,
[106]
£22.5 million
Furness Academy
new build,
[107]
£14.5 million central Barrow flood relief scheme,
[108]
£8.5 million Barrow police station,
[109]
£5 million town centre redevelopment scheme,
[110]
£4 million Scottish Power wind farm operations centre
[89]
as well as the North Central Renewal Area, shake up of the town's residential and retirement homes and a number of large-scale hotel schemes catering for the influx of contractors working for BAE Systems (namely
Holiday Inn Express
,
Premier Inn
and
Wetherspoon
).
[111]
The Waterfront
is an ambitious ongoing £200 million dockland regeneration project, which began in 2007. The project includes a new Barrow Marina Village which will incorporate an £8 million 400-berth marina, 650 homes, restaurants, shops, hotels and a new state of the art bridge across Cavendish Dock. A large watersports centre is also proposed, with the possibility of a cruise ship terminal. Some cruise ships are already scheduled to dock in Barrow, mainly for tourists to visit the Lake District, although there is no official cruise ship terminal yet.
[112]
Developments have stalled since 2010 when the
Northwest Regional Development Agency
was disbanded and essential government funding was lost. Despite this Barrow Borough Council has since purchased land needed to make the development a reality and currently controls 95% of the site.
[113]
The executive director of the council has stated construction of the Waterfront could resume by 2017 as economic prospects improve and has pledged funds to conduct a market testing exercise. The allocation of Growth Deal investment (2014?2021) will make improvements to the Barrow Waterfront Enterprise Zone far more secure,
[113]
whilst the project also received
Levelling Up
funding in 2022. In 2014 a £300 million investment into the shipyard was announced by BAE Systems, in anticipation of the
new generation of UK nuclear submarines
.
[78]
[114]
Construction will take up to eight years and create thousands of new jobs at the shipyard thereafter.
[78]
Amongst proposals are an extension to the DDH complex and new buildings in the central yard area off Bridge Road on Barrow Island (a site formerly mooted for a huge construction hall for the construction of
Queen Elizabeth
-class aircraft carrier
sections which the yard failed to win contracts for), these will house pressure hull units ready for shot blasting and painting, and be a place for joining submarine equipment modules.
[114]
Redevelopment of the 5.8 hectare central yard area was completed in 2018 and is dominated by the
Central Yard Complex Facility
which measures 178 m (584 ft) long, 94 m (308 ft) wide and 41 m (135 ft) tall, only 10% smaller than the volume of the pre-expansion Devonshire Dock Hall.
Other large-scale developments associated with BAE include a 30,000 m
2
(320,000 sq ft) logistics centre which was constructed in the Waterfront Business Park in 2015 and a 8,100 m
2
(87,000 sq ft) central training facility which is proposed at Buccleuch Dock Road.
Other
[
edit
]
Other major employers include the
National Health Service
, through
Furness General Hospital
, which employs 1,800 staff,
[115]
the
Kimberly Clark
paper mill, which has 400 employees,
[116]
BAE Systems'
Land and Armaments
division,
Furness Building Society
which is one of the 20 largest of its kind,
Cumbria County Council
and
Barrow Borough Council
. Amongst many retailers that have established themselves in Barrow, the furniture store
Stollers
is noted as being one of the largest shops of its kind in the UK.
Employment
[
edit
]
According to the 2011 census, 78.2% of males aged 16?64 and females aged 16?59 in Barrow were economically active. This figure is higher than the North West and England averages.
[117]
73.8% of the population was employed, which again is higher than regional and national averages; the unemployment rate stood at 5.6% which is lower than both averages.
[117]
Despite this the percentage of people claiming key benefits, which is independent of the unemployment figure, is much higher than both averages at 21.0%, or almost a quarter of all Barrovians of working age.
[117]
The most common form of benefit received was the
Incapacity Benefit
, claimed by 11.0% of the adult population, while 4.0% claimed
Jobseeker's Allowance
, which is on a par with the national average.
[117]
The list below shows how many people were employed in certain sectors according to the 2011 census. Little change occurred between the 2001 and 2011 census; Barrow still has a much higher percentage of workers in the manufacturing sector than the national average, ranking third in 2011 behind
Corby
, Northamptonshire and
Pendle
, Lancashire.
[118]
[119]
The percentage working in manufacturing has increased further during the 2010s given thousands of new roles created at the shipyard in association with the Trident renewal programme.
South West Cumbria has one of the UK's most self-contained workforces, and Barrow itself has the sixth lowest proportion of people who travel outside of the country for work.
[120]
In 2001, 76% of the working age population in Barrow commuted within 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) for work, when compared to the England average of 54%.
[121]
A significant proportion of the town's population are employed at the
Sellafield
nuclear facility.
- Manufacturing: 6,570 employed (21.0% of the town's working population)
- Wholesale and retail trade: 4,728 (15.1%)
- Human health and social work: 4,539 (14.5%)
- Construction: 2,387 (7.6%)
- Education: 2,381 (7.6%)
- Accommodation and food service activities: 1,962 (6.3%)
- Public administration and defence: 1,913 (6.1%)
- Transport and storage: 1,296 (4.1%)
- Administrative and support service: 1,055 (3.4%)
- Professional, scientific and technical: 1,000 (3.2%)
- Information and communication: 496 (1.6%)
- Financial and insurance: 492 (1.6%)
- Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply: 441 (1.4%)
- Water supply: 264 (0.8%)
- Real estate: 221 (0.7%)
- Mining and quarrying: 165 (0.5%)
- Agriculture, forestry and fishing: 122 (0.4%)
- Other: 1,225 (3.9%)
Transport
[
edit
]
Road
[
edit
]
Barrow's principal road link is the
A590
. This runs to Barrow from the
M6 motorway
via
Ulverston
, skirting the southern
Lake District
.
[122]
Just north of Barrow is the southern end of the
A595
, linking the town to
West Cumbria
.
[122]
The A5087 connects Barrow's southern suburbs to Ulverston via a scenic coastal route.
Abbey Road
is the principal road through central Barrow, whilst
Walney Bridge
connects Barrow Island to
Walney Island
.
The possibility of a bridge link over
Morecambe Bay
is occasionally raised, and feasibility studies have been carried out.
[123]
Bus services within the town are operated by
Stagecoach North West
. There is no specifically designated bus station, although many bus routes start and end near the town hall. The original bus station, since demolished, was known for its role in a 1970s television commercial for
Chewits
sweets.
[124]
As well as local suburban and village services, longer-distance buses run to
Ulverston
,
Millom
,
Bowness
,
Windermere
and
Kendal
.
Rail
[
edit
]
Barrow-in-Furness railway station
provides connections to
Whitehaven
,
Workington
and
Carlisle
to the north, via the
Cumbrian Coast Line
, and to
Ulverston
,
Grange-over-Sands
and
Lancaster
to the east, via the
Furness Line
? both of which connect to the
West Coast Mainline
. Numerous daily trains run to
Manchester
. The station handles over 600,000 passengers annually. Barrow has a second railway station,
Roose
, which serves
the suburb of the same name
.
Furness Abbey
, Barrow's third main line station, closed in 1950. There was also a station on
Barrow Island
, for commuters between the shipyard and nearby towns served by the Furness Railway. This railway link was severed in 1966 when the famous cradle bridge across the docks was closed permanently for safety reasons. There were also stations at
Piel
, Rabbit Hill,
Rampside
,
Ramsden Dock
and
Strand
.
Between 1885 and 1932, the
Barrow-in-Furness Tramways Company
operated a
double-decker tram
service over several miles, primarily around central Barrow, Barrow Island and Hindpool.
Barrow/Walney Island Airport
(
IATA airport code
: BWF,
ICAO
: EGNL) is a former commercial airport and
Royal Air Force
base currently owned by BAE Systems which operates two
Beechcraft King Air
B200 and one B250 aircraft which fly to various destinations across the UK every weekday, including Bristol, Glasgow, London and Manchester. The airport's runways take on a triangular form, the longest runway is almost 4,000 feet (1,200 m). The airport was expanded by BAE in 2018 including the construction of a new terminal building, hangar and control tower.
Manchester Airport
is the closest major airport, with direct links to Barrow railway station and about two hours away by road.
In 2018 a
heliport
was built on a site adjacent to Park Road, Ormsgill for energy firm
Ørsted
and to support the offshore energy sector.
Despite being one of the UK's leading shipbuilding centres, the
Associated British Ports
'
Port of Barrow
is only a minor port. Historically, the
Isle of Man Steam Packet
and the
Barrow Steam Navigation Company
(a subsidiary of the Furness Railway and later
London, Midland and Scottish Railway
) operated a number of steamers and passenger ferry services between Rampside and
Ramsden Dock
and
Ardrossan
(Scotland),
Belfast
(Northern Ireland),
Blackpool
,
Douglas
(Isle of Man),
Fleetwood
and
Heysham
.
[125]
All services had ceased operation by the mid-20th century.
For a short period during the early 1880s, transatlantic travel was possible from the town.
The Anchor Line
operated a fortnightly service utilising three of its steamships,
Alexandria
,
Caledonia
and
Columbia
, between Barrow and
New York City
via
Dublin
. There are proposals to construct a cruise ship terminal in Barrow as part of the Waterfront redevelopment project.
[126]
Sport
[
edit
]
Barrow
are in
EFL League Two
, the fourth tier of English football and are the town's only professional sports team.
[127]
The team, founded in 1901, are nicknamed the Bluebirds and play their home games at the
Holker Street
stadium.
[128]
The side were members of the
Football League
until they failed to be re-elected in 1972.
[128]
In 1990, they won the
FA Trophy
beating
Leek Town
3?0 in the final at
Wembley Stadium
, London.
[129]
Twenty years later, on 8 May 2010,
Barrow
repeated the feat, beating
Stevenage Borough
2?1 after extra time.
[130]
After 48 years in non-league football, Barrow were crowned champions of the
National League
on 17 June 2020, sealing their return to the
Football League
.
Football players born in Barrow include England internationals
Emlyn Hughes
[131]
and
Gary Stevens
,
[132]
as well as
Harry Hadley
,
[133]
and
Vic Metcalfe
.
[134]
Of current professional footballers,
Georgia Stanway
of
Bayern Munich
,
Wayne Curtis
,
[135]
Morecambe
striker,
Bolton Wanderers
midfielder
George Thomason
and Iran Under-20 and
Hibernian
winger Shana Haji
[136]
hail from the town.
Holker Old Boys
, based at Rakesmoor Lane, are an amateur football team that play in the
North West Counties Football League
Division One.
Rugby
[
edit
]
The town is considered one of
rugby league
's traditional heartlands at semi-professional and amateur levels.
[137]
Barrow Raiders
, the town's semi-professional team, whose home games are at
Craven Park
, currently operate in the second-tier
RFL Championship
.
[138]
In the 1950s the side played in three
Challenge Cup
finals, winning the last of these against
Workington Town
. In the 1997 reorganisation of the sport the original Barrow RLFC team merged with
Carlisle Border Raiders
to form Barrow Border Raiders,
[139]
with the word "border" later dropped. Players who were born in the town and played at a professional level include brothers
Ade
[140]
and
Mat Gardner
[141]
and
Willie Horne
.
[142]
The latter captained Barrow to their Challenge Cup victory and represented Great Britain at an international level. He was inducted into the "Barrow Hall of Fame" along with former Barrow players
Phil Jackson
and
Jimmy Lewthwaite
.
[143]
At an amateur level, eight rugby league teams participate in the
Barrow & District League
. They include Askam, Barrow Island, Dalton, Hindpool, Millom, Roose Pioneers, Ulverston and Walney.
Golf
[
edit
]
Barrow is home to two large golf clubs. Barrow Golf Club, founded in 1922, is in
Hawcoat
and covers some 6,209 yards (5,678 m) with 18 holes.
[144]
Furness Golf Club, founded in 1872, is the sixth oldest golf club in England and is possibly the more famous of the two. It is located on
Walney Island
, just 50 yards (46 m) from the
Irish Sea
. It also offers an 18-hole course, a shop and other facilities.
[145]
The Furness Golf Centre is located on the outskirts of Barrow close to Roanhead and is home to a 14-bay driving range, golf shop, swing studio and the Fairway Hotel.
[146]
The hoaxer
Maurice Flitcroft
, known as the "world's worst golfer" lived and worked in the town.
[147]
Motor sports
[
edit
]
Barrow has staged
speedway
racing at three venues since the pioneer days in the late 1920s. The first track was at Holker Street. This venue had a revival for a short spell in the early to mid-1970s being utilised by the short-lived
Barrow Bombers
. In 1930 the sport moved to Little Park but this a somewhat hazy venue. The sport had a revival in 1978 at Park Avenue Industrial Estate but this was relatively short lived.
Bike racing
[
edit
]
Barrow has produced a number of noteworthy motorcyclists throughout the years, such as Manx Grand Prix winner Eddie Crooks, TT Rider Dan Stewart, Speedway ace
Adam Roynon
and multiple British Sandtrack Champion John Pepper.
Karting
[
edit
]
Kart racer Kristian Brierley
[148]
received national attention after successfully winning the internationally televised TKM Karting Festival in 2015.
[149]
He followed this up by winning the opening round of the British Championship in 2016 and ultimately went on to finish the season in 6th place.
Multiple other 'Barrovians' have also competed at national level in karting such as Max Davis, Daniel Pepper,
[150]
Kieran Pepper, Mark Fell, Oliver Dilks and Jake Calvert.
[151]
In 2020 Max Davies became the first person from the Barrow area to be selected to represent Team GB at the ROK World Finals where he finished 29th overall out of 75 competitors from 25 competing countries, he was also the youngest member of Team GB to compete that year.
[152]
In 2021 Max Davies was selected for Team GB again as was fellow 'Barrovian' Daniel Pepper after Pepper had finished that years British championship in 2nd with Davies placing in 3rd.
Pepper's 2nd place finish in the 2021 British Championship gave him the highest placed seeding of a Barrow born driver in the 21st century, breaking the record of his own brother Kieran Pepper who had been seeded 3rd the previous year.
Mark Fell remains the only driver from the Barrow area to have won a British Championship which dates back to the early 1990s.
Other sports
[
edit
]
Barrow is home to the
Walney Terriers
American Football
club, formed in 2011 the club originally trained at Memorial Fields on Walney Island before establishing training grounds elsewhere in Barrow and Ulverston. The Terriers play in the North West conference of the
BAFA
's National League alongside the likes of the
Manchester Titans
and
Merseyside Nighthawks
.
One of the town's most notable annual sporting events is the
Keswick to Barrow
(K2B), a 40-mile (60 km) walking and running event that has taken place every year since 1967 between
Keswick
and Barrow. The event has raised millions for charity and regularly sees in excess of 3,000 participants.
[153]
Barrow Born Orienteer and Fell Runner Carl Hill was selected to carry the olympic torch for a stage through Morecambe in the buildup to the 2012 summer Olympics. He was nominated for this honor by his father David Hill who was proud of his sons accomplishments in running for England and Great Britain in Orienteering whilst also provided a large portion of his time to getting kids into sport.
Culture
[
edit
]
Barrow, although one of the country's smallest local authorities, contains a wealth of natural and built heritage assets, which includes 274
Listed Buildings
and four
SSSIs
. The 2016 Heritage Index formed by the
Royal Society of Arts
and the
Heritage Lottery Fund
placed the borough as sixth highest of 325 English districts for 'assets' with especially high scores relating to nationally important landscape and natural heritage assets and industrial heritage assets.
[154]
Architecture
[
edit
]
View of Barrow looking south from the
Slag Bank
including (left to right) Fells of the
Lake District
,
Thorncliffe Crematorium
,
Ormsgill
,
Holker Street
,
Hindpool
,
St. James' Church
,
Piel Castle
, the
Town Hall
, BAE Systems Central Yard Facility and
Devonshire Dock Hall
, Barrow Police Station,
Furness College
,
Walney Bridge
and Walney Channel,
Vickerstown
, the
Irish Sea
,
Walney
and
Ormonde Wind Farms
and
Barrow/Walney Island Airport
Barrow is one of Britain's few planned towns, and the spacious tree-lined avenues within the oldest parts of the town (including Central Barrow, Hindpool and Salthouse) are more akin to the layout of a much larger city.
[155]
The town centre is distinguished by its
Victorian
and
Edwardian era
civic buildings, such as the
Town Hall
,
Main Public Library
, former
Technical School
, former
Central Fire Station
,
Salvation Army
Building,
Custom House
,
National Westminster Bank
,
The Duke of Edinburgh Hotel
,
St. George's Church
,
St. Mary's RC Church
and
St. James' Church
. Oppositely, several distinctive buildings have been demolished in Barrow since the mid-20th century as a result of neglect or war damage, amongst the most iconic are
Abbots Wood
,
Barrow Central Railway Station
,
Infield House
,
North Lonsdale Hospital
,
Scotch Buildings
and the Waverley Hotel. Lancaster architects
Sharpe, Paley and Austin
were prolific throughout the development of Barrow. A number of Barrow's landmark buildings were constructed from locally sourced sandstone, evident from the high number of brown and red coloured stone buildings in the town. Similar materials were used in a number of local buildings in the early 20th century, and often accompanied by terracotta. There are also an increasing number of modern office buildings as well as the shipyard's construction halls which dominate much of Barrow's skyline. Despite much of Barrow having been constructed from the late 19th to mid 20th centuries, architectural styles vary greatly across the town from the
Art Deco
John Whinnerah Institute
to the
Byzantine style
St. John's Church
,
Neo-Elizabethan
Abbey House
and
Tudor Revival
Vickerstown
estate.
Barrow has 8
Grade I listed buildings
, 15
Grade II*
and 249
Grade II
buildings. The majority of Grade I listed buildings and structures are in and around the Furness Abbey complex while many Grade II* listed buildings in the town are 19th century tenements on Barrow Island including the
Devonshire Buildings
.
[156]
There are a number of
Conservation Areas
across Barrow named as such for their architectural or historical significance, they include
Barrow Island
,
Biggar
,
Central Barrow
,
Furness Abbey
,
North Scale
, North and South
Vickerstown
and
St. George's Square
.
[157]
Historically Barrow's skyline was dominated by shipyard cranes and industrial chimneys, although little evidence of this remains in the present day with the last
hammerhead crane
? the iconic yellow crane of
Buccleuch Dock
? being dismantled in 2011, despite calls for listing status like the smaller
Titan Clydebank
in Glasgow. The tallest building in Barrow is
Devonshire Dock Hall
at 51 metres (167 ft). Also worthy of note are the turbines of
Ormonde Wind Farm
located just off the coast of Barrow which stand at 152 metres (499 ft).
In terms of housing, the majority of dwellings in Barrow are Victorian
terraces
. At 47.0% of local housing stock in 2011, the figure is much higher than England's average of 24.5%. 29.7% of dwellings are
semi-detached
, 12.09%
detached
and 10.2% flats, maisonettes or apartments.
[158]
Great variety in housing styles is a feature across central Barrow, Barrow Island, Hindpool, and Vickerstown. Most were built around a
grid design
in accordance with plans drawn up by James Ramsden.
Arts
[
edit
]
- Music
Barrow has produced several musical performers of note. They include
Thomas Round
, a singer and actor in D'Oyly Carte productions of
Savoy Opera
[159]
as well as
Glenn Cornick
, the original bass guitarist in the rock band
Jethro Tull
.
[160]
Paul MacKenzie, bass player with 1980s
Preston
-based thrash metal band
Xentrix
, is from Barrow.
[161]
More recently, hip-hop DJ and record producer
Aim
has had considerable commercial success.
[162]
- Expressive arts
Several notables in Art and Literature have come from Barrow. Artist
Keith Tyson
, the 2002
Turner Prize
winner, was born in nearby
Ulverston
, attended the Barrow-in-Furness College of Engineering and worked at the then
VSEL
shipyard.
[163]
Constance Spry
, the author and florist who revolutionised interior design in the 1930s, and 1940s, moved to the town with her son Anthony during World War I to work as a welfare supervisor.
[164]
Peter Purves
, later a
Blue Peter
presenter, began his acting career with 2 years as a member of the Renaissance Theatre Company at the town's Her Majesty's Theatre.
[165]
During the mid-20th century, Barrow contained a wealth of theatres/cinemas including the Coliseum, Electric Theatre, Essoldo, Her Majesty's Theatre, Hippodrome, Pavilion,
Ritz
,
Roxy
, Royalty Theatre and Tivoli. All but the Pavilion and Roxy have since been demolished, most recently in 2004 with the demolition of the Apollo (formerly the Ritz). The Canteen Media & Arts Centre ? known simply as "The Canteen" ? and
The Forum
are now the main venues for theatre, while the
Vue Cinema
in
Hollywood Park
is the only cinema in the town.
- Literature
- A number of the
Lake Poets
have referred to locations in present day Barrow: for example,
William Wordsworth
's 1805 autobiographical poem
The Prelude
describes his visits to Furness Abbey.
- The Portuguese poet
Fernando Pessoa
wrote a series of
sonnets
called "Barrow-on-Furness" (sic). His "heteronym"
Alvaro de Campos
lived in Barrow when he was studying ship engineering, but Pessoa himself had never visited, and mistakenly assumed that "Furness" was the name of a river.
[167]
- According to narrative exposition in Chapter 5 of
Dorothy L. Sayers
' 1926 novel
Clouds of Witness
, Inspector Charles Parker, Lord Peter Wimsey's friend and eventual brother-in-law, attended Barrow-in-Furness Grammar School.
- Renowned novelist
D. H. Lawrence
was in Barrow at the outbreak of World War I and wrote about his experiences in the town.
- The 2015 novel
Career of Evil
by Robert Galbraith (a pseudonym of
J. K. Rowling
) was partially set in Barrow.
[168]
Media
[
edit
]
Newspapers
[
edit
]
There is one paid-for evening daily paper,
The Mail
.
Radio
[
edit
]
Barrow and the Furness area is served by local community radio
CandoFM
. CandoFM broadcasts to the Barrow and Furness area on 106.3FM, Ulverston and surrounding areas on 107.3FM plus globally available online. CandoFM is at 15-17 Duke Street, Barrow-in-Furness and run by 50+ volunteers providing local news, local information as well as an eclectic mix of shows.
Barrow is served by one commercial radio station,
Heart North West
, which broadcasts from Manchester and serves the area around
Morecambe Bay
. Another commercial station,
Abbey FM
, ceased broadcasting in February 2009 when it went into administration.
[169]
The BBC's local radio service is
BBC Radio Cumbria
.
[170]
Television
[
edit
]
Barrow lies in the
ITV Granada
?
BBC North West
region with the main signal coming from the
Winter Hill
transmitter near
Bolton
. There is also a relay transmitter at
Millom
whose signal can be received in the northern end of the town.
Various television personalities were born in the district. Dave Myers was a biker born in Barrow, and found fame as one half of television cookery duo
the Hairy Bikers
.
[171]
Karen Taylor
is a TV comedian best known for her BBC Three sketch show
Touch Me, I'm Karen Taylor
.
[172]
Steve Dixon
is a newsreader for Sky News,
[173]
while
Nigel Kneale
was a well-known film and television scriptwriter.
[174]
Wartime diarist and local housewife
Nella Last
's memoirs were adapted for television, with parts of the town used in filming. The resulting programme,
Housewife, 49
, written by and starring comedian
Victoria Wood
, was broadcast by ITV in 2006. It won two
BAFTA
awards ? one for Best Single Drama, the other for Best Actress (Wood).
[175]
[176]
CITV children's show
The Treacle People
had two villains named Barrow and Furness.
[177]
Dialect and accent
[
edit
]
Furness is unique within Cumbria and the local dialect and accent is fairly
Lancashire
-orientated. Until 1974 Furness was an
exclave
of Lancashire, however as with
Liverpool
, for example, the
Barrovian
dialect has been influenced by large numbers of settlers from various regions. During the town's rapid growth from 1860 onward, thousands came to Barrow from
Scotland
,
Ireland
,
Wales
and elsewhere in northern England. As
Glaswegian
and
Geordie
dialects mingled in Barrow numerous more migrated from Lancashire and other parts of England which in effect created the noticeably
Northern
Barrovian
dialect. In general the
Barrovian
accent tends to drop certain letters (including
H
and
T
).
Nightlife
[
edit
]
There are many pubs and
working men's clubs
in Barrow. Barrow has fourteen of the latter, one of the highest number per capita of any British town.
[178]
There are also many bars and clubs found primarily in
Barrow town centre
on
Duke Street
and Cornwallis Street. Popular venues on Duke Street include the following bars: Jefferson's, the Buddha Bar, Bar Cairo and the Drawing Room. They did have a
Yates's
but the building was deemed unsafe and has since been demolished. Cornwallis Street ? often dubbed the
"
Gaza Strip
"
by locals ? is currently undergoing a multi-million pound renovation with the former Martini's being the flagship renovation into Club M. Other clubs on Cornwallis Street include: Kavanna's, O'Sullivan's and Skint. Between 2004 and 2010 Barrow was home to one of North West England's largest nightclubs, the 2,500-capacity Blue Lagoon occupied the entire hull of the former Danish ferry
Princess Selandia
, which has now left the town.
[179]
Barrow's largest nightclub is now
Manhattans
, which opened on Cavendish Street in late 2011.
Food
[
edit
]
A traditional favourite food in Barrow is the
pie
, and particularly the
meat and potato pie
.
[180]
Pie shops
are common, and Green's of Jarrow Street is noted as a favourite of Barrow-born celebrity chef
Dave Myers
[181]
and journalist Martin Tarbuck, who declared them to be Britain's best pies in a book dedicated to the subject.
[182]
Barrow was also the home of
soft-drink
company Marsh's, which produced a distinctive
sarsaparilla
-flavoured fizzy drink known as
Sass
.
[183]
Marsh's was purchased by Purity Soft Drinks of Birmingham in 1993, and the company stopped producing Sass in 1999. Remaining bottles have subsequently sold for high prices as a collector's item.
[184]
A new product, labelled "Barrow Sass", was launched in 2014 in a bid to replicate traditional Sass.
[185]
The coasts around Barrow have rich
cockle
beds from which cockles have traditionally been gathered, although numbers have been low following intensive gathering during the early 2000s, in the run-up to the
2004 Morecambe Bay cockling disaster
.
[186]
[187]
One of England's few remaining
Oyster farms
is in the
Biggar
area of Walney. Traditional
Cumberland sausages
are less associated with Barrow itself than the rest of Cumbria, but are readily available from the surrounding rural area.
[188]
Cumbria has produced a number of famed dishes and is home to countless
Michelin Guide
restaurants, one of which is in Dalton.
Social issues
[
edit
]
Lifestyle
[
edit
]
Having emerged as mixture of working-class cultures from across Britain and Ireland in the 19th century, subsequent low levels of migration and a continued tradition of industrial employment mean that Barrow's culture still reflects many of the traditions of the British
working class
.
[189]
In September 2008, Barrow was named as the most working-class location in the United Kingdom, based on a series of measures devised to judge the lifestyle of the people.
[190]
The research was carried out by Locallife.co.uk which determined that there is a
fish and chip shop
,
working men's club
,
bookmakers
or
trade union office
for every 2,917 people (
Crewe
,
Doncaster
,
Wolverhampton
and
Preston
completed the top five of 'the most working class places in Britain').
[191]
This is in direct contrast to the 1870s, when a developing Barrow had more
aristocrats
per head of the population than anywhere else in the country.
[190]
In the 2019
Indices of Deprivation
, Barrow was ranked as the 44th most deprived district in England (out of a total of 326).
[192]
The equivalent figures for 2007, 2010 stood at 29th, 32nd and 44th most deprived respectively.
[193]
The Indices of Deprivation is based on income, employment, education, health, crime and barriers to housing and services and living environment. Within these subcategories, most notably Barrow ranked as the 4th most deprived in terms of health deprivation and disability, and in huge contrast, 316th most deprived in terms of access to housing and services (i.e. 10th least deprived).
[192]
In the 2019 Indices of Deprivation, seven
Lower Super Output Areas
across Barrow Island, Central and Hindpool were amongst the 1% most deprived areas in the country, while large parts of suburban Barrow including Newbarns and Roose were amongst the 25% of least deprived areas in England.
[193]
Health
[
edit
]
The principal hospital in Barrow is
Furness General Hospital
, operated by the
University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Trust
and located on the outskirts of the town. As of December 2023 there were 10 NHS GP practices/doctors' surgeries in Barrow.
[194]
The
life expectancy
for males in Barrow is 76.6 years (compared to the England average of 78.7) and 80.6 years for females (compared to the national average of 82.8).
[195]
A 2021
NHS
in depth publication on health in Barrow (the former district) indicated that the population of Barrow is by most measures in a worse state than the national average.
[195]
Indicators such as ratea of cardiovascular disease, self and suicide, alcoholism and excessive weight are worse than the England average. However, a number of indicators are similar to the average or are significantly better, including the percentage of children in absolute low income families.
[195]
Crime
[
edit
]
Policing is by
Cumbria Constabulary
, which alongside the county of Cumbria was formed in 1974. The
Ministry of Defence Police
maintain a presence on Barrow Island around the shipyard also. Previously the town was policed by Barrow-in-Furness Borough Police. Barrow previously had one full-time police station in Market Street in the
Central
ward. A new multi-million pound building was built on James Freel Close on Channelside in
Hindpool
and is the town's only police station, with extra jail cells and improved facilities. Several consecutive annual publications by Cumbria Constabulary entitled the 'Cumbria Community Safety Strategic Assessment' have stated that overall crime in Barrow is declining, with some indicators far better than the national average.
[196]
Despite this, crime levels as a whole are higher than the national average: 2013 statistics show crime levels in the borough as the 16th worst in the UK; most notably, Barrow has amongst the worst rates of alcohol misuse in the country.
[197]
Between July and December 2013 Barrow saw an average of 7.39 crimes per 100 of the population; the UK average was 6.57.
[197]
Incidents of anti-social behaviour stood at 7.83 per 100 in Barrow, cf 5.02 in the UK.
[197]
Burglary averaged 0.53 per 100 in 2013 while the national average was 1.00 per 100. Robbery averaged 0.02 in Barrow and 0.07 nationwide, shoplifting 0.72 and 0.53 and vehicle crime at 0.31 and 0.58.
[197]
Violent crimes and sexual offences occurred at a rate of 1.70 per 100, significantly higher than UK average of 1.06 and ranking the area as the 29th worst out of 348 in the country.
[197]
Crime rates remain the highest in deprived areas of inner wards such as Central and Hindpool.
[196]
Since November 2019
Ministry of Defence Police
have been based at the
BAE Systems
Shipyard.
Education
[
edit
]
Education in the state-funded sector includes fifteen
primary schools
, five
infant schools
, five
junior schools
and many nurseries. The three
secondary schools
in the town are:
Furness Academy
,
St. Bernard's Catholic High School
and
Walney School
.
Chetwynde School
is an all-through school for children aged 4 to 18. Formerly a
private school
, Chetwynde became a state-funded
free school
in 2014.
In the further education sector there is one college,
Furness College
. Furness College merged with
Barrow Sixth Form College
in 2016 forming the largest college in Cumbria.
[198]
Technical and professional qualifications are delivered at the Channelside campus, with A levels delivered at the Rating Lane campus, the home of the former sixth form college. Although there are currently no
higher education
institutions based in Barrow, Furness College offers several higher apprenticeships,
foundation degrees
,
Bachelor's
and
Master's
programmes accredited by the
University of Cumbria
,
University of Lancaster
and the
University of Central Lancashire
.
[199]
In March 2023 plans were approved for a 1,400-capacity campus of the University of Cumbria on Barrow Island which is expected to be open for Autumn 2024. The university campus would be situated adjacent to BAE's Submarine Academy and form a new 'Learning Quarter' for the town.
The town's main library is the
Central Library
in
Ramsden Square
, situated near the town centre.
[200]
The library was established in 1882 in a room near the town hall, and moved to its current premises in 1922. A branch of the County Archive Service, opened in 1979 and containing many of the town's archives, is located within adjoining premises,
[201]
whilst until 1991 the library also housed the Furness Museum, a forerunner of the Dock Museum.
[202]
Smaller branch libraries are currently provided at
Walney
,
Roose
and
Barrow Island
. Known librarian Michael Wilson originates in Barrow-in-Furness. Michael Wilson is currently leader of the Collection Logistics Alpha Team at Cambridge University Library.
[200]
See also
[
edit
]
References
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edit
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