Central African Republic capital and largest city
Capital city in Central African Republic
Bangui
(
French pronunciation:
[b???i]
; or
Bangi
in
Sango
, formerly written
Bangi
in English) is the
capital
and
largest city
of the
Central African Republic
. It was established as a
French
outpost in 1889 and named after its location on the northern bank of the
Ubangi River
(
French
:
Oubangui
); the Ubangi itself was named from the
Bobangi
word for the "rapids" located beside the settlement,
[2]
which marked the end of navigable water north from
Brazzaville
. The majority of the population of the Central African Republic lives in the western parts of the country, in Bangui and the surrounding area.
The city has been part of
Bangui Prefecture
since December 2020.
[3]
As of 2020
[update]
it had an estimated population of 889,231.
The city consists of eight urban districts (
arrondissements
), 16 groups (
groupements
) and 205 neighbourhoods (
quartiers
). As the capital of the Central African Republic, Bangui acts as an administrative, trade, and commercial centre. The National Assembly, government buildings, banks, foreign enterprises and embassies, hospitals, hotels, main markets and the Ngaragba Central Prison are all located here. Bangui manufactures
textiles
, food products,
beer
,
shoes
and
soap
. Its
Notre-Dame Cathedral
is the seat of the
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangui
. The city is also home to the
University of Bangui
, inaugurated in 1970. It is also served by the
Bangui M'Poko International Airport
.
History
[
edit
]
Archaeological studies
in and around Bangui have yielded at least 26 ancient
Iron Age
sites that contain many
metallurgical tools and objects
, illuminating the pre-European history of the city and surrounding area.
[4]
The archaeological sites were added to the
UNESCO
World Heritage
Tentative List on 11 April 2006 in the Cultural category.
[4]
The site closest to Bangui is Pendere-Sengue, 800 metres (2,600 ft) from Independence Avenue, where archaeologists and conservation agencies have carried out studies. It is a paleo-metallurgical site where several thousand shards of ceramics, iron tools, pottery, and an iron spatula weighing 9 kilograms (20 lb) have been unearthed. Its dating, compared with similar sites in
Nigeria
and
Sudan
, could be close to the ninth century BC.
[4]
The modern settlement of Bangui was founded by Michel Dolisie and Alfred Uzac on 26 June 1889 on the direction of
Brazzaville
administrator Albert Dolisie.
It was located in what was then the upper reaches of the
French Congo
, the present-day
Congo
. The original site was 10 km (6.2 mi) south of the Ubangi rapids. Its territory was organized first into the territory of the Upper Ubangi (
Haut-Oubangui
) and then as the separate colony of
Ubangi-Shari
.
The initial capitals of these areas were at
les Abiras
and
Fort de Possel
further upstream, but the rapids at Bangui blocked them from direct communication along the river and caused the settlement there to grow in importance until, in 1906, it was chosen as the new headquarters for the French administration. Bangui retained its importance as a military and administrative centre when the colony was folded into
French Equatorial Africa
and under both
Vichy
and
Free French
control during
World War II
. The French operated a
radio transmitter
in Bangui, which was described in 1932 as "the most remote radio station in Africa".
[7]
The colony of
Ubangi-Shari
received its autonomy in 1958 as the Central African Republic and became independent from France in 1960. In 1970, President
Jean-Bedel Bokassa
inaugurated the
University of Bangui
.
He established the national airline Air Centrafrique the following year and ordered the construction of two new luxury
hotels
in Bangui. With tensions mounting between Bangui and
Paris
as a result of Bokassa's uncontrollable expenditures, western
banks
refused to lend him any more money.
Relations with the French worsened still further in April 1974, when the body of Brigette Miroux was discovered in a hotel room in Bangui. Miroux was a native of northern France who in 1973 came to the Central African Republic to become a "hostess" in Bokassa's
Caravelle
aircraft.
[9]
It was reported in the French media that she had been Bokassa's mistress and that he was responsible for her murder.
As a result, Bokassa banned import of French
newspapers
and assumed control of the
Agence France-Presse
office in Bangui.
By 1975, Bangui had a population of 300,723.
[10]
In March 1981, widespread violence took place in Bangui following elections, after
Operation Caban
led the French to drop Bokassa (who had begun to call himself
Emperor Bokassa I
), and replaced him with
David Dacko
. Opponents of the President met in Bangui and were forced to flee the country. After returning voluntarily to Bangui in the autumn of 1986,
Bokassa went on trial. Initially faced with the death penalty, in February 1988 he was instead sentenced to life imprisonment.
His successor was General
Andre Kolingba
, army chief of staff of Dacko's army, who took over control from the local French military on 1 September 1981 under the pretext that the country was heading towards civil war. Although he attempted to combat corruption and control the national economy, he was unable to achieve his reforms. By the middle of the 1980s the country's economic situation had deteriorated as 80% of the revenue went towards meeting the salaries of the staff.
Under pressure from a donor group called GIBAFOR (France, USA, Japan, Germany, EU, World Bank and the UN) Kolingba made moves to restore a degree of democracy in the country in 1991 with a multiparty government. Elections were held in 1993 and 1994. The first round was sabotaged by the government when it was clear they would lose. Under continued donor pressure elections were held again in 1994 as before with help from the UN electoral Assistance Unit. During these elections,
Ange-Felix Patasse
was elected to the post of president. Since he was from northern CAR, the southern group of Kolingba started a rebellion during 1996.
In May 1996, about 200 soldiers of the Central African Republic mutinied in Bangui, demanding salary increases and the abdication of Ange-Felix Patasse.
[13]
In the aftermath, the renegades plundered and killed more than 50 people.
[13]
Following this, the French troops stationed in the country suppressed the rebellion and restored the dictatorial power. After being elected, President Patasse announced a national unity government in early 1997. The Patasse government, the opposition parties, and religious groups signed the
Bangui Agreements
in January 1997 which were a series of measures designed to reconcile competing political factions, reform and strengthen the economy.
The same year, the rebel troops refused a military base in Bangui and in June a new revolt broke out.
In view of frequent political unrest the city was named in 1996 as one of the most dangerous cities in the world.
On 25 October 2002, several towns in the country and later Bangui itself were attacked by the forces of General
Francois Bozize
, backed with international support.
[16]
Bozize refused to accept an arrest warrant and "defected with about a hundred troops, engaged in street battles in the northern neighborhoods of Bangui (traditionally supporting Patasse)" and went north.
Bozize went into exile in
Chad
but his troops returned to Bangui and fighting continued. Peace-keeping forces were ineffective, leaving Patasse isolated, and with support from Chad, Bozize's troops were successful in removing Patasse's government. Patasse, who was returning from Niger after attending a conference, was not permitted to land in Bangui and he took asylum in
Togo
, and Bozize seized power and suspended the constitution. An all-party National Transitional Government was set up which functioned as an interim legislative body. However, the "climate of distrust continued".
2013 rebellion
[
edit
]
In late 2012, the
Seleka
coalition rebelled against his autocratic rule and
entered the city
. After capturing
Bria
,
Sibut
, and other important towns, they were on the verge of capturing
Damara
, the last strategic town before Bangui. France and the US refused to support the president and neighbouring countries reinforced the Central African Multinational Force (Fomac).
[19]
In January 2013, the rebels terminated their operations, hoping for a negotiated settlement.
[19]
Following a
ceasefire
and a power-sharing agreement, Seleka and Bozize agreed to honour the rebel's demands for the release of rebel prisoners and the expulsion of foreign troops from the country. The agreement allowed Bozize to complete his term in office and to include members of Seleka in a new government. It was also agreed that fresh elections would be held in 2016.
[20]
The agreement was not honoured and the rebels captured Bangui on 23 March 2013, forcing Bozize to flee the capital.
[21]
As of early January 2014, "around 500,000 have fled their homes" in Bangui, "almost half the city's population."
[22]
On 13 January 2021 around 200 rebels
attacked Bangui
, killing one peacekeeper before being repelled.
[23]
Geography and climate
[
edit
]
Bangui, close to the country's southern border, lies on the northern banks of the
Ubangi River
just below a series of rapids that limit major commercial shipping upriver.
The only major city located on the river, it covers an area of 67 square kilometres (26 sq mi). The navigable Ubangi River, with the backdrop of lush green hills, turns sharply south below Bangui and connects to the
Congo River
just south of the equator near Brazzaville as its chief northern tributary. The Ubangi river marks the border between the Central African Republic and the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
. The Congolese town of
Zongo
is situated across the river from Bangui.
The river flows to the east of downtown Bangui. During the rainy season the discharge in the river is three times higher than during the rest of the year. The city was also known as
La Coquette
(the beautiful city) in the 1970s.
Close to the river, the city centre features a large
arch
dedicated to Bokassa as well as the presidential palace and the central
market
. Lying five kilometres (three miles) further north, the heart of the residential area has the largest market and most of the
nightlife
. Many of those in the suburbs live in houses known as Kodros, built of mud bricks with a thatched roof.
The
Bangui Magnetic Anomaly
, one of the earth's largest crustal anomalies and the largest in Africa, has its centre in Bangui."
[27]
It takes the form of a huge ellipse of 700 kilometres (430 mi) x 1,000 kilometres (620 mi), with its central point at 6 degrees north and 18 degrees east. It consists of three parts or segments, which comprise the northern, the southern and the central anomalies. The
magnetic equator
passes through the feature's centre. Although it is well documented, the feature's origins are not fully understood.
The Central African Republic is situated just north of the Equator with daily temperatures normally reaching at least 30 °C. Bangui, close to the Equator in the south of the country, it is slightly hotter and wetter than the northern regions.
[29]
It has a
tropical savanna climate
(
Koppen
: Aw)
[30]
with dry winters. While the warm season is from 23 January to 18 March, the cold season lasts from 20 June to 27 August, when rainfall is frequently accompanied by thunderstorms.
[31]
The city is bordered by thick tropical rainforests along the river banks.
[32]
Several of its neighbourhoods are in low-lying areas prone to recurrent flooding with severe rains in June and July 2009 leaving 11,000 people homeless.
[33]
Climate data for Bangui (
Bangui M'poko International Airport
) 1991?2020
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
33.8
(92.8)
|
35.1
(95.2)
|
34.7
(94.5)
|
33.3
(91.9)
|
32.4
(90.3)
|
31.1
(88.0)
|
30.4
(86.7)
|
30.5
(86.9)
|
31.3
(88.3)
|
31.2
(88.2)
|
32.1
(89.8)
|
32.9
(91.2)
|
32.4
(90.3)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
25.2
(77.4)
|
26.9
(80.4)
|
27.6
(81.7)
|
27.1
(80.8)
|
26.4
(79.5)
|
25.5
(77.9)
|
25.0
(77.0)
|
25.1
(77.2)
|
25.1
(77.2)
|
25.0
(77.0)
|
25.4
(77.7)
|
25.2
(77.4)
|
25.8
(78.4)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
18.2
(64.8)
|
20.8
(69.4)
|
22.6
(72.7)
|
22.5
(72.5)
|
22.1
(71.8)
|
21.6
(70.9)
|
21.3
(70.3)
|
21.3
(70.3)
|
21.2
(70.2)
|
21.2
(70.2)
|
20.9
(69.6)
|
19.1
(66.4)
|
21.1
(70.0)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
11.1
(0.44)
|
43.3
(1.70)
|
98.3
(3.87)
|
117.6
(4.63)
|
151.7
(5.97)
|
160.8
(6.33)
|
196.8
(7.75)
|
218.3
(8.59)
|
175.7
(6.92)
|
198.4
(7.81)
|
68.5
(2.70)
|
18.0
(0.71)
|
1,458.4
(57.42)
|
Average precipitation days
(≥ 1.0 mm)
|
1
|
3
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
12
|
12
|
11
|
12
|
7
|
2
|
94
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
(daily average)
|
62.8
|
62.1
|
67.9
|
73.3
|
76.2
|
78.2
|
80.0
|
79.8
|
78.3
|
78.5
|
74.7
|
68.4
|
73.4
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
221
|
208
|
207
|
195
|
191
|
184
|
162
|
160
|
161
|
167
|
198
|
237
|
2,291
|
Source:
NOAA
[34]
|
Demographics
[
edit
]
Historical population
Year
| Pop.
| ±%
|
---|
1950
| 42,000
| ?
|
---|
1951
| 47,000
| +11.9%
|
---|
1960
| 94,000
| +100.0%
|
---|
1970
| 204,000
| +117.0%
|
---|
1975
| 279,800
| +37.2%
|
---|
1988
| 427,435
| +52.8%
|
---|
1994
| 524,000
| +22.6%
|
---|
2001
| 652,000
| +24.4%
|
---|
2020
| 889,000
| +36.3%
|
---|
2021
| 910,000
| +2.4%
|
---|
2022
| 933,000
| +2.5%
|
---|
After the Central African Republic attained independence in 1960, developmental activities began, and the urbanization of Bangui ensued. This is evidenced by the population growth from 279,800 in 1975 to 427,435 in 1988
[10]
to 524,000 by 1994,
[35]
and to 652,000 in 2001.
Apart from the ethnic people of the country, the city is also home for a minority group of Greek, Portuguese and Yemeni traders, and also has a small community of
French people
. The Bangui resident community includes diamond traders from western Africa and Chad, traders from many African countries, and refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Nigeria.
[32]
The official languages of the country are
French
and
Sango
; the latter (originally a language from the Ubangi River region) is spoken by 90% of the population. Some of the other languages spoken are
Baya
(Gbaya),
Banda
,
Ngbaka
,
Sara
,
Mbum
,
Kare
, and
Mandjia
. Sango was simplified by Christian missionaries and is widely used to this day.
[32]
Economy
[
edit
]
Bangui serves as an administrative, trade, and commercial centre. During the Second World War the country became wealthier as exports of rubber, cotton, coffee, uranium and diamonds increased.
After the war, the employment of local people in mainstream administration led to the development of the country's infrastructure, which increased trade while slowing the national movement for independence.
During David Dacko's presidency from 1960 to 1966, there was a significant increase in the production of
diamonds
.
This occurred when the monopoly of the French concessionary companies was ended with a law allowing local citizens to dig for diamonds. After Dacko set up a
diamond cutting
factory at Bangui, diamonds became the country's leading export. But by the end of his five-year tenure, rampant corruption and financial indiscipline had resulted in workers being left unpaid and civil unrest ensued. Bokassa then seized power in a military coup in 1966.
Concurrently, Bangui also became the key centre for social and cultural activity in the region, when new institutions were established in the city. However, political turmoil in the country, rampant corruption, and the dictatorial rule of President Bokassa centred in the city, brought in economic recession in the 1970s exacerbated by a fall in international prices for its major exports. This caused impoverishment of the people and severe conflict, further compounded by refugees migrating from troubled neighbouring countries.
Bangui received its first bank in 1946 when a branch of the
Bank of West Africa
was established there. Arab sellers dominated the city, and it was historically an important centre for
ivory
trading.
[38]
Bangui manufactures include
textiles
, food products, beer,
shoes
, and
soap
.
The main exports are
cotton
,
rubber
,
timber
,
coffee
, and
sisal
.
Because of the ongoing strife, unemployment hovered near 23% in the city as of 2001
[update]
.
Ngaragba Central Prison
, the national prison for men, is located in Bangui. As of 2007
[update]
, it had 476 inmates; prison conditions are reported to be poor.
Landmarks
[
edit
]
The old town of Bangui has retained its colonial town planning, with wide boulevards leading towards a central market square.
[40]
Attractions in Bangui include
Boganda Museum
, Bangui Zoo,
[41]
and the
Presidential Palace
, formerly the Bokassa Palace.
Notre-Dame Cathedral is the seat of the
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangui
.
[42]
Boganda Museum (
Musee de Boganda
) has displays of traditional musical instruments, weapons, rural architectural features, ancient hunting tools, pottery, and also many religious antiques. It has a collection of bark cloth, the material used to cover Bokassa's bed.
There are several hotels up to international standards. The
Ledger Plaza Bangui
on the outskirts has an outdoor swimming pool, tennis court, and comfortable amentities.
[43]
The National Hotel was established in 1970 with 30 rooms. Also of note are the Golf Palace Hotel, the Hotel du Centre with 72 rooms, JM Residence, the Oubangui Hotel, established in 1985, and Hotel Somba with 23 rooms.
Culture
[
edit
]
Customs
[
edit
]
Polygamy
is an accepted practice among men.
When someone dies in Bangui a representative from his or her village attends the funeral. "This person is charged with indicating to the deceased the way back home so that the deceased may avenge himself and herself and demonstrate the power of the family".
The representative who attends the funeral also carries a little dust from the grave to the village, and gives it to the village's
medicine man
so that he can ascertain the reasons for his death.
Most of the holidays in Bangui are festivals related to the Christian and Muslim faiths and are the same as those observed in other parts of the world. National holidays include independence day and the birthdays of Boganda and several other national heroes.
Cuisine
[
edit
]
The cuisine of CAR is referred to as
Centrafrican
and the staple
diet
in Bangui includes
cassava
,
rice
,
squash
,
pumpkins
and
plantains
served with a
sauce
and
grilled meat
.
Okra
or
gombo
is a popular vegetable.
Peanuts
and
peanut butter
are widely used.
Game
is popular, as are the
fish
-based dishes
maboke
and
soussou
.
Manioc flour
is used for preparing
fufu
.
[46]
There are three types of
restaurants
in Bangui. Some focus on foreign cuisine, such as 'Relais des Chasses,' 'La Tentation' and 'L'Escale,' which are oriented towards French food, and 'Ali Baba' and 'Beyrouth,' which serve Lebanese food. There are a large number of African restaurants, such as the "Madame M'boka," a favorite of the locals. A number of
bars
and
street food
stalls complement Bangui's culinary scene.
Alcoholic beverages
served are locally
brewed
beer,
palm wine
and
banana wine
.
Non-alcoholic beverages
include
ginger beer
.
[48]
Bangui's artisans' market has traditional wares representing the art products from different regions of the country. Handicrafts include woven mats and baskets, wooden utensils of simple design, carved stools, pottery, musical instruments, tanned skins, and wood products.
[41]
The
balafon
, similar to a
xylophone
, is made out of the horns of animals. Innovative designs include butterfly wings stuck with gum on paper, and
ebony
and hardwood carvings of wood from the tropical region. Artwork also covers carved animals and human figures.
[41]
The crafts center in Bangui provides training to about 100 students in artistic crafting in
leather
,
ivory
and ebony wares.
[46]
Music
[
edit
]
Bangui has a rich music tradition and showcases the country's music. Its musicians also perform in many countries abroad. The Bangui band groups were influenced by
Zokela
in the 1980s.
[41]
The innovative music is based on dance bands who have adopted the Congolese music with electronic support. The music is rhythmic and blends with the Congolese rumba (
soukous
), which was influenced by
son cubano
,
cha-cha-cha
, and
merengue
. Popular Central African music groups or dance bands who perform in the city are Musiki, Zokela, Makembe, Cool Stars, Cannon Stars, and Super Stars.
[41]
Bokassa, during his tenure as president, established a music recording studio in Bangui and employed musicians to sing his praise with songs extolling his qualities as an emperor and to develop his cult image among his people.
Sports
[
edit
]
The most popular sport is basketball. Bangui hosted the
FIBA Africa Championship 1974
, where the
Central African Republic's national basketball team
won one of its two continental titles.
Football (soccer)
is also popular. Both men and women from Bangui and throughout the country have participated in the
Olympic Games
since 1968 as well as in many international events.
[41]
The locals also organize boat races with hundreds of participants on the Ubangi River, which is a significant attraction.
Education
[
edit
]
The French system of education is the norm and French is the language of teaching, although the Sango language is promoted in schools. A substantial percentage of the population is literate. Schooling is compulsory for children ages 6 to 14.
[49]
Bangui is home to the
University of Bangui
, founded in 1969 by President
Jean-Bedel Bokassa
who named it after himself; it started functioning in 1970.
[48]
[50]
A public institution, the university provides non-agricultural education in the Central African Republic. Since 1981, the University Library has been in a separate building that houses its science, literature, and law collections.
The medical school of the university has its own library.
The other educational institutions are the National School of Arts and the Central School of Agriculture, in addition to many religious and technical schools.
[48]
A school in the eastern part of the city,
Lycee Charles de Gaulle
, was established by the French and is named after
President of France
Charles de Gaulle
. Several notable Africans, including writers such as
Calixthe Beyala
, have studied in the city. Beyala studied at the
Lycee des Rapides
.
Places of worship
[
edit
]
Among the
places of worship
, they are predominantly
Christian
churches and temples:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangui
(
Catholic Church
),
Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Central African Republic
(
Lutheran World Federation
),
Evangelical Baptist Church of the Central African Republic
(
Baptist World Alliance
).
[53]
There are also
Muslim
mosques.
Transport
[
edit
]
(
left
) Transportation trucks in Bangui; (
right
) Bangui airport
Bangui is the transport hub of the Central African Republic. As of 1999, eight roads connected the city to other main towns in the country, Cameroon, Chad and
South Sudan
; of these, only the toll roads are paved. During the rainy season from March to November, some roads are impassable.
The road network in the city emanates from the Palace de la Republique.
River
ferries
sail from the
river port
at Bangui to Brazzaville and
Zongo
. The river can be navigated most of the year between Bangui and Brazzaville. From Brazzaville, goods are transported by rail to
Pointe-Noire
, Congo's Atlantic port.
[57]
The river port handles the overwhelming majority of the country's international trade and has a cargo handling capacity of 350,000 tons; it has 350 metres (1,150 ft) length of
wharfs
and 24,000 square metres (260,000 sq ft) of warehousing space.
The first airstrip in Bangui was built between 1920 and 1925.
Bangui M'Poko International Airport
is located on 600 hectares (1,500 acres) of deforested land
7 kilometres (
4
+
1
⁄
2
mi) off the Avenue of Martyrs to the north of the old town, between the Koudoukou Avenue and the University of Bangui.
Healthcare
[
edit
]
A general hospital is located in the eastern side of the city. Modern health care facilities exist only in Bangui but are poor, providing only minimal care. Wealthier citizens make use of private clinics.
[48]
The risk of catching
HIV
in the city is reportedly high, and many truck drivers stopping in the city for sexual services pose a major risk of spreading the disease to other parts of the country.
The risk of catching
malaria
in Bangui and pygmy camps is also much higher than in the rest of the country.
A conference of public health officials including representatives of the
Centers for Disease Control
and the
World Health Organization
was held in Bangui in October 1985. The conference evolved a diagnostic definition of AIDS which came to be known as the
Bangui definition
for AIDS.
[10]
The conference defined symptoms of AIDS in Africa as "prolonged fever for a month or more, weight loss of over 10% and prolonged diarrhea".
The Bangui definition proved problematic as immune suppression can also be caused by
malnutrition
.
Media
[
edit
]
Several
periodicals
and three daily
newspapers
are published in Bangui:
E le Songo
, the country's first newspaper, began publication in 1982. The other main newspapers are
Le Novateur
,
Le Citoyen
and
L'Echo de Centrafrique
.
[41]
Most of the country's institutions have offices in Bangui, including French ones such as
Electricite de France
(EDF).
Radio stations operating in Bangui include
Radio Centrafrique
, Radio Nehemie, Radio Notre-Dame, Radio Voix de la paix, Radio Ndeke Luka, RFI, Radio Voik de la grace, Radio Linga FM, Africa no.1, and Tropic FM.
BBC World Service
is the only English broadcasting station that is heard in the city on 90.2 FM, as all other local channels broadcast in either French and/or Sango. For reliable news, the channel of UN run Radio Ndeke Luka is on 100.8 FM.
People
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"REGION 7 (GRAND BANGUI)"
. Institut Centrafricain des Statistiques et des Etudes Economiques et Sociales. 10 June 2022. Archived from
the original
on 3 June 2023
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4 February
2023
.
- ^
Room, Adrian.
African Placenames: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Natural Features, Towns, Cities, Provinces, and Counties
, 2nd ed., p. 30: "Bangui". McFarland & Co., 2008.
ISBN
0786435461
.
- ^
Oubangui Medias, Oubangui Medias (11 December 2020).
"La Centrafrique dispose desormais de 20 prefectures et de 84 sous-prefectures"
.
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"Popular Mechanics"
.
Popular Mechanics
. Hearst Magazines: 535. October 1932.
ISSN
0032-4558
.
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Titley, Brian.
Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa
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ISBN
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2014
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Yearbook of the United Nations
. United Nations Publications. 2004. p. 145.
ISBN
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"Central African Republic rebels halt advance on Bangui"
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2013
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"Central African Republic"
.
The 21st century
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"Central African Republic rebels 'take president palace'
"
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"Nearly million people displaced by CAR conflict ? UN"
.
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"Bullets and panic: rebels attack Central African Republic capital"
.
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. Retrieved
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- ^
Antoine, L. A. G.; Reimold, W. U.; Tessema, A. (1999).
"The Bangui Magnetic Anomaly Revisited"
(PDF)
.
Proceedings 62nd Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting
.
34
.
Lunar and Planetary Institute
, Houston: A9.
Bibcode
:
1999M&PSA..34Q...9A
. Retrieved
11 April
2013
.
- ^
"African Bonanza at Bangui"
. Zimbio.com sourced from Voyage Africa net. 29 July 2012. Archived from
the original
on 31 July 2013.
- ^
"Climate: Bangui ? Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table"
. Climate-Data.org
. Retrieved
21 October
2013
.
- ^
"Average Weather For Bangui, Central African Republic"
. Weatherspark.com
. Retrieved
31 July
2013
.
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b
c
"Central African Republic"
.
The arts and cultural institutions
. Encyclopædia Britannica
. Retrieved
31 March
2013
.
- ^
"Centrafrique/inondations a Bangui: pres de 11.000 sans-abri, selon un nouveau bilan"
(in French).
Jeune Afrique
. 7 July 2009
. Retrieved
30 March
2013
.
- ^
"Bangui Climate Normals 1991?2020"
.
World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991?2020)
. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from
the original
on 25 September 2023
. Retrieved
25 September
2023
.
- ^
Merriam-Webster's collegiate encyclopedia
. Merriam-Webster. 2000. p. 138.
ISBN
978-0-87779-017-4
.
- ^
New Scientist
. Reed Business Information. 3 July 1980. p.
33
.
ISSN
0262-4079
. Retrieved
30 March
2013
.
- ^
"Places to Visit in the Central African Republic"
.
USA Today
. Retrieved
30 March
2013
.
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b
c
d
e
f
g
"Central African Republic"
.
The arts and cultural institutions
. Encyclopædia Britannica
. Retrieved
30 March
2013
.
- ^
"Cathedral of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception"
. GCatholic Organization
. Retrieved
24 July
2013
.
- ^
"Ledger Plaza Bangui"
. Laico Hotels. Archived from
the original
on 28 March 2013
. Retrieved
1 April
2013
.
- ^
a
b
Postal, Telegraph and Telephone Workers' International (1959).
PTTI Bulletin
.
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a
b
c
d
"Central African Republic"
.
Health and welfare
. Encyclopædia Britannica
. Retrieved
31 March
2013
.
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"Central African Republic Education System"
.
scholaro.com
. Retrieved
25 June
2021
.
- ^
"University of Bangui"
. University of Bangui Official Site
. Retrieved
30 March
2013
.
- ^
J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann,
Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices
, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 531-532
- ^
"Central African Republic"
.
Finance and trade
. Encyclopædia Britannica
. Retrieved
31 March
2013
.
- ^
Jeune Afrique L'intelligent, Issues 2307-2320
. Groupe Jeune Afrique. 2005. p. 17.
- ^
"Central African Republic - E. Enza-Yamissi - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway"
.
int.soccerway.com
. Retrieved
25 June
2021
.
- ^
"Central African Republic - M. Enza-Yamissi - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway"
.
int.soccerway.com
. Retrieved
25 June
2021
.
- ^
Britannica Book of the Year 2011
. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2011. p. 139.
ISBN
9781615355006
.
- ^
"Anicet Lavodrama ? Sports Africa Live"
.
live.sportsafrica.org
. Retrieved
25 June
2021
.
- ^
Cheney, David M.
"Archbishop Joachim N'Dayen [Catholic-Hierarchy]"
.
catholic-hierarchy.org
. Retrieved
25 June
2021
.
- ^
Haylett, Trevor (28 June 1995).
"Tauziat reclaims the tricolore from Pierce"
.
The Independent
. Retrieved
25 June
2021
.
- ^
"Romain Sato"
.
ESPN
.
Bibliography
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Tourism in the Least Developed Countries
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ISBN
978-92-844-0451-3
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The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science
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Central African Republic in Pictures
. Twenty-First Century Books. p.
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ISBN
978-1-57505-952-5
.
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Africa and South of the Sahara 2004
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.
Further reading
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Bangui
.
- Bangui
travel guide from Wikivoyage
- The dictionary definition of
Bangui
at Wiktionary
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