Town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland
Human settlement in Northern Ireland
Ballymena
(
BAL
-ee-
MEE
-n?
;
[1]
from
Irish
:
an Baile Meanach
[?n?
?b?al??
?m?aːn???x]
, meaning 'the middle townland')
[2]
is a town in
County Antrim
, Northern Ireland. It had a population of 31,205 people at the
2021 census
, making it the
seventh largest town
in Northern Ireland by population.
[3]
It is part of the Borough of
Mid and East Antrim
.
The town was built on the
Braid River
, on land given to the Adair family by
King Charles I
in 1626, with a right to hold two annual fairs and a Saturday market in perpetuity. Surrounding villages are
Cullybackey
,
Ahoghill
,
Broughshane
, and
Kells-Connor
.
History
[
edit
]
Early history
[
edit
]
The recorded history of the Ballymena area dates to the
Early Christian period
, from the fifth to the seventh centuries.
Ringforts
are found in the
townland
of Ballykeel, and a site known as Camphill Fort in the townland of Ballee may also have been of this type. There are a number of
souterrains
within a
1
+
1
⁄
4
miles (2.0 km) radius of the centre of Ballymena. Two miles (3.2 kilometres) north in the townland of Kirkinriola, the medieval parish church and graveyard show signs of Early Christian settlement, including a souterrain. Also in 1868, a gravedigger found a large stone slab on which was carved a cross with the inscription
ord do degen
. This refers to Bishop Degen, who lived in Ireland during the seventh century. This stone is now in the porch of
St Patrick's Church of Ireland
, at the end of Castle Street. At the end of the fifth century, a church was founded in Connor, five miles (8.0 kilometres) south of Ballymena. This was followed by a monastery at Templemoyle, Kells. In 831,
Vikings
invaded the area and burned the church.
In the late 12th century, the
Anglo-Normans invaded Ireland
and conquered much of what is now eastern Ulster, creating the
Earldom of Ulster
. They built a
motte-and-bailey
fort in what is now the Harryville area of Ballymena. It is one of the best-surviving examples of this type of fortification in Northern Ireland.
In 1315,
Edward Bruce
(brother of Scottish king
Robert the Bruce
) invaded the Earldom of Ulster,
opening up another front
in the war against the English. On 10 September 1315, at the
Battle of Connor
, near Ballymena, Edward's army defeated the army of
Richard de Burgh
, the Anglo-Norman
Earl of Ulster
.
Early modern era
[
edit
]
On 10 May 1607, during the
Plantation of Ulster
,
King James I
of England granted the native Irish chief, Ruairi Og MacQuillan, the Ballymena Estate. The estate passed through several owners, eventually passing into the possession of William Adair, a Scottish
laird
from Kinhilt in southwestern Scotland. The estate was temporarily renamed "Kinhilstown" after Adair's lands in Scotland. The original castle of Ballymena was built in the early 17th century, situated to take advantage of an ancient ford on the River Braid. In 1626
Charles I
confirmed the grant of the Ballymena Estate to William Adair, giving him the right to hold a market at Ballymena every Saturday. He hired local Irish as workers on the estate; they served as tenant farmers for much of the next two centuries and more. Galgorm nearby was granted to Sir
Faithful Fortescue
. In 1618 he built the Castle, which still exists.
During the
Irish Rebellion of 1641
, the local Ballymena garrison were defeated by Irish rebels in the battle of Bundooragh.
Ballymena's first market hall was built in 1684.
[4]
In 1690, during the
Williamite-Jacobite War
, Williamite general the Duke of
Wurttemberg
used
Galgorm Castle
as his headquarters.
Sir Robert Adair
raised a Regiment of Foot for
King William III
and fought at the
Battle of the Boyne
.
By 1704, the population of Ballymena had reached 800. In 1707, the first
Protestant
(
Church of Ireland
) parish church was built. In 1740, the original Ballymena Castle burned down. The
Gracehill
Moravian
settlement was founded in 1765.
During the
1798 rebellion
, Ballymena was occupied from 7 to 9 June by a force of around 10,000
United Irishmen
. They stormed the market hall, killing three of its defenders.
[4]
The first modern
Roman Catholic
Church in Ballymena was consecrated in 1827. By 1834 the population of Ballymena was about 4,000. In 1848 the
Belfast and Ballymena Railway
was established. In 1865
Robert Alexander Shafto Adair
(late
Baron Waveney
) started building Ballymena Castle, a magnificent family residence, in the Demesne. The castle was not completed until 1887.
In 1870
The People's Park
was established.
20th century
[
edit
]
In 1900, Ballymena assumed urban district status.
[4]
Under the provisions of the
Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903
, the Adairs disposed of most of their Ballymena estate to the occupying tenants in 1904. The old market hall building, which also contained the post office and estate office, burned down in 1919. The new
Ballymena Town Hall
was officially opened by the
Duke of Abercorn
on 20 November 1928.
[6]
The Urban District Council petitioned for borough status and the Charter was granted in December 1937. The first meeting of councillors as a Borough Council was held on 23 May 1939. The population of Ballymena reached 13,000. Ballymena Castle was demolished in the 1950s. In 1973, the Urban and Rural District Councils were merged to create
Ballymena Borough Council
. Following local government reorganisation in 2015, the Borough Council was merged with the Boroughs of
Carrickfergus Borough Council
and
Larne Borough Council
.
[7]
During the
Second World War
, Ballymena was home to a large number of evacuees from
Gibraltar
. They were housed with local families.
[8]
In the 1950s
St Patrick's Barracks
in Ballymena was the Regimental Training Depot of the Royal Ulster Rifles (83rd & 86th). Many young men who had been conscripted on the United Kingdom mainland, along with others who had volunteered for service in the British Army, embarked upon their period of basic training in the Regimental Depot, prior to being posted to the regular regimental battalions. Many of these young men were to serve in Korea, Cyprus and with the British Army of the Rhine. In 1968 due to a series of government austerity measures, the remaining three Irish regiments, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers (27th) Royal Ulster Rifles (83rd & 86th) and the Royal Irish Fusiliers (89th) merged to become the Royal Irish Rangers. Early in the 1990s the
Royal Irish Regiment
, whose Regimental Headquarters was at St Patrick's Barracks, was granted the Freedom of the Borough.
Like other towns in Northern Ireland,
Ballymena was affected by the Troubles
, a lengthy period of religious and partisan tensions and armed confrontations from the 1960s until 1998. A total of eleven people were killed in or near the town by the IRA and various
loyalist
groups.
During the later half of the 20th century, Ballymena, like many other once prosperous industrial centres in Northern Ireland, experienced economic change and industrial restructuring; many of its former factories closed. Since the 2010s Ballymena has seen a decline in its retail and manufacturing sectors. Both
Michelin
and JTI have left the area. Local firm
Wrightbus
is also struggling, citing a downturn in orders. It is hoped that the creation of a manufacturing hub at the former Michelin site will attract businesses to the area.
21st century
[
edit
]
In March 2000, the actor
Liam Neeson
, a native of Ballymena, was offered the
freedom of the borough
by the council, which approved the action by a 12?9 vote. Neeson declined the award, citing tensions, and affirmed he was proud of his connection to the town.
[9]
Ian Paisley
was eventually made a freeman of Ballymena in December 2004 instead.
[10]
Ballymena is described by some observers as being at the heart of Northern Ireland's equivalent of the
Bible Belt
.
[11]
[12]
It has a large Protestant majority. In the early 1990s the
Democratic Unionist Party
(DUP)-dominated town council banned a performance by the
ELO Part II
in the township, saying they would attract "the four Ds Drink, Drugs, Devil and Debauchery".
[13]
The Council banned the screening of
Brokeback Mountain
(2005), starring
Jake Gyllenhaal
and
Heath Ledger
, as it featured a homosexual relationship. An impersonator of comic
Roy 'Chubby' Brown
was also banned.
[14]
The majority of the town's Catholic population is situated around the Broughshane and Cushendall Road areas. Recently there has been tension in the Dunclug area of the town which now has a Catholic majority. These tensions have been associated with internment bonfires and the flying of republican flags; the town has tried to reduce tensions.
[15]
In 2011 it was revealed that Ballymena has the third-highest level of legal gun ownership in Northern Ireland.
[16]
Ballymena competed for
city status
as part of the
Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours
.
[17]
However, the bid was unsuccessful.
Economy
[
edit
]
Ballymena was traditionally a market town. The 1980s were a time of job losses in Ballymena as industry suffered and this reoccurred in the 2010s.
Notable employers were
Michelin
in Broughshane, JTI Gallaher in Galgorm, and
Wrightbus
.
In November 2012, the Patton Group, a major builder entered administration with the loss of 320 jobs.
[18]
In October 2014, it was announced that JTI Gallagher's would be closing with a loss of 877 jobs.
[19]
In November 2015, Michelin decided to close their Ballymena factory after 50 years, resulting in the loss of up to 850 jobs.
[20]
Demographics
[
edit
]
Historical population
Year
| Pop.
| ±%
|
---|
1821
| 2,740
| ?
|
---|
1831
| 4,067
| +48.4%
|
---|
1841
| 5,549
| +36.4%
|
---|
1851
| 6,136
| +10.6%
|
---|
1861
| 6,769
| +10.3%
|
---|
1871
| 7,932
| +17.2%
|
---|
1881
| 8,883
| +12.0%
|
---|
1891
| 8,655
| ?2.6%
|
---|
1901
| 10,886
| +25.8%
|
---|
1911
| 11,381
| +4.5%
|
---|
1926
| 11,873
| +4.3%
|
---|
1937
| 12,928
| +8.9%
|
---|
1951
| 14,173
| +9.6%
|
---|
1961
| 14,734
| +4.0%
|
---|
1966
| 15,917
| +8.0%
|
---|
1971
| 23,386
| +46.9%
|
---|
1981
| 18,166
| ?22.3%
|
---|
2001
| 28,717
| +58.1%
|
---|
2011
| 29,551
| +2.9%
|
---|
2021
| 31,205
| +5.6%
|
---|
[3]
[21]
[22]
[23]
|
2021 census
[
edit
]
On census day (21 March 2021) there were 31,205 people living in Ballymena.
[3]
Of these:
- 51.6% of the usually resident population were female, and 48.4% were male.
[24]
- 59.53% belong to or were brought up 'Protestant and other (non-Catholic Christian) (including Christian related)', 27.44% belong to or were brought up 'Catholic', 1.06% belong to or were brought up in an 'other religion' and 11.97% did not belong to or were not brought up in any religion.
[25]
- 55.98% indicated that they had a British national identity,
[26]
31.28% had a Northern Irish national identity,
[27]
12.31% had an Irish national identity,
[28]
and 16.19% indicated an 'other' national identity.
[29]
(respondents could indicate more than one national identity).
- 17.74% had some knowledge of Ulster-Scots and 6.18% had some knowledge of Irish (Gaeilge).
[30]
[31]
2011 census
[
edit
]
On census day (27 March 2011) there were 29,551 people living in Ballymena, accounting for 1.63% of the NI total,
[21]
representing an increase of 2.9% on the 2001 census population of 28,717.
[22]
Of these:
- 19.20% were aged under 16 years and 17.61% were aged 65 and over.
- 52.00% of the usually resident population were female 48.00% were male.
- 65.76% belong to or were brought up 'Protestant and other (non-Catholic Christian) (including Christian related)' and 26.71% belong to or were brought up Catholic Christian.
- 65.51% indicated that they had a British national identity, 27.66% had a Northern Irish national identity and 11.25% had an Irish national identity (respondents could indicate more than one national identity).
- 39 years was the average (median) age of the population.
- 17.67% had some knowledge of Ulster-Scots and 5.66% had some knowledge of Irish (Gaeilge).
Education
[
edit
]
There are a number of educational establishments in the town. These include:
- Primary Schools
- Ballymena Primary School
- Braidside Integrated Primary School
- Dunclug Primary School
- St. Brigid's Primary School
- St. Colmcille's Primary School
- Secondary schools
- Further and Higher Education
Transport
[
edit
]
Ballymena railway station
opened on 4 December 1855. A station was opened at Harryville on 24 August 1878, but closed on 3 June 1940.
[
citation needed
]
The
Ballymena, Cushendall and Red Bay Railway
operated
narrow gauge railway
services from Ballymena to
Parkmore
from 1875 to 1940.
[32]
The
Ballymena and Larne Railway
was another narrow gauge railway. The line opened in 1878, but closed to passengers in 1933 and to goods traffic in 1940. Between 1878 and 1880 the line terminated at Harryville, but was then extended to the town's main railway station.
Sport
[
edit
]
Association football clubs in the area include
Ballymena United F.C.
, Coaching For Christ, Southside Rangers F.C. and
Wakehurst F.C.
[33]
Ballymena RFC
is a local
rugby union
club.
[34]
All Saints GAC
is the only
Gaelic Athletic Association
club in the town.
Other Ballymena sports clubs include
Ballymena Cricket Club
, Ballymena Lawn Tennis Club and Ballymena Bowling Club.
[35]
Townlands
[
edit
]
Townlands
are traditional land divisions used in Ireland. Ballymena covers all or part of the following townlands:
- Ballee (from
Irish
Baile Aodha
'Hugh's townland')
[36]
- Ballycreggy (from
Baile na Creige
, 'townland of the rock/rocky land')
[37]
- Ballykeel (from
An Baile Caol
, 'the narrow townland/farmstead')
[38]
- Ballyloughan (from
Baile Lochain
, 'townland of the little lake')
[39]
- Bottom
- Brocklamont (historically Broghnamolt, from
Bruach na Molt
, 'bank of the wethers')
[40]
- Carniny (probably from
Carn Fhainche
, 'Fainche's
cairn
')
[41]
- Dunclug (from
Dun Cloig
, 'fort of the bell')
[42]
- Galgorm (from
Gall Gorm
, 'blue castle', referring to a castle of the McQuillans which was burnt down in 1641)
[43]
- Town Parks of Ballymena (from
An Baile Meanach
, 'the middle townland/farmstead')
[44]
Climate
[
edit
]
Climate data for Portglenone (64m elevation) 1981?2010
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
6.9
(44.4)
|
7.4
(45.3)
|
9.5
(49.1)
|
11.7
(53.1)
|
14.6
(58.3)
|
16.9
(62.4)
|
18.6
(65.5)
|
18.3
(64.9)
|
16.2
(61.2)
|
12.7
(54.9)
|
9.4
(48.9)
|
7.2
(45.0)
|
12.5
(54.5)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
1.7
(35.1)
|
1.5
(34.7)
|
2.8
(37.0)
|
4.2
(39.6)
|
6.5
(43.7)
|
9.2
(48.6)
|
11.2
(52.2)
|
11.0
(51.8)
|
9.4
(48.9)
|
6.6
(43.9)
|
3.8
(38.8)
|
2.1
(35.8)
|
5.9
(42.6)
|
Average rainfall mm (inches)
|
91.4
(3.60)
|
60.8
(2.39)
|
77.9
(3.07)
|
64.2
(2.53)
|
64.0
(2.52)
|
70.0
(2.76)
|
77.5
(3.05)
|
88.5
(3.48)
|
79.5
(3.13)
|
101.1
(3.98)
|
89.6
(3.53)
|
89.2
(3.51)
|
953.6
(37.54)
|
Average rainy days
(≥ 1.0 mm)
|
16.2
|
12.6
|
14.6
|
12.8
|
13.6
|
12.2
|
14.5
|
13.9
|
14.8
|
16.7
|
15.8
|
15.8
|
173.5
|
Source: metoffice.gov.uk
[45]
|
Notable people
[
edit
]
Arts and media
[
edit
]
- Ethna Carbery
, journalist, writer, poet, as well as a founding member and vice president of
Inghinidhe na hEireann
.
- Ian Cochrane
, novelist.
- Graham Forsythe
, the Canadian artist, was born in Ballymena.
- Jackie Fullerton
,
BBC
Sports broadcaster.
- Joanne Hogg
, a
vocalist
, was born in Ballymena.
- Ronald Mason
, a Head of Programmes for BBC Northern Ireland and BBC Head of Radio Drama, was born and raised in Ballymena.
- David McWilliams
, singer, songwriter and guitarist was born in Belfast and moved to Ballymena at the age of 3.
- George Millar
, singer, founding member of the musical group
The Irish Rovers
, born and raised in Ballymena.
- Liam Neeson
, the Oscar-nominated actor, was born and raised in Ballymena and was awarded the Freedom of the Town on 28 January 2013. The key to the city was also provided pending approval from the magistrate.
- James Nesbitt
, actor, born 15 January 1965 in Ballymena.
- Clodagh Rodgers
, pop singer
Politics
[
edit
]
- Roger Casement
, human rights activist in the Congo Free State and Peru, and Irish nationalist, was educated as a youth in this town. His father died and was buried here; relatives on both sides of his family cared for Roger and his brother Tom when they were orphaned.
- James McHenry
, signatory of the
United States Constitution
.
- Wauhope Lynn
(1856?1920), American lawyer, judge, and politician
- Ian Paisley
, the former
First Minister
and founder of the
Free Presbyterian Church
, was raised in Ballymena.
- Richard Seymour
,
Marxist
writer, activist and owner of the blog Lenin's Tomb.
- Derrick White
, writer and Scottish socialist
Academia and science
[
edit
]
Religion
[
edit
]
Military
[
edit
]
Business
[
edit
]
Sport
[
edit
]
- Steven Davis
,
Rangers F.C.
and
Northern Ireland International
midfielder was born in Ballymena, though raised in
Cullybackey
.
- Jamie Hamilton
, motorcycle racer.
- David Humphreys
, Ulster and Ireland fly-half.
- Ian Humphreys
, Ulster and Ireland fly-half and brother of David.
- Sharon Hutchings
(nee McPeake, born 22 June 1962) is a former high jumper from Northern Ireland. She won a silver medal at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh with a lifetime best of 1.90 metres (6 feet 3 inches)
- Eamonn Loughran
, former WBO World Welterweight Champion
- Matt McCullough
, Ulster and Ireland rugby player.
- Tom McKinney
, Jed-Forest rugby union; Salford, Warrington, St Helens, Great Britain rugby league footballer.
- Syd Millar
, the former Ireland rugby player and former chairman of the
IRB
, was born in Ballymena; in 2004 he was awarded the Freedom of the town.
- Colin Murdock
,
Preston North End F.C.
and former Northern Ireland international.
- Mary Peters
, Northern Irish Olympian, was raised in Ballymena.
- Jamie Smith
, Irish Schools, Irish Universities, Ulster Rugby and Gwent Dragons ex-Rugby Union player. Raised in Ahoghill. Has the nickname "Big Ahoghill".
- Nigel Worthington
, former Northern Ireland, Ballymena United and
Sheffield Wednesday
left-back, as well as being the former international team manager.
- Bryan Young
, Ulster and Ireland international rugby player.
International relations
[
edit
]
Twin towns
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Ballymena
.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Wells, John C. (2008),
Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
(3rd ed.), Longman, p. 66,
ISBN
9781405881180
- ^
"An Baile Meanach/Ballymena"
.
Logainm.ie
.
Archived
from the original on 24 December 2013
. Retrieved
9 February
2016
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Settlement 2015"
.
NISRA
.
Archived
from the original on 18 August 2023
. Retrieved
18 August
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Ballymena: A brief history of the town"
. Archived from
the original
on 13 July 2007
. Retrieved
15 July
2007
.
- ^
"Old Parish Church Tower Old Church Yard Entry Church Street Ballymena Co. Antrim"
. DOENI.
Archived
from the original on 3 February 2015
. Retrieved
3 February
2015
.
- ^
"County Antrim, Ballymena, Town Hall"
. Dictionary of Irish Architects.
Archived
from the original on 27 April 2021
. Retrieved
27 April
2021
.
- ^
"Local government reform"
.
Nidirect.gov.uk
. 27 October 2015.
Archived
from the original on 9 February 2016
. Retrieved
9 February
2016
.
- ^
"Ballymena finds its twin in Gibraltar"
. Archived from
the original
on 27 September 2007
. Retrieved
13 June
2007
.
- ^
Xan Brooks (11 February 2005).
"
'Did you ever do the dead man's shuffle?'
"
.
The Guardian
. London.
Archived
from the original on 18 September 2005
. Retrieved
28 July
2005
.
- ^
"EIPS ? Dr Paisley Given The Freedom of Ballymena"
.
Ianpaisley.org
.
Archived
from the original on 18 April 2010
. Retrieved
9 February
2016
.
- ^
"A plague in God's own town"
.
The Irish Times
.
Archived
from the original on 11 August 2023
. Retrieved
11 August
2023
.
- ^
Rosie Cowan (17 February 2001).
"Drugs secret lurks in Ulster's Bible belt"
.
The Guardian
. London.
Archived
from the original on 22 September 2023
. Retrieved
11 December
2016
.
- ^
"Where drugs cross the religious divide"
.
Irish Independent
. 20 February 2000.
Archived
from the original on 20 January 2011
. Retrieved
13 November
2010
.
- ^
"Chubby Live"
. Retrieved
13 November
2010
.
[
dead link
]
- ^
"News"
.
Ballymena Times
.
Archived
from the original on 6 March 2016
. Retrieved
9 February
2016
.
- ^
"7,929 legal guns in Ballymena"
.
Ballymena Times
. 26 July 2011.
Archived
from the original on 18 May 2012
. Retrieved
9 February
2016
.
- ^
"Bangor, Ballymena and Coleraine bid to become a city as part of Queen's Jubilee"
.
belfasttelegraph
.
ISSN
0307-1235
.
Archived
from the original on 28 December 2021
. Retrieved
28 December
2021
.
- ^
"Ballymena firm Patton goes into administration"
. BBC News. 6 November 2012.
Archived
from the original on 2 January 2016
. Retrieved
9 February
2016
.
- ^
Julian O'Neill (8 October 2014).
"JTI Gallaher: Ballymena factory staff given time off to absorb closure news"
. BBC News.
Archived
from the original on 12 December 2016
. Retrieved
9 February
2016
.
- ^
Julian O'Neill (3 November 2015).
"Michelin Ballymena tyre factory to close in 2018"
. BBC News.
Archived
from the original on 15 April 2018
. Retrieved
9 February
2018
.
- ^
a
b
"Census 2011 Population Statistics for Ballymena Settlement"
.
Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency
(NISRA).
Archived
from the original on 19 June 2021
. Retrieved
13 August
2019
.
- ^
a
b
"Census 2001 Usually Resident Population: KS01 (Settlements) ? Table view"
.
Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency
(NISRA). p. 1.
Archived
from the original on 23 September 2021
. Retrieved
13 August
2019
.
- ^
1813 estimate from Mason's Statistical Survey For a discussion on the accuracy of
pre-famine
census returns see
JJ Lee
"On the accuracy of the pre-famine Irish censuses Irish Population, Economy and Society edited by JM Goldstrom and LA Clarkson (1981) p54, in and also New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700?1850 by Joel Mokyr and
Cormac O Grada
in
The Economic History Review
, New Series, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Nov 1984), pp. 473?488.
- ^
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Other sources
[
edit
]
- "Battle Over Ballymena's Heroes." (8 March 2000).
Belfast News Letter
, p. 1.
- Judd, Terri. (9 March 2000). "Old hatreds Flare Over Neeson Freedom Award."
The Independent
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- Ballymena on the
Culture Northern Ireland
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- Ordnance Survey Memoirs of Ireland, Parishes of County Antrim V111, Vol 23, 1831?5,1837?8. The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queens University Belfast.
ISBN
0-85389-466-3
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Ballymena
.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for
Ballymena
.
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