British Crown Dependency in the English Channel
British Crown Dependency in United Kingdom
Jersey
(
JUR
-zee
;
Jerriais
:
Jerri
[??ri]
), officially known as the
Bailiwick of Jersey
,
[d]
[12]
[13]
[14]
is an
island country
and self-governing British
Crown Dependency
near the coast of north-west France.
[15]
[16]
[17]
It is the largest of the
Channel Islands
and is 14 miles (23 km) from the
Cotentin Peninsula
in
Normandy
.
[18]
The
Bailiwick
consists of the main island of Jersey and some surrounding uninhabited islands and rocks including
Les Dirouilles
,
Les Ecrehous
,
Les Minquiers
, and
Les Pierres de Lecq
.
[19]
Jersey was part of the
Duchy of Normandy
, whose
dukes
became kings of England from
1066
. After Normandy was lost by the kings of England in the
13th century
, and the ducal title surrendered to France, Jersey remained loyal to the
English Crown
, though it never became part of the
Kingdom of England
. Between then and the end of the
Napoleonic Wars
, Jersey was at the frontline of
Anglo-French Wars
and was invaded a number of times, leading to the construction of fortifications such as
Mont Orgueil Castle
and a thriving smuggling industry. During the
Second World War
, the island was invaded and
occupied
for five years by
Nazi Germany
. The island was
liberated
on 9 May 1945, which is now celebrated as the island's national day.
[20]
Jersey is a self-governing
parliamentary democracy
under a
constitutional monarchy
, with its own
financial
,
legal
and
judicial
systems,
[7]
and the power of
self-determination
.
[21]
Jersey's constitutional relationship is with the
Crown
; it is not part of the
United Kingdom
.
[22]
[23]
[24]
The bailiff is the civil head, president of the states and head of the judiciary; the lieutenant governor represents the head of state, the
British
monarch
; and the chief minister is the
head of government
. Jersey's defence and international representation ? as well as certain policy areas, such as
nationality law
? are the responsibility of the
UK government
, but Jersey still has a separate international identity.
[25]
The island has a large financial services industry, which generates 40% of its
GVA
.
[6]
British cultural influence
on the island is evident in its use of English as the main language and
pound sterling
as its primary currency. Additional British cultural similarities include: driving on the left, access to British television, newspapers and other media, a school
curriculum
following that of England,
[26]
and the popularity of
British sports
, including
football
and
cricket
.
[27]
The island also has a strong Norman-French culture, such as its historic dialect of the
Norman
language,
Jerriais
, being one of only two places in
Normandy
with government status for the language (the other being
Guernsey
), as well as the use of standard French in legal matters and officially in use as a government language, strong cultural ties to
mainland Normandy
as a part of the
Normandy region
, and place names with
French
or Norman origins. The island has very close cultural links with its neighbouring islands in the
Bailiwick of Guernsey
, and they share a good-natured rivalry. Jersey and
its people
have been described as a
nation
.
[28]
[29]
[30]
Name
[
edit
]
The
Channel Islands
are mentioned in the
Antonine Itinerary
as the following:
Sarnia
,
Caesarea
,
Barsa
,
Silia
and
Andium
, but Jersey cannot be identified specifically because none corresponds directly to the present names.
[31]
The name
Caesarea
has been used as the
Latin
name for Jersey (also in its French version
Cesaree
) since
William Camden
's
Britannia
,
[32]
and is used in titles of associations and institutions today. The Latin name
Caesarea
was also applied to the colony of
New Jersey
as
Nova Caesarea
.
[33]
[34]
Andium
,
Agna
and
Augia
were used in antiquity.
[35]
[36]
Scholars variously surmise that
Jersey
and
Jerri
derive from
j?rð
(
Old Norse
for 'earth') or
jarl
('earl'), or perhaps the Norse personal name
Geirr
(thus
Geirrsey
, 'Geirr's Island').
[37]
The ending
-ey
denotes an island
[38]
[39]
(as in
Guernsey
or
Surtsey
).
History
[
edit
]
An 1893 painting of the
Assize d'Heritage
by
John St Helier Lander
Humans have lived on the island since at least
12,000 BCE
, with evidence of habitation in the
Palaeolithic
period (
La Cotte de St Brelade
) and
Neolithic
dolmens, such as
La Hougue Bie
. Evidence of
Bronze Age
and early
Iron Age
settlements can be found in many locations around the island.
[40]
Archaeological
evidence of
Roman
influence has been found, in particular at
Les Landes
.
[41]
Christianity was brought to the island by migrants from Brittany in c. fifth - sixth century CE.
[42]
In the sixth century, the island's patron saint
Helier
lived at the Hermitage on L'Islet (now
Elizabeth Castle
). Legend states that Helier was beheaded by raiders and subsequently lifted his head and walked to shore.
[43]
In the ninth century the island was raided by
Vikings
and in
933
it was annexed to
Normandy
by
William Longsword
.
[44]
: 22
When Duke
William the Conqueror
became King of England in 1066, the island remained part of the Norman possessions. However, in
1204
, when Normandy was returned to the French king, the island remained a possession of the English crown, though never incorporated into England.
[42]
: 25
Traditionally it is said that Jersey's self-governance originates from the
Constitutions of King John
, however this is disputed.
[44]
: 25
Nevertheless, the island continued to follow Norman customs and laws. The
King
also appointed a
Bailiff
and a Warden (now
Lieutenant-Governor
). The period of English rule was marked by wars between England and France, as such a military fortress was built at
Mont Orgueil
.
[42]
: 25?8
During the
Tudor period
, the split between the
Church
of
England
and the Vatican led to islanders adopting the Protestant religion. During the reign of
Elizabeth
, French refugees brought strict
Calvinism
to the island, which remained the common religion until
1617
.
[42]
In the late
16th century
, islanders travelled across the North Atlantic to participate in the
Newfoundland
fisheries
.
[45]
In recognition for help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the
1640s
, King
Charles II of England
gave Vice Admiral Sir
George Carteret
, bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the
American colonies
in between the
Hudson
and
Delaware
rivers, which he promptly named
New Jersey
. It is now a state in the United States.
[46]
[47]
Liberation Day celebrations in Jersey, 9 May 2012
In
1769
, the island suffered food supply shortages, leading to an insurrection on 28 September known as the
Corn Riots
. The States met at Elizabeth Castle and decided to request help from the King. However, in
1771
the Crown demanded reforms to the island's governance, leading to the Code of 1771 and removed the powers of the Royal Court to make laws without the
States
.
[42]
In
1781
, during the
American Revolutionary War
, the island was invaded by a French force which captured
St Helier
, but was defeated by
Major Peirson
's army at the
Battle of Jersey
.
[48]
The
19th century
saw the improvement of the road network under General Don,
[49]
the construction of two railway lines, the improvement of transport links to England, and the construction of new piers and harbours in St Helier.
[42]
This grew a tourism industry in the island and led to the immigration of thousands of English residents, leading to a cultural shift towards a more anglicised island culture. Island politics was divisively split between the conservative Laurel party and the progressive Rose party, as the lie of power shifted increasingly to the States from the Crown.
[42]
In the
1850s
, the French author
Victor Hugo
lived in Jersey, but was expelled for insulting the Queen, so he moved on to
Guernsey
.
[42]
During the
Second World War
, 6,500 Jersey residents were evacuated by their own choice to the UK out of a total population of 50,000.
[50]
Jersey was
occupied by Germany
from 1 July 1940 until 9 May 1945, when Germany surrendered.
[51]
During this time the Germans constructed many fortifications using
slave labour
imported onto the island from many different countries occupied or at war with Germany.
After 1944, supplies from France were interrupted by the
D-Day landings
, and food on the island became scarce. The
SS Vega
was sent to the island carrying
Red Cross
supplies and news of the success of the Allied advance in Europe. During the
Nazi occupation
, a resistance cell was created by communist activist
Norman Le Brocq
and the
Jersey Communist Party
, whose communist ideology of forming a 'United Front' led to the creation of the Jersey Democratic Movement.
[53]
The Channel Islands had to wait for the German surrender to be liberated. 9 May is celebrated as the island's
Liberation Day
, where there are celebrations in Liberation Square. After Liberation, the States was reformed, becoming wholly democratically elected, and
universal franchise
was implemented. Since liberation, the island has grown in population and adopted new industries, especially the finance industry.
[42]
Politics
[
edit
]
The States building in St. Helier
Jersey is a
Crown
Dependency
and is not part of the United Kingdom ? it is officially part of the
British Islands
. As one of the Crown Dependencies, Jersey is autonomous and self-governing, with its own independent legal, administrative and fiscal systems.
[54]
Jersey's government has described Jersey as a "self-governing,
democratic
country with the power of
self-determination
".
[55]
Because Jersey is a dependency of the
British Crown
,
King Charles III
reigns in Jersey.
[56]
"
The
Crown
" is defined by the Law Officers of the Crown as the "Crown in right of Jersey".
[57]
The King's representative and adviser in the island is the
Lieutenant Governor of Jersey
? Vice-Admiral
Jerry Kyd
since 8 October 2022. He is a point of contact between Jersey ministers and the UK Government and carries out some functions in relation to immigration control,
deportation
,
naturalisation
and the issue of passports.
[58]
Sir John Chalmers McColl
as Lieutenant Governor of Jersey
In
1973
, the
Royal Commission on the Constitution
set out the duties of the Crown as including: ultimate responsibility for the 'good government' of the Crown Dependencies; ratification of
island legislation
by Order-in-Council (
royal assent
); international representation, subject to consultation with the island authorities before concluding any agreement which would apply to them; ensuring the islands meet their international obligations; and defence.
[59]
Legislature and government
[
edit
]
Jersey's
unicameral
legislature is the
States Assembly
. It includes 49
elected
members: 12
connetables
(often called "constables", heads of
parishes
) and 37 deputies (representing constituencies), all elected for four-year terms as from the
October 2011 elections
.
[60]
Jersey has one of the lowest voter turnouts internationally, with just 33% of the electorate voting in
2005
, putting it well below the 77% European average for that year.
[61]
From the
2022 elections
, the role of senators was abolished and the eight senators were replaced with an increased number of deputies. The 37 deputies are now elected from nine super constituencies, rather than in individual parishes. Although efforts were made the remove the
connetables
, they will continue their historic role as states members.
[62]
There are also five non-voting members appointed by the Crown: the
bailiff
, the
Lieutenant Governor of Jersey
, the
Dean of Jersey
, the attorney general and solicitor general.
[63]
The Bailiff is President (presiding officer) of the States Assembly,
[64]
head of the
judiciary
and as civic head of the island carries out various ceremonial roles.
[65]
The
Council of Ministers
, consisting of a
chief minister
and nine ministers, makes up the leading body of the
government of Jersey
.
[66]
[67]
Each minister may appoint up to two assistant ministers.
[68]
A chief executive is head of the civil service.
[69]
Some governmental functions are carried out in the island's
parishes
.
[70]
Jersey is a distinct
jurisdiction
for the purposes of
conflict of laws
, separate from the other Channel Islands, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
[71]
Jersey law has been influenced by several different legal traditions, in particular
Norman customary law
,
English common law
and modern
French civil law
.
[72]
Jersey's
legal system
is therefore described as 'mixed' or '
pluralistic
', and sources of law are in French and English languages, although since the 1950s the main
working language
of the legal system is English.
[73]
The principal court is the
Royal Court
, with appeals to the
Jersey Court of Appeal
and, ultimately, to the
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
.
[74]
The
Bailiff
is head of the judiciary; the Bailiff and the Deputy Bailiff are
appointed
by the Crown. Other members of the island's
judiciary
are
appointed
by the Bailiff.
[65]
External relations
[
edit
]
Jersey Airport
greets travellers with "Welcome to Jersey" sign in
Jerriais
The external relations of Jersey are overseen by the External Relations Minister of the Government of Jersey.
[75]
[76]
In
2007
, the
chief minister
and the UK
Lord Chancellor
signed an agreement that established a framework for the development of the international identity of Jersey.
[77]
Although
diplomatic
representation is reserved to the Crown, Jersey has been developing its own international identity over recent years. It negotiates directly with foreign governments on various matters, for example,
tax information exchange agreements
(TIEAs) have been signed directly by the island with several countries.
[78]
[79]
The government maintains offices (some in partnership with Guernsey) in
Caen
,
[80]
London
[81]
and
Brussels
.
[82]
Jersey is a member of the
British-Irish Council
,
[83]
the
Commonwealth Parliamentary Association
[84]
and the
Assemblee parlementaire de la Francophonie
.
[85]
Jersey independence
has in the past been discussed in the States Assembly. Former external relations minister, Sir
Philip Bailhache
, has at various times warned that the island may need to become independent.
[86]
It is not Jersey government policy to seek independence, but the island is prepared if needs to do so.
[87]
[88]
[89]
Jersey is a third-party European country to the
EU
. Since 1 January 2021, Jersey has been part of the
UK-EU Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement
for the purposes of goods and fishing. Goods exported from the island into Europe are not subject to
tariffs
and Jersey is solely responsible for management of its
territorial waters
, however permits may be granted to EU fishermen who have a history of fishing in the Bailiwick's waters. The management of this permit system has caused tension between the French and Jersey authorities, with the French threatening to cut off Jersey's electricity supply in May 2021.
[90]
Before the end of the transition period after the UK withdrew from the EU in 2020, Jersey had a special relationship with the EU.
[e]
It was part of the
EU customs union
and there was
free movement of goods
between Jersey and the EU, but the single market in financial services and
free movement of people
did not apply to Jersey.
[91]
[92]
Jersey also has close relations with Portugal including the exchangement of tax information, these relations are specifically strong with the
Autonomous Region of Madeira
, where St.Helier has one of its sister cities (
Funchal
).
[93]
Administrative divisions
[
edit
]
Jersey is divided into twelve parishes (which have civil and religious functions). They are all named after their parish church. The
connetable
is the head of the parish. They are elected at island general elections and sit
ex oficio
in the States Assembly.
[70]
The parishes have various civil administrative functions, such as roads (managed by the Road Committee) and policing (through the
Honorary Police
). Each parish is governed through direct democracy at parish assemblies, consisting of all eligible voters resident in the parish. The
Procureurs du Bien Public
are the legal and financial representatives of these parishes.
[70]
The parishes of Jersey are further divided into
vingtaines
(or, in St. Ouen,
cueillettes
).
[94]
Geography
[
edit
]
Satellite view of Jersey
Map of islands of
Bailiwick
of Jersey
Large, detailed map of Jersey
Jersey is an island measuring 46.2 square miles (119.6 km
2
) (or 66,436
vergees
),
[6]
including
reclaimed
land and
intertidal zone
. It lies in the
English Channel
, about 12
nautical miles
(22
km
; 14
mi
) from the
Cotentin Peninsula
in
Normandy
, France, and about 87 nautical miles (161 km; 100 mi) south of
Great Britain
.
[f]
It is the largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands and part of the British Isles, with a maximum land elevation of 143 m (469 ft) above sea level.
[95]
About 24% of the island is built-up. 52% of the land area is dedicated to cultivation and around 18% is the natural environment.
[96]
It lies within longitude
-2° W
and latitude
49° N
. It has a coastline that is 43 miles (70 km) long and a total area of 46.2 square miles (119.6 km
2
). It measures roughly 9 miles (14 km) from west to east and 5 miles (8 km) north to south, which gives it the affectionate name among locals of "nine-by-five".
[97]
The island is divided into twelve parishes; the largest is St Ouen and the smallest is St Clement. The island is characterised by a number of valleys which generally run north-to-south, such as Waterworks Valley, Grands Vaux, Mont les Vaux, although a few run in other directions, such as Le Mourier Valley. The highest point on the island is Les Platons at 136 m (446 ft).
[98]
There are several smaller island groups that are part of the Bailiwick of Jersey, such as Les Minquiers and Les Ecrehous, however unlike the smaller islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, none of these are permanently inhabited.
[99]
Settlements
[
edit
]
The largest settlement is the town of St Helier, including the built-up area of southern St Helier and neighbouring areas such as Georgetown, which also plays host to the island's seat of government. The town is the central business district, hosting a large proportion of the island's retail and employment, such as the finance industry.
[100]
Outside of the town, many islanders live in suburban and rural settlements, especially along main roads leading out of town and even the more rural areas of the island have considerable amounts of development (St Ouen, the least densely populated parish still has 270 persons per square kilometre
[101]
). The south and east coasts from
St Aubin
to
Gorey
are largely urbanised. The second smaller urban area is the Les Quennevais area in St Brelade, which is home to a small precinct of shops,
[102]
a school
, a park and a leisure centre.
[103]
Most people across Jersey regularly travel from the rural settlements to St Helier and from the town to the rural areas for work and leisure purposes.
[104]
Housing costs in Jersey are very high. The Jersey House Price Index has at least doubled between
2002
and
2020
. The mix-adjusted house price for Jersey is £567,000, higher than any UK region (UK average: £249,000) including London (average: £497,000; highest of any UK region).
[105]
Climate
[
edit
]
The island has an oceanic climate with mild winters and mild to warm summers.
[106]
The highest temperature recorded was 37.9 °C (100.2 °F), on 18 July 2022,
[107]
and the lowest temperature recorded was ?10.3 °C (13.5 °F), on 5 January 1894.
2014
was the warmest year on record; the mean daily air temperature was 13.34 °C.
[108]
For tourism advertising, Jersey often claims to be "the sunniest place in the British Isles", as Jersey has over 1,900 hours of sunlight. In
2011
, Jersey generated controversy for calling itself "the warmest place in the British Isles" during an advertising campaign.
[109]
Typical wind speeds vary between 20 kilometres per hour (12 mph) and 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph), with gusts over 60 kilometres per hour (40 mph) once every 4?5 years.
[110]
The following table contains the official data for
1981
?
2010
at Jersey Airport, located 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from St. Helier ?
Climate data for
Jersey Airport
, elevation 84m, 1981?2010
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
14.0
(57.2)
|
18.0
(64.4)
|
20.3
(68.5)
|
25.0
(77.0)
|
28.0
(82.4)
|
33.0
(91.4)
|
37.9
(100.2)
|
36.0
(96.8)
|
30.2
(86.4)
|
26.0
(78.8)
|
21.0
(69.8)
|
16.0
(60.8)
|
37.9
(100.2)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
8.3
(46.9)
|
8.4
(47.1)
|
10.4
(50.7)
|
12.5
(54.5)
|
15.8
(60.4)
|
18.4
(65.1)
|
20.4
(68.7)
|
20.6
(69.1)
|
18.7
(65.7)
|
15.4
(59.7)
|
11.7
(53.1)
|
9.2
(48.6)
|
14.2
(57.6)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
6.3
(43.3)
|
6.1
(43.0)
|
7.9
(46.2)
|
9.5
(49.1)
|
12.6
(54.7)
|
15.1
(59.2)
|
17.2
(63.0)
|
17.5
(63.5)
|
15.8
(60.4)
|
13.0
(55.4)
|
9.6
(49.3)
|
7.1
(44.8)
|
11.5
(52.7)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
4.3
(39.7)
|
3.8
(38.8)
|
5.3
(41.5)
|
6.5
(43.7)
|
9.3
(48.7)
|
11.8
(53.2)
|
13.9
(57.0)
|
14.3
(57.7)
|
12.9
(55.2)
|
10.6
(51.1)
|
7.5
(45.5)
|
5.0
(41.0)
|
8.8
(47.8)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
?10.3
(13.5)
|
?9.0
(15.8)
|
?3.3
(26.1)
|
?1.6
(29.1)
|
0.0
(32.0)
|
5.9
(42.6)
|
9.0
(48.2)
|
7.7
(45.9)
|
6.0
(42.8)
|
?2.6
(27.3)
|
?3.0
(26.6)
|
?4.0
(24.8)
|
?10.3
(13.5)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
93.1
(3.67)
|
68.9
(2.71)
|
66.1
(2.60)
|
56.4
(2.22)
|
55.6
(2.19)
|
47.5
(1.87)
|
44.6
(1.76)
|
49.5
(1.95)
|
63.9
(2.52)
|
103.4
(4.07)
|
105.4
(4.15)
|
111.3
(4.38)
|
865.8
(34.09)
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
66.1
|
91.6
|
134.0
|
196.5
|
236.7
|
245.4
|
252.7
|
235.3
|
184.6
|
118.8
|
79.9
|
63.2
|
1,904.8
|
Source: Met Office
[111]
and Voodoo Skies
[112]
|
Economy
[
edit
]
The Central Business District of St Helier
Jersey's economy is highly developed and services-focused, with a
GDP per capita
of £45,320
[9]
in
2019
. It is a
mixed market economy
, with
free market
principles and an advanced
social security
infrastructure.
[113]
53,460 people were employed in Jersey as of December 2010
[update]
: 24% in financial and legal services; 16% in wholesale and retail trades; 16% in the public sector; 10% in education, health and other private sector services; 10% in construction and quarrying; 9% in hotels, restaurants and bars.
[6]
Economic sectors in Jersey by GVA (2019)
[114]
Sector
|
Gross value added
|
% of total
|
£millions
|
Financial services
|
39.5%
|
1,966
|
Rental income
|
15.5%
|
771
|
Other business activities
|
11.7%
|
580
|
Public administration
|
8.6%
|
426
|
Construction
|
7.0%
|
350
|
Wholesale and retail
|
6.4%
|
319
|
Hotels, bars and restaurants
|
4.2%
|
210
|
Transport, storage and communication
|
3.5%
|
176
|
Electricity, gas and water
|
1.3%
|
65
|
Agriculture
|
1.2%
|
59
|
Manufacturing
|
1.0%
|
50
|
Total
|
4,972
|
Thanks to specialisation in a few high-return sectors, at
purchasing power parity
Jersey has high economic output per capita, substantially ahead of all of the world's large developed economies.
Gross national income
in 2009
[
needs update
]
was £3.7 billion (a mean of about £40,000 per head of population).
[6]
However, there is wide variation, and the typical (median) individual resident's purchasing power and standard of living in Jersey is comparable to that in the UK outside central London.
[115]
Jersey is one of the world's largest offshore finance centres. The UK acts as a conduit
[
clarification needed
]
for financial services between European countries and the island.
[116]
But there has been some controversy about this sector: some critics and detractors have called Jersey a place where the "leadership has essentially been captured by global finance, and whose members will threaten and intimidate anyone who dissents."
[61]
Tourism is an important economic sector for the island, however travel to Jersey is very seasonal. Accommodation occupancy is much higher in the summer months, especially August, than in the winter months (with a low in November). The majority of visitors to the island arrive by
air
from the UK.
[117]
On 18 February 2005, Jersey was granted
Fairtrade Island
status.
[118]
Aerial view of fields in
Saint Clement, Jersey
In
2017
, 52% of the Island's area was agricultural land (a decrease since
2009
).
[96]
Major agricultural products are
potatoes
and dairy produce.
[6]
Jersey cattle
are a small breed of cow widely known for their rich milk and cream; the quality of their meat is also appreciated on a small scale.
[119]
[120]
The herd total in
2009
was 5,090 animals.
[6]
Fisheries and aquaculture make use of Jersey's marine resources to a total value of over £6 million in
2009
.
[6]
Along with
Guernsey
, Jersey has its own lottery called the
Channel Islands Lottery
, which was launched in
1975
.
[121]
Taxation
[
edit
]
Jersey is not a tax-free jurisdiction. Taxes are levied on properties (known as 'rates') and there are taxes on
personal income
,
corporate income
and
goods and services
.
[122]
Before 2008, Jersey had no value-added tax (VAT). Many companies, such as
Amazon
and Play.com, took advantage of this and a loophole in European law, known as
low-value consignment relief
, to establish a tax-free fulfilment industry from Jersey.
[123]
This loophole was closed by the European Union in 2012, resulting in the loss of hundreds of jobs.
[123]
There is a 20% standard rate for Income Tax and a 5% standard rate for GST. The island has a 0% default tax rate for corporations; however, higher rates apply to financial services, utility companies and large corporate retailers.
[122]
Jersey is considered to be a
tax haven
. Until March 2019 the island was on the
EU tax haven blacklist
, but it no longer features on it.
[124]
In January 2021, the chair of the EU Tax Matters Subcommittee,
Paul Tang
, criticised the list for not including such "renowned tax havens" as Jersey.
[125]
In 2020,
Tax Justice
ranked Jersey as the 16th on the
Financial Secrecy Index
, below larger countries such as the UK, however still placing at the lower end of the 'extreme danger zone' for offshore secrecy'. The island accounts of 0.46% of the global offshore finance market, making a small player in the total market.
[126]
In 2020, the Corporate Tax Haven Index ranked Jersey eighth for 2021 with an haven score (a measure of the jurisdiction's systems to be used for corporate tax abuse) of 100 out of 100; however, the island only has 0.51% on the Global Scale Weight ranking.
[127]
Transport
[
edit
]
A cycle path in
Gorey
The primary mode of transport on the island is the
motor vehicle
. Jersey has a road network consisting of 346 miles (557 km) of roads and there are a total of 124,737 motor vehicles registered on the island as of 2016.
[128]
Jersey has a large network of lanes, some of which are classified as green lanes, which have a 15 mph speed limit and where priority is afforded to pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders.
[129]
The public bus network in Jersey has been regulated by the Government since 2002, replacing a de-regulated, commercial service. It is operated on a sole-operator
franchise
model, currently contracted to LibertyBus, a company owned by
Kelsian Group
. LibertyBus also operate the school bus services.
[130]
There is also a taxi network and an electronic bike scheme (EVie).
[131]
Jersey has an
airport
and a number of ports, which are operated by Ports of Jersey.
[132]
Currency
[
edit
]
Jersey stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the birth of General
William Mesny
Jersey's monetary policy is linked to the
Bank of England
. The official currency of Jersey is the
pound sterling
. Jersey issues its own
postage stamps
, banknotes (including a £1 note which is not issued in the UK) and coins that circulate alongside all other sterling coinage. Jersey currency is not
legal tender
outside Jersey; however it is "acceptable tender" in the UK and can be surrendered at banks in exchange for UK currency.
[133]
In July 2014, the Jersey Financial Services Commission approved the establishment of the world's first regulated
Bitcoin
fund, at a time when the
digital currency
was being accepted by some local businesses.
[134]
Demography
[
edit
]
Mont Orgueil
was built in the 13th century after its split from Normandy
Censuses have been undertaken in Jersey since 1821. In the 2021 census, the total resident population was estimated to be 103,267, of whom 35% live in St Helier, the island's only town.
[135]
Approximately half the island's population was born in Jersey; 29% of the population were born elsewhere in the British Isles, 8% in continental Portugal or Madeira, 9% in other European countries and 5% elsewhere.
[136]
Historical population
Year
| Pop.
| ±%
|
---|
1871
| 56,627
| ?
|
---|
1951
| 55,244
| ?2.4%
|
---|
1961
| 59,489
| +7.7%
|
---|
1971
| 69,329
| +16.5%
|
---|
1981
| 76,050
| +9.7%
|
---|
1991
| 84,082
| +10.6%
|
---|
2001
| 87,186
| +3.7%
|
---|
2011
| 97,857
| +12.2%
|
---|
2021
| 103,267
| +5.5%
|
---|
Nationality and citizenship
[
edit
]
Jersey people
are the native nation on the island,
[28]
[29]
[30]
however do not form a majority of the population.
[136]
Jersey people are often called Islanders or, in individual terms, Jerseyman or Jerseywoman. Jersey people did not generally identify themselves as English prior to
the Union of Britain
. Jersey was culturally and geographically much closer to Normandy and there were limited cross-Channel links. However, wars with France, including invasions of Jersey, grew loyalty to Britain over time and the French came more and more to be seen as a distinct people. By the start of the 19th century, Jersey people generally identified as British, which can be seen through the treatment of the Breton immigrants of the time as a distinct nation. Furthermore, the growth of the British migrant population strengthened the role of English and the British cultural influence. Finally, the introduction of compulsory education - which was exclusively in English - and the period of the Occupation reduced the traditional and Norman cultural influences and increased British cultural practices and pride in British nationhood among the island population.
[137]
Nationality law in Jersey is conferred by the British Nationality Act 1981 extended to the island by an Order in Council with the consent of the States of Jersey.
British nationality law
confers British citizenship onto those with suitable connections to Jersey.
[138]
[25]
The Lieutenant Governor's office issues
British passports
(specifically the
Jersey variant
) to British citizens with a connection to Jersey by residency or birth.
[139]
[140]
Immigration
[
edit
]
Jersey is constitutionally entitled to restrict immigration
[141]
by non-Jersey residents, but control of immigration at the point of entry cannot be introduced for British, certain Commonwealth and EEA nationals without change to existing international law.
[142]
Jersey is part of the
Common Travel Area
(CTA),
[143]
a zone which encompasses the Crown Dependencies, the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. This means that for citizens of the Common Travel Area jurisdictions a passport is not required to travel from Jersey to any of these jurisdictions (or vice versa) though the Government recommends all travellers bring photo ID since it may need to be checked by customs or police officers and is generally required by commercial transport providers into the island.
[144]
Due to the CTA, Jersey-born British citizens in the rest of the CTA and British and Irish citizens in Jersey have the right to access social benefits, access healthcare, access social housing support and to vote in general elections.
[145]
For non-CTA travel, Jersey maintains its own immigration
[146]
and border controls (although most travel into the Bailiwick is from the rest of the CTA), however UK immigration legislation may be extended to Jersey (subject to exceptions and adaptations) following consultation with Jersey and with Jersey's consent.
[147]
To control population numbers, Jersey operates a system of registration which restricts the right to live and work in the island according to certain requirements. In order to move to Jersey or work in Jersey, everyone (including Jersey-born people) must be registered and have a registration card. There are a number of statuses:
Residential and employment statuses
[148]
Status
|
Requirements
|
Housing
|
Work
|
Entitled
|
Most Jersey-born residents (permanently)
Long-term residents (at least 10 years)
|
Can buy, sell or lease any property
|
Can work anywhere
|
Licensed
|
Certain essential workers
|
Can buy, sell or lease most property
|
Permission required
|
Entitled to work
|
Long-term residents (at least 5 years)
Spouse or civil partner of someone who is entitled to work or higher.
|
Can lease 'registered' property
|
Can work anywhere
|
Registered
|
All others
|
Can lease 'registered' property
|
Permission required
|
History of immigration
[
edit
]
Until the 19th century, there was generally limited immigration to the island, especially by English people. Jersey was quite far from Britain (taking days to travel between England and the islands)
[
citation needed
]
and culturally distinct (the locals predominantly speaking Norman French).
[137]
However, from the 16th to 19th centuries, Jersey became home to French religious refugees, particularly Protestants after the
Edict of Nantes
.
[149]
From the early 19th century, the island's economic boom attracted economic migrants. By 1841, of the 47,544 population, 11,338 were born in the British Isles outside of Jersey. From the 1840s onwards, agricultural workers came from neighbouring Brittany and mainland Normandy, both due to the booming economy of Jersey and the economic situation in northern France. Furthermore, the new potato season coincided with the time of least agricultural activity in Brittany and Normandy. While many returned to France, some settled in the island.
[149]
Between 1851 and 1921, the Jersey population fell by 12.8% (possibly up to 18%). The economic boom ended in the 1850s leading to significant emigration, including to British colonies. A 1901 report by the States concluded that by 1921, the number of births to foreign-born fathers would be equal to those to Jersey-born fathers, describing the immigration situation as a "formidable invasion, although peaceful", and predicted this would have a large impact on the island's socio-political situation.
[149]
After
World War II
, when the island had only 55,244 residents, it saw a period of rapid population increase. By 1991, the population was 84,082. The booming tourism industry required a large volume of relatively low cost labour, so the island turned to
Madeira
for seasonal staff. Between 1961 and 1981, the Portuguese-born population grew 0.2% to 3.1% of the population. In 2021, this figure was 8%. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the new source of cheap labour for the island has been Polish people, whose population has grown from non-existent to 3%.
[149]
Immigration has helped give aspects of Jersey a distinct urban character, particularly in and around the parish of St Helier. This has led to ongoing debates about the incompatibility of development and sustainability throughout the island.
[150]
Religion
[
edit
]
St Thomas' Catholic Church in St Helier
Jersey's patron saint is
Saint Helier
, after whom the capital town is named.
[151]
From the fifth century, the island was under the Bishop of Coutances, until being transferred to the Diocese of Winchester in 1568.
[152]
Jersey became "formally attached" to the Diocese of Salisbury in November 2022.
[153]
The established church is the
Church of England
, presided over in the island by the
Dean
, who is
ex officio
a States Member, but has no vote.
[152]
The primary churches are the parish churches, which are 12 ancient Anglican churches, one in each parish centre, though other churches do exist.
[154]
According to a 2015 survey of islanders, 54% of adults have a religion.
Christianity
is the predominant religion in the island, with over half of islanders identifying as Christian in some form. The largest religious group is Anglicans, with 23% of the population.
[155]
Culture
[
edit
]
Jerriais road sign ("The black road") in
Saint Ouen
Cultural events
[
edit
]
The
Battle of Flowers
is a carnival, which has been held annually in August since 1902.
[156]
Other festivals include
La Fete de Noue
[157]
(Christmas festival),
La Fais'sie d'Cidre
(cidermaking festival),
[158]
the
Battle of Britain
air display,
[159]
Weekender Music Festival,
[160]
food festivals, and parish events.
The
Jersey Eisteddfod
is an annual festival celebrating local culture. It is split into performing arts (e.g. dance, music, modern languages) and creative arts (e.g. needlework, photography, craft).
[161]
Archaeologists have discovered stone planquettes with abstract designs made by the Magdalenians and dating to the
Upper Palaeolithic
; these are the oldest pieces of art discovered in the British Isles as of 2023.
[162]
[163]
The island has produced a number of notable artists.
John St Helier Lander
(1868?1944) was a
portrait painter
born in St Helier in 1868; he was a portraitist for the Royal Family.
[164]
Edmund Blampied
also lived around the same period; he was known for his
etchings
and
drypoint
.
[165]
Other famous historic artists include
John Le Capelain
,
John Everett Millais
and Philip Ouless. There are also several contemporary Jersey artists, such as Ian Rolls, known for painting quirky landscape paintings.
[166]
Jersey also has historic connections to French art. French artist
Rene Lalique
created the
stained glass
windows at
St Matthew's Church
. No similar Lalique commission survives elsewhere in the world.
[167]
Artist partners
Claude Cahun
and
Marcel Moore
were born in France but moved to and died in the island.
[168]
Media
[
edit
]
A Channel Television crew interview the
Bailiff of Jersey
BBC Radio Jersey
provides a radio service, and BBC
Channel Islands News
provides a joint television news service with Guernsey.
ITV Channel Television
is a regional
ITV
franchise shared with the Bailiwick of Guernsey but with its headquarters in Jersey. Radio services are also provided by
Channel 103
, among other companies.
Bailiwick Express is one of Jersey's digital online news sources. Jersey has only one newspaper, the
Jersey Evening Post
, which is printed six days a week, and has been in publication since 1890.
[169]
Music
[
edit
]
The
Band of the Island of Jersey
play at many events
[170]
Little is known of the history of music in the islands, though fieldwork has recorded
folk songs
from the Channel Islands, mostly in French.
[171]
The folk song
Chanson de Peirson
is unique to the island.
[172]
In contemporary music,
Guru Josh
, who was born in Jersey, produced
house
and
techno
music. He was most notable for his internationally successful debut hit
Infinity
and its re-releases, reaching number one in numerous European countries.
[173]
Furthermore, rock and pop artist
Nerina Pallot
was raised on the island and has enjoyed international success, and has written songs for famous artists like
Kylie Minogue
.
[174]
The island has a summer music festival scene stretching from mid-June to late September including Good Vibrations, Out-There, the Weekender (the largest festival in the Channel Islands) and Electric Park.
[175]
Theatre
[
edit
]
Actress
Lillie Langtry
, nicknamed the
Jersey Lily
There are two theatres on the island: the
Jersey Opera House
and the Jersey Arts Centre.
[176]
Lillie Langtry
is probably the most famous actress from the island. She was born in Jersey and became an actress on the
West End
in the late 19th century. She was the first
socialite
to appear on stage and the first celebrity to endorse a commercial product.
[177]
[178]
She was also famous for her relationships with notable figures, including the Prince of Wales, later
Edward VII
.
[179]
She is buried in
St Saviour
's Church graveyard.
[180]
Cinema
[
edit
]
In 1909, T. J. West established the first cinema in the Royal Hall in St. Helier, which became known as West's Cinema in 1923 and was demolished in 1977. The first
talking picture
,
The Perfect Alibi
, was shown on 30 December 1929 at the Picture House in St. Helier. The Jersey Film Society was founded on 11 December 1947 at the Cafe Bleu, West's Cinema. The large Art Deco Forum Cinema was opened in 1935 ? during the German occupation this was used for German
propaganda
films.
[181]
The
Odeon Cinema
was opened 2 June 1952 and, was later rebranded in the early 21st century as the Forum cinema. Its owners, however, struggled to meet tough competition from the Cineworld Cinemas group, which opened a 10 screen multiplex on the waterfront centre in St. Helier on reclaimed land in December 2002 and the Odeon closed its doors in late 2008. The Odeon is now a
listed building
.
[182]
[183]
First held in 2008, the
Branchage Jersey International Film Festival
[184]
attracts filmmakers from all over the world.
The 2001 movie
The Others
was set on the island in 1945 shortly after liberation.
Food and drink
[
edit
]
Jersey wonders
, or
mervelles
, are a favourite snack consisting of fried dough, found especially at country fetes. According to tradition, the success of cooking depends on the state of the tide.
Seafood has traditionally been important to the cuisine of Jersey:
mussels
(called
moules
in the island),
oysters
,
lobster
and crabs ? especially
spider crabs
?
ormers
and
conger
.
[185]
Jersey milk being very rich,
cream
and butter have played a large part in insular cooking.
[186]
Jersey Royal potatoes
are the local variety of
new potato
, and the island is famous for its early crop of Chats (small potatoes) from the south-facing cotils (steeply sloping fields). They were originally grown using
vraic
as a natural fertiliser, giving them their own individual taste; only a small portion of those grown in the island still use this method. They are eaten in a variety of ways, often simply boiled and served with butter or when not as fresh fried in butter.
[187]
Apples historically were an important crop.
Bourdelots
are apple dumplings, but the most typical speciality is black butter (
le nier beurre
), a dark spicy spread prepared from apples,
cider
and spices. Cider used to be an important export. After decline and near-disappearance in the late 20th century, apple production is being increased and promoted. Besides cider,
apple brandy
is produced. Other production of alcohol drinks includes wine,
[188]
and in 2013 the first commercial
vodkas
made from Jersey Royal potatoes were marketed.
[189]
Among other traditional dishes are cabbage loaf, Jersey wonders (
les mervelles
), fliottes, bean crock (
les pais au fou
),
nettle
(
ortchie
) soup, and vraic buns.
[185]
[190]
Sport
[
edit
]
A statue of Jersey golfer,
Harry Vardon
, stands at the entrance to the Royal Jersey Golf Club
In its own right Jersey participates in the
Commonwealth Games
and in the biennial
Island Games
, which it first hosted in
1997
and more recently in
2015
.
[191]
The
Jersey Football Association
supervises football in Jersey. As of 2022, the Jersey Football Combination has nine teams in its top division.
[192]
Jersey national football team
plays in the annual
Muratti
competition against the other Channel Islands.
[193]
Rugby union in Jersey
comes under the auspices of the Jersey Rugby Association (JRA), which is a member of the
Rugby Football Union
of England. Amateur side,
Jersey RFC
, won the English Regional Two South Central Division in the 2023/24 season and will play in fifth tier Regional One South Central next campaign.
[194]
Jersey Cricket Board
is the official
governing body
of the sport of
cricket
in Jersey. Jersey Cricket Board is Jersey's representative at the
International Cricket Council (ICC)
. It has been an ICC member since 2005 and an associate member since 2007.
[195]
The
Jersey cricket team
plays in the
Inter-insular match
, as well as in ICC tournaments around the world in One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals.
For Horse racing, Les Landes Racecourse can be found at Les Landes in St. Ouen next to the ruins of
Grosnez Castle
.
[196]
Jersey has two public indoor swimming pools: AquaSplash, St Helier
[197]
and Les Quennevais, St Brelade.
[198]
Swimming in the sea, windsurfing and other marine sports are practised. Jersey Swimming Club has organised an annual swim from Elizabeth Castle to Saint Helier Harbour for over 50 years. A round-island swim is a major challenge: the record for the swim is Ross Wisby, who circumnavigated the island in 9 hours 26 minutes in 2015.
[199]
The Royal Channel Island Yacht Club is based in St Brelade.
[200]
Two professional
golfers
from Jersey have won
the Open Championship
seven times between them;
Harry Vardon
won six times and
Ted Ray
won once, both around the turn of the 20th century. Vardon and Ray also won the
U.S. Open
once each. Harry Vardon's brother,
Tom Vardon
, had wins on various European tours.
Jersey Sport, an independent body that promotes sports in Jersey and support clubs, was launched in 2017
[201]
Languages
[
edit
]
Until the 19th century, indigenous
Jerriais
? a
variety
of
Norman
? was the language of the island though French was used for official business. During the 20th century,
British cultural influence
saw an intense
language shift
take place and Jersey today is predominantly
English-speaking
.
[27]
Jerriais nonetheless survives; around 2,600 islanders (three per cent) are thought to be habitual speakers, and some 10,000 (12 per cent) in all claim some knowledge of the language, particularly amongst the elderly in rural parishes. There have been efforts to revive Jerriais in schools.
[202]
The
dialects
of Jerriais differ in
phonology
and, to a lesser extent,
lexis
between parishes, with the most marked differences to be heard between those of the west and east. Many place names are in Jerriais, and French and English place names are also to be found.
Anglicisation
of the
place names
increased apace with the migration of English people to the island.
[203]
Literature
[
edit
]
Victor Hugo
in exile, 1850s
Wace
was a 12th-century poet born in Jersey. He is the earliest known Jersey writer, authoring
Roman de Brut
and
Roman de Rou
, among others. Some believe him to be the earliest
Jerriais
writer and he is known as the founder of
Jersey literature
, but the language in which he wrote is very different from modern Jerriais.
[15]
As Jerriais was not an official language in Jersey, it had no standard written form, which meant that Jersey literature is very varied, written in multiple forms of Jerriais alongside Standard
English
and
French
.
[17]
Matthew Le Geyt
was the first poet to publish in Jerriais after the introduction of printing to the island in the 18th century.
[204]
Philippe Le Sueur Mourant
wrote in Jerriais in the 19th century.
[18]
Jerseyman George d'la Forge is named the 'Guardian of the Jersey Norman Heritage'. Though he lived in America for most of his life, he felt a strong attachment to Jersey and his native language. His works were turned into books in the 1980s.
[19]
After the failure of the 1848 revolution, thirty-nine French revolutionaries were exiled in Jersey, including the famous French author
Victor Hugo
, as Jersey's culture had a relation to their native French.
[22]
Gerald Durrell, the famous zoologist who set up
Jersey Zoo
, was also an author, writing novels, non-fiction and children's books. He was writing as a means to fund and further his conservation work.
[24]
Education
[
edit
]
Education in the island is managed by the Department for Children, Young People, Education and Skills of the Government of Jersey. The education system in Jersey is based on the
English system
. Full time education is compulsory for children aged 5 to 16.
[205]
Furthermore, the Government provides limited pre-school education free to parents.
[206]
Jersey schools must teach the Jersey Curriculum, which is based on the English National Curriculum, with differences to account for Jersey's unique position.
[207]
As of 2022, there are 24 States primary schools, seven private primary or preparatory schools, four comprehensive States secondary schools, two fee-paying States secondary schools, two private secondary schools and one provided grammar school and sixth form,
Hautlieu School
.
[208]
Furthermore, Highlands College provides alternative post-16 and all post-18 education available on the island. However, higher education facilities are limited, so many students study off-island. In the UK, Jersey students pay the same rate as Home students.
[209]
Environment
[
edit
]
Designations
|
---|
|
Official name
| South East Coast of Jersey, Channel Islands
|
---|
Designated
| 10 November 2000
|
---|
Reference no.
| 1043
[210]
|
---|
|
---|
Three areas of land are protected for their ecological or geological interest as Sites of Special Interest (SSI). Jersey has four designated
Ramsar sites
: Les Pierres de Lecq, Les Minquiers, Les Ecrehous and Les Dirouilles and the south east coast of Jersey (a large area of intertidal zone).
[211]
Jersey is the home of the
Jersey Zoo
(formerly known as the Durrell Wildlife Park
[212]
) founded by the naturalist, zookeeper and author
Gerald Durrell
.
Biodiversity
[
edit
]
Four species of small mammal are considered native:
[213]
the wood mouse (
Apodemus sylvaticus
), the Jersey bank vole (
Myodes glareolus
caesarius
), the lesser white-toothed shrew (
Crocidura suaveolens
) and the French shrew (
Sorex coronatus
). Three wild mammals are well-established introductions: the rabbit (introduced in the mediaeval period), the
red squirrel
and the
hedgehog
(both introduced in the 19th century). The stoat (
Mustela erminea
) became extinct in Jersey between 1976 and 2000. The green lizard (
Lacerta bilineata
) is a protected species of reptile; Jersey is its only native habitat in the British Isles.
[214]
The red-billed chough (
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
) became extinct in Jersey around 1900, when changes in farming and grazing practices led to a decline in the coastal slope habitat required by this species. Birds on the Edge, a project between the Government of Jersey,
Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust
and
National Trust for Jersey
, is working to restore Jersey's coastal habitats and reinstate the red-billed chough (and other bird species) to the island
[215]
Jersey is the only place in the British Isles where the agile frog (
Rana dalmatina
)
is found.
[216]
The remaining population of agile frogs on Jersey is very small and is restricted to the south west of the island. The species is the subject of an ongoing programme to save it from extinction in Jersey via a collaboration between the Government of Jersey, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and Jersey Amphibian and Reptile Group (JARG), with support and sponsorship from several other organisations. The programme includes captive breeding and release, public awareness and habitat restoration activities.
[217]
Trees generally considered native are the alder (
Alnus glutinosa
), silver birch (
Betula pendula
), sweet chestnut (
Castanea sativa
), hazel (
Corylus avellana
), hawthorn (
Crataegus monogyna
), beech (
Fagus sylvatica
), ash (
Fraxinus excelsior
), aspen (
Populus tremula
), wild cherry (
Prunus avium
), blackthorn (
Prunus spinosa
), holm oak (
Quercus ilex
), oak (
Quercus robur
), sallow (
Salix cinerea
), elder (
Sambucus nigra
), elm (
Ulmus
spp.) and medlar (
Mespilus germanica
). Among notable introduced species, the cabbage palm (
Cordyline australis
) has been planted in coastal areas and may be seen in many gardens.
[218]
Notable marine species
[219]
include the
ormer
,
conger
, bass,
undulate ray
,
grey mullet
,
ballan wrasse
and
garfish
. Marine mammals include the
bottlenosed dolphin
[220]
and
grey seal
.
[221]
Historically the island has given its name to a variety of overly-large cabbage, the
Jersey cabbage
, also known as Jersey kale or cow cabbage.
[222]
Japanese knotweed (
Reynoutria japonica
) is an
invasive species
that threatens Jersey's
biodiversity
.
[223]
It is easily recognisable and has hollow stems with small white flowers that are produced in late summer.
[224]
Other non-native species on the island include the
Colorado beetle
, burnet rose and
oak processionary
moth.
[223]
Public services
[
edit
]
Healthcare
[
edit
]
Health services on the island are overseen by the Department for Health and Social Care. Jersey does not have a nationalised health service and the service is not part of the
National Health Service
. Many healthcare treatments are not free at the point of use, however treatment in the accident and emergency department is free. For residents, prescriptions and some hospital treatments are free, but GP services cost money.
[225]
Emergency services
[
edit
]
Emergency services
[226]
are provided by the
States of Jersey Police
with the support of the
Honorary Police
as necessary, States of Jersey Ambulance Service,
[227]
Jersey Fire and Rescue Service
[228]
and the
Jersey Coastguard
.
[229]
The Jersey Fire and Rescue Service, Jersey Lifeboat Association and the
Royal National Lifeboat Institution
operate an inshore rescue and lifeboat service; Channel Islands Air Search provides rapid response airborne search of the surrounding waters.
[230]
The States of Jersey Fire Service was formed in 1938 when the States took over the Saint Helier Fire Brigade, which had been formed in 1901. The first lifeboat was equipped, funded by the States, in 1830. The RNLI established a lifeboat station in 1884.
[231]
Border security and customs controls are undertaken by the
States of Jersey Customs and Immigration Service
. Jersey has adopted the
112 emergency number
alongside its existing
999 emergency number
.
[232]
Supply services
[
edit
]
Water supplies in Jersey are managed by Jersey Water. Jersey Water supply water from two water treatment works, around 7.2 billion litres in 2018. Water in Jersey is almost exclusively from rainfall-dependent surface water. The water is collected and stored in six reservoirs and there is also a desalination plant that produces up to 10.8 million litres per day (around half of the Island's average daily usage). In 2017, 101 water pollution incidents were reported, an increase of 5% on 2016. Another estimated 515,700 m
3
of water is abstracted for domestic purposes from private sources (around 9% of the population).
[233]
Electricity in Jersey is provided by a sole supplier, Jersey Electricity, of which the States of Jersey is the majority shareholder.
[234]
Jersey imports 95 per cent of its power from France.
[235]
35% of the imported power derives from
hydro-electric sources
and 65% from
nuclear sources
. Jersey Electricity claims the carbon intensity of its electricity supply is 35g CO
2
e / kWh compared to 352g CO
2
e / kWh in the UK.
[236]
Notable people
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
St Helier is the de facto capital of Jersey, being the seat of the island's government, however
Government House
, the official royal residence of the island, is located in
Saint Saviour
- ^
The largest settlement in Jersey is in fact made up of parts of various parishes and is often referred to as "town" by islanders.
- ^
Jersey does not have a
de jure
official language, but these are the permitted languages in the island's parliament, the
States Assembly
"P.4/2018 ? Jerriais: Optional use in the States Chamber"
(PDF)
. States of Jersey Greffe. 15 January 2018.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 7 January 2021
. Retrieved
4 January
2021
.
The official working and most widely spoken language is English, though French retains a historical and ceremonial working role.
- ^
French:
Bailiage de Jersey
; Jerriais:
Bailiage d'Jerri
- ^
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
, Article 355(5)(c) TFEU states "the Treaties shall apply to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man only to the extent necessary to ensure the implementation of the arrangements for those islands set out in the Treaty concerning the accession of new Member States to the European Economic Community and to the European Atomic Energy Community signed on 22 January 1972".
- ^
Geographically it is not part of the
British Isles
. As of 15 October 2006, the
States of Jersey
indicates that the island is situated "only 22 km off the northwest coast of France and 140 km south of England".
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.
- ^
"The stats behind the network: a review of Jersey Electricity in numbers over the past 12 months"
.
www.jec.co.uk
. Jersey Electricity.
Archived
from the original on 30 June 2023
. Retrieved
14 December
2020
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Balleine's History of Jersey, Marguerite Syvret and Joan Stevens (1998)
ISBN
1-86077-065-7
- Jersey Through the Centuries, Leslie Sinel, Jersey 1984,
ISBN
0-86120-003-9
- A Biographical Dictionary of Jersey, G.R. Balleine
Archaeology
[
edit
]
- The Archaeology of the Channel Islands. Vol. 2: The Bailiwick of Jersey by
Jacquetta Hawkes
(1939)
- The Prehistoric Foundations of Europe to the Mycenean Age, 1940, C. F. C. Hawkes
- Jersey in Prehistory, Mark Patton, 1987
- The Archaeology and Early History of the Channel Islands, Heather Sebire, 2005.
- Dolmens of Jersey: A Guide, James Hibbs (1988).
- A Guide to The Dolmens of Jersey, Peter Hunt,
Societe Jersiaise
, 1998.
- Statements in Stone: Monuments and Society in Neolithic Brittany, Mark Patton, 1993
- Hougue Bie, Mark Patton,
Warwick Rodwell
, Olga Finch, 1999
- The Channel Islands, An Archaeological Guide, David Johnston, 1981
- The Archaeology of the Channel Islands, Peter Johnston, 1986
Cattle
[
edit
]
- One Hundred Years of the Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society 1833?1933. Compiled from the Society's Records, by H.G. Shepard, Secretary. Eric J. Boston. Jersey Cattle, 1954
Religion
[
edit
]
- The Channel Islands under Tudor Government, A.J. Eagleston
- Reformation and Society in Guernsey, D.M. Ogier
- International Politics and the Establishment of Presbyterianism in the Channel Islands: The Coutances Connection, C.S.L. Davies
- Religion, History and G.R. Balleine: The Reformation in Jersey, by J. St John Nicolle, The Pilot Magazine
- The Reformation in Jersey: The Process of Change over Two centuries, J. St John Nicolle
- The Chroniques de Jersey in the light of contemporary documents, BSJ, AJ Eagleston
- The Portrait of Richard Mabon, BSJ, Joan Stevens
External links
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edit
]
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49°11′24″N
2°6′36″W
/
49.19000°N 2.11000°W
/
49.19000; -2.11000