Muslim Saint and founder of Naqshbandi order (1318?1389)
Baha' al-Din Naqshband
|
---|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bahaouddin_Naqshbandi_mausoleum_entrance_3.JPG/300px-Bahaouddin_Naqshbandi_mausoleum_entrance_3.JPG) |
Born
| March 1318
|
---|
Died
| 2 March 1389
|
---|
Baha' al-Din Naqshband
(
Persian
:
????????? ???? ??????
; 1318?1389) was the eponymous founder of what would become one of the largest
Sufi
Sunni
orders, the
Naqshbandi
.
Background
[
edit
]
Baha al-Din was born in March 1318 in the village of Qasr-i Hinduvan, which was one
farsakh
from the city of
Bukhara
.
Like the majority of the sedentary population of the region, Baha al-Din was a Tajik, i.e. a speaker of Persian and a participant in its culture.
According to H. Algar /
Encyclopædia Iranica
, the texts that claim Baha al-Din was descended from the Islamic prophet
Muhammad
through
Ja'far al-Sadiq
(died 765), should be "treated with reserve". Early texts do not mention Baha al-Din's supposed ancestry to Muhammad, but they do imply that his teacher
Amir Kulal
(died 1370) was a descendant of Muhammad through Ja'far al-Sadiq, which may suggest that their genealogies were later mixed up.
On the other hand
Annemarie Schimmel
highlights the descent of Bahauddin from
Hasan al-Askari
, referring to
Khwaja Mir Dard
's family and "many nobles, from Bukhara; they led their pedigree back to Baha al-Din Naqshband, after whom the Naqshbandi order is named, and who was a descendant, in the 13th generation of the 11th imam al-Hasan al-Askari".
[3]
Life
[
edit
]
Three days after his birth, Baha al-Din was adopted as a spiritual son by Baba Mohammad Sammasi, a master of the
Khwajagan
, a Sufi order founded by
Yusuf Hamadani
(died 1140). It was Baha al-Din's paternal grandfather who brought him to Sammasi, as he was a
murid
(novice) of the latter.
Sammasi later entrusted Baha al-Din's training to his distinguished student
Amir Kulal
.
Early texts do not mention how Baha al-Din gained the nickname "Naqshband", nor its meaning. An agreement was later partly reached that it referred to the
naqsh
(imprint) of the name of
Allah
that is firm in the heart through constant and continuous prayer. In Bukhara, Baha al-Din more practically became its
patron saint
and was commonly referred to as "Khwaja Bala-gardan" by its inhabitants. Amongst the members of the present-day Naqshbandi order, particularly in
Turkey
, Baha al-Din is known as "Shah-e Naqshband."
Some historians agree that the original Naqshbandi had a particularly Iranian or
Khurasanian
attitude, which according to H. Algar /
Encyclopædia Iranica
is supported by the fact that Baha al-Din was surrounded by a company of urban dwellers that mostly spoke Tajik. However, the Naqshbandi had also been influenced by Turkic Sufi order, the
Yasawiyya
, and thus had a Turkic component as well. Three generations after Baha al-Din's death, the Naqshbandi started receiving support among the Turkic inhabitants of
Central Asia
, thus displaying an all-inclusive appeal.
Baha al-Din died on 2 March 1389 in Qasr-i Hinduvan, which was then renamed Qasr-i Arifan out of respect to him.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Pain and Grace: A Study of Two Mystical Writers of Eighteenth-Century Muslim India” p.32, Annemarie Schimmel
Sources
[
edit
]
Further reading
[
edit
]
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|