The
Baha?i Faith
formed in the late 19th century in the
Middle East
, later gaining converts in
India
,
East Africa
, and the
Western world
. Traveling promoters of the religion played a significant role in spreading the religion into most countries and territories during the second half of the 20th century,
mostly seeded out of North America by the planned migration of individuals.
The Baha?i Faith was recognized as having a widespread international membership by the 1980s,
[4]
and is now recognized as the second-most geographically widespread religion after
Christianity
.
The Baha?i World Centre estimated over a million Baha'is in 1965,
5 million in 1991,
and about 8 million in 2020.
The official agencies of the religion have focused on publishing data such as numbers of local and national
spiritual assemblies
, countries and territories represented, languages and tribes represented, schools, and publishing trusts, not the total number of believers.
Analyzing Baha?i data on localities and activity levels, Danish sociologist
Margit Warburg
suggested that by 2001, registered Baha?is reliably numbered over 5 million and that active participants numbered approximately 900,000 (18% of registered Baha?is).
Independent estimates, such as
Encyclopædia Britannica
and the
World Christian Encyclopedia
, have listed Baha?i membership as over 7 million
[13]
and described it as the fastest growing religion by percentage across the 20th century.
The number of Baha?i adherents is difficult to estimate accurately. Few national Baha?i communities have the administrative capacity to enumerate their members
and Baha?i membership data does not break out active participation from the total number of people who have expressed their belief. Due to its small size, few censuses or religious surveys include the Baha?i Faith as a separate category
[a]
and some government censuses count Baha?is as
Muslims
or
Hindus
.
Country-level detail from
World Christian Encyclopedia
(WCE), on which many estimates rely, counts declared Baha?is along with sympathizers, leading to much higher counts than those of self-identifying Baha?is.
Difficulties in enumeration
[
edit
]
The fact that the religion is diffuse and proportionally small are major barriers to demographic research by outsiders. Even in the United States, where significant resources are dedicated to gathering data, the Baha?i Faith is often omitted from religious surveys due to the high sample size required to reduce the margin of error.
In the Middle East, especially Iran, Baha?is face
persecution
, and the lack of Baha?i administration makes it difficult to maintain a count.
Baha?i authors
Peter Smith
and
Moojan Momen
, commenting on the difficulties of counting Baha?is, wrote the following:
With any religious movement there are invariable problems of quantification unless the movement's own enumeration techniques are exceptionally efficient, or government censuses incorporate questions on religion. Even here there are often considerable problems of definition. Are gradations of commitment to be taken into consideration so as to differentiate between active and nominal members? Are the children of members to be included as well as adults? Is allowance to be made for the pattern of multi-religious adherence which is common in many parts of the world? These are, of course, problems that affect the estimation of numbers for any religion and are not confined to Baha'i statistics.
?
Smith & Momen, "The Baha'i Faith 1957-1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments",
Religion
(1989)
Definition of membership
[
edit
]
Throughout the early development of the Baha?i Faith in Iran and the West, Baha?is often retained some of the religious identity that they converted from, many remaining members of churches and mosques. Later,
Shoghi Effendi
made it clear that the Baha?i Faith was its own tradition with laws and institutions, and that Baha?is could not remain members of other religions. The practice of maintaining membership rolls of believers began in the 1920s.
In the 1930s the Baha?is of the United States and Canada began requiring new adherents to sign a declaration of faith, stating their belief in
Baha?u'llah
, the
Bab
, and
?Abdu'l-Baha
, and affirming that there are laws and institutions to obey. The original purpose of signing a declaration card was to allow followers to apply for lawful exemption from active military service.
The signature of a card later became optional in Canada, but in the US is still used for records and administrative requirements.
All local and national
Spiritual Assemblies
are expected to keep membership records that include declarations of faith and withdrawals, which are used for annual assembly elections.
The Baha?i system of membership thus has a system of contracting into the religion and some maintenance of the membership list is required for community functioning. Being removed from membership requires an opposite declaration of disbelief.
[
citation needed
]
Children
[
edit
]
A peculiar difficulty arises in counting Baha?is because a tenet of the faith is that parents cannot choose the religion of their children and that 15 is the age of spiritual maturity when an individual can make the choice.
Early membership rolls excluded children of Baha?is and didn't even count them separately.
In 1979 the Universal House of Justice requested that children be included separately for statistical purposes, matching the methodology of most censuses and surveys. Before that, membership rolls may have only indicated ages 21 or older (the age required for voting).
The change toward including children in statistics caused an increase in the total number of reported Baha?is in the late 1980s, but has been consistent since.
Active vs inactive
[
edit
]
Another difficulty arises from defining membership based on participation. The number of active participants in any religious movement will always be smaller than the number who profess belief. The prevailing norm in the Western world is that members of minority religious groups must be actively participating to be considered a member, and members of majority religious groups have a large number of passive adherents.
Margit Warburg wrote,
As with other voluntary organisations, some members become more active than others, but the fact that there is no fixed membership subscription means that there is no economic motive for inactive Baha?is to take the initiative to resign membership. Inactive Baha?is, however, are not expelled just because they are inactive in community life, since in principle they could still be believing Baha?is.
Warburg also noted: "Baha?is do not lose membership status just by being inactive."
In the 1980s the Baha?is of the United States started including “address unknown” in their membership statistics; members designated as such may profess belief but are no longer participating in community life.
For example, in its 2020 Annual Report the US National Spiritual Assembly had 177,647 registered Baha?is of all ages, only 77,290 of which had good addresses, and 57,341 total participants in core activities, with 37% of attendees from outside of the Baha?i population.
The higher American number has been challenged because it includes some who no longer believe, but the lower number with good addresses does not include inactive Baha?is who continue their belief.
As author William Garlington noted,
Just as there are many people who claim to be followers of Jesus Christ and yet are not official members of an established church, it seems fair to assume that there are a sizable number of individuals who identify with Baha'u'llah and his principles while remaining outside the established institutions of the Baha'i Faith... the significant point is that at least [the registered Baha'is] have experienced enough identity with the Baha'i teachings to have made official written declarations of that belief.
Using activity data, Warburg estimated a percentage of activity in Baha?i communities around the world and concluded that in 2001 there were reliably 5.1 million registered Baha?is in the world and 900,000 active Baha?is, or 18% of the total. The estimates on activity were broken out by continent: Europe 82% active, USA and Canada 71%, Australia and New Zealand 91%, Africa 22%, India 5%, Other Asia 26%, Latin America 13%, and Oceania 43%.
On the question of whether the Baha?i numbers are intentionally inflated, Warburg feels that the “numbers are not rooted in any sinister manipulation of data”.
Number of Baha?is worldwide
[
edit
]
Estimates of Baha?is worldwide
Baha?i sources
[
edit
]
Recent
[
edit
]
- In 2020, the Secretariat of the Universal House of Justice wrote, "on the basis of information received from Baha?i communities across the world, and on reputable external sources", the current estimate for the number of Baha?is worldwide is "about eight million", and Baha?is reside in "well over 100,000 localities".
- A 1997 statement by the NSA of South Africa wrote: "…the Baha?i Faith enjoys a world-wide following in excess of six million people."
- As early as 1991 official estimates were of "more than five million Baha?is",
which was still in use as of 2020.
- In 1989 the journal
Religion
published an article by Baha?i authors Moojan Momen and Peter Smith. They observed that in the 1950s there were "probably in the region of 200,000 Baha?is world-wide. The vast majority of these (over 90%) lived in Iran. There were probably fewer than 10,000 Baha?is in the West and no more than 3,000 Baha?is in the Third World, mostly India".
By the end of the 1960s, they wrote, "we 'guestimate' that there may now have been about one million Baha?is." And by 1988 they estimated about 4.5 million.
- A 1987 report, published in the United States
Baha?i News
reported 3.62 million Baha?is in 1979 and 4.74 million Baha?is in 1986, a growth of 31% over the period, or 4.4% per year on average.
- The document
The Promise of World Peace
, produced by the Universal House of Justice in 1985, stated that the Baha’i community has "some three to four million people".
- Baha?i author Moojan Momen wrote in 2008, "In the early 1950s, there were probably some 200,000 Baha?is in the world. This has increased to about a million by the late 1960s, about four and a half million by the late 1980s, and over five million by 2000s."
Before 1950
[
edit
]
- The first known survey of the religion comes from an unpublished work in 1919?1920 gathered by
John Esslemont
and had been intended to be part of his well-known
Baha?u'llah and the New Era
.
In it, consulting various individuals, he summarizes the religion's presence in Egypt, Germany, India, Iran, Iraq, Turkestan, and the United States. It did not arrive at a total but did have some regional statistics based on some individual reports.
- In 1867, 53 Baha?is from Baghdad sent an appeal to the American Consul in Beirut for assistance in freeing Baha'u'llah from Ottoman captivity. According to missionary
Henry Harris Jessup
, "The petitioners claim that they number 40,000."
Other sources
[
edit
]
2010 and newer
[
edit
]
- The World Religion Database has estimated a worldwide Baha?i population of 8,531,050 in 2020.
[13]
- In April 2017,
The Economist
reported that there were more than 7 million Baha?is in the world.
- In 2016 the
Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2016
noted just over 7.8 million Baha?is in the world in 2015, having grown at an overall rate of 2.79% across the century 1910 to 2010.
The countries with the largest Baha?i populations in 2015 were, (starting with the largest): India, the US, Kenya, Viet Nam, Congo DR, Philippines, Zambia, South Africa, Iran and Bolivia, ranging upwards from 232,000 to just over 2 million in India.
[44]
- In 2016 the book
12 Major World Religions
wrote, "Today it numbers at least 5 million adherents and possibly more."
- In 2013 the book
The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography
wrote, "The Baha'i Faith is the only religion to have grown faster in every United Nations region over the past 100 years than the general population; Baha?i was thus the fastest-growing religion between 1910 and 2010, growing at least twice as fast as the population of almost every UN region."
- In 2011, Bei Dawei said in an academic conference presentation that the Baha?i Faith had "several hundred thousand" adherents. He noted that "estimates of five, six, or seven million are more usually encountered" but said that these estimates are projections based on self-reporting by Baha?is and that the national figures they are based on "tend to exceed apparent Baha'i activity by whole orders of magnitude."
[46]
- In 2010, The World Religion Database stated that there were 7.3 million Baha?is in the world.
The
Association of Religion Data Archives
cited this estimate in 2010.
- In 2010,
Encyclopædia Britannica
estimated a total of 7.3 million Baha?is residing in 221 countries.
- In 2010,
Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices
estimated 7.4 million Baha?is in 2010,
citing UN median variant figures from
World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision
.
2000 to 2009
[
edit
]
- In 2009, Paula Hartz wrote in
World Religions: Baha'i Faith
: "Today the Baha’i Faith has some 5 million followers. It is one of the world’s fastest-growing religions. It is also probably the most diverse."
- The World Factbook
states that Baha?is make up 0.12% of the world based on a 2007 estimate,
corresponding to 7.9 million people.
- Margit Warburg’s 2006 academic book on the Baha?i Faith claimed, “a conservative estimate would be that in 2001 there were about 5.1 million registered Baha?is in the world.”
- The 2005
Association of Religion Data Archives
estimate is of 7.6 million
which is also echoed elsewhere.
- In 2005, the
Encyclopedia of Religion, second edition
, records that:
In the early twenty-first century the Baha?is number close to six million in more than two hundred countries. The number of adherents rose significantly in the late twentieth century from a little more than one million at the end of the 1960s.
- In 2004, the
Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa
reported that "Baha?is worldwide [are] estimated in 2001 at 5 million."
[56]
- In 2003,
World Book Encyclopedia
reported that "there are about 5,500,000 Baha?is worldwide."
- In 2001,
World Christian Encyclopedia
(2nd edition, 2001) estimated 7.1 million adherents of the Baha?i Faith in the year 2000 representing 0.1% of the world population. The same source projected 12 million in 2025 and 18 million in 2050, assuming then-current trends were to continue.
They also noted, "In government censuses Baha?is are usually counted as Muslims or Hindus and not shown separately."
- In 2000,
Encyclopædia Britannica
estimated a total of 7.1 million Baha?is residing in 218 countries.
- In 2000,
Denis MacEoin
wrote in the
Handbook of Living Religions
that:
- "the movement has had remarkable success in establishing itself as a vigorous contender in the mission fields of Africa, India, parts of South America, and the Pacific, thus outstripping other new religions in a world-wide membership of perhaps 4 million and an international spread recently described as second only to that of Christianity. The place of Baha'ism among world religions now seems assured."
1990 to 1999
[
edit
]
- In 1998, the
Academic American Encyclopedia
said that the Baha?is "are estimated to number about 2 million."
- In 1997,
Dictionary of World Religions
said that there are "five million Baha?is" in the world.
- In 1997,
Religions of the World
published: "today there are about 5 million" Baha?is.
- In 1993, the
Columbia Encyclopedia
published: "There are about 5 million Baha?is in the world."
1950 to 1989
[
edit
]
- In 1995, the
HarperCollins
Dictionary of Religion
stated: "In 1985, it was estimated that there were between 1.5 to 2 million Baha'is, with the greatest areas of recent growth in Africa, India, and Vietnam."
- In 1982, the
World Christian Encyclopedia
(1st edition, 1982) wrote of Baha?i adherents in the world: “(1970) 2,659,400, (1980) 3,822,600 in 194 countries, (1985) 4,442,600.”
- In 2010,
Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices
estimated 2.7 million Baha?is in 1970,
citing UN median variant figures from
World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision
.
- Paul Oliver wrote in
World Faiths
(2001) that there were "approximately five million Baha?is" in 1963.
- Paula Hartz wrote in
World Religions: Baha'i Faith
(2009) that by the end of Shoghi Effendi's life (1957), "the Baha'i Faith had reached more than 400,000 [adherents]."
Before 1950
[
edit
]
- The
1922 census of Palestine
lists 265 Baha'i in
Mandatory Palestine
(152 in
Haifa
, four in
Tiberias
, three in
Al Nahr wal Tal
, two in
'Affuleh
, one each in
Samakh
and
Al-Hama
[b]
and
Tulkarm
),
[67]
which increased on the
1931 census of Palestine
to 350 Baha'i (196 in Haifa, 51 in
Acre
, 35 in Acre's suburbs, 10 in
Lydda
, eight each in
El Mazra'a
and
Hebron
, seven each in
Jerusalem
(
New City
) and Tiberias, six in
Nuqeib
, five each in
Beersheba
,
Nazareth
, and
Samra
, four in
El Bassa
, one each in
Jaffa
,
Rosh Pinna
(police), and
Yibna
).
[68]
- The
World Christian Encyclopedia
(1st edition, 1982) lists the global Baha?i population of 1900 at 9,025.
- In 2004, the
Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa
reported that "By 1900, the community… had reached 50,000-100,000"
[56]
- Paula Hartz wrote in
World Religions: Baha'i Faith
(3rd edition, 2009) that during the last years of ?Abdu'l-Baha's life (d. 1921), "The faith was now established in many countries around the world and its followers numbered around 100,000."
During
?Abdu'l-Baha's tour of North America
several newspapers made claims of how large the religion was, with figures in the range of millions of people:
- In 1912, a reporter in Salt Lake City claimed ?Abdu'l-Baha said the religion had "10,000,000 followers in the world."
[71]
- On June 16, 1912, a news report introduced him as the "Persian religious leader and spiritual and temporal head of the 14,000,000 of Baha?is scattered throughout the world."
[72]
- On April 24, 1912, a newspaper article said "Baha?ism now has 15,000,000 adherents scattered throughout the world, several hundred thousand of whom are in the United States and Canada."
- On April 12, 1912, a newspaper introduced him as "head of one of the newest and most thriving religions in the world, numbering 20,000,000 souls among his followers, of whom several hundred souls are in New York."
- On September 9, 1911, a news report about ?Abdu'l-Baha's visit to London claimed "at a moderate estimate, three million followers."
Adherents by country
[
edit
]
| This section needs to be
updated
.
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
(
December 2020
)
|
Although the Baha?i News Service has reported on the total number of Baha?is in the world, the data is not broken out by country.
The
World Christian Encyclopedia
(WCE), and its successor The World Christian Database (WCD), is an authority on membership data for religions in the world, and its decades-long study by David Barrett and co-workers is a basis for many other estimates of Baha?is in the world, such as ARDA. The data were released in editions of 1982, 2001, and 2018, and includes a break down by country. The WCE data has consistently reported higher numbers of Baha?is than the reports of Baha?i institutions.
Danish researcher Margit Warburg studied Baha?i membership data and feels that the WCE data is overstated for Baha?is.
For instance, WCE reports an estimated 1,600 Baha?is in Denmark in 1995 and 682,000 Baha?is in the USA. The number of registered Baha?is at the same time were 240 and 130,000, respectively.
Peter Smith found that the WCE data is meant to include "members plus those who regularly attend Baha?i events, that is including a wider circle of sympathizers as well as declared Baha?is".
The Association for Religious Data Archives (ARDA) is "a collection of surveys, polls, and other data submitted by the foremost scholars and research centers in the world." It gathers data from, "the US Census Bureau's International Data Base, the US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report, the United Nations Human Development Reports, and others"
including World Christian Database.
[78]
Baha?i Faith by country
Country or Territory
|
Baha?i sources
|
WCE
(1980)
|
WCE
(2000)
|
ARDA
(2010)
[c]
|
UNSD
(2020)
|
Other sources
|
Afghanistan
(
details
)
|
|
600
|
23,075
|
16,541
|
|
400 (2007)
[82]
|
Albania
(
details
)
|
14,024
[
citation needed
]
|
|
5,711
|
7,126
|
|
|
Algeria
(
details
)
|
|
1,000
|
2,806
|
3,309
|
|
|
American Samoa
(
details
)
|
925 (2014)
[83]
[d]
|
280
|
990
|
|
|
|
Andorra
(
details
)
|
|
|
110
|
|
|
|
Angola
(
details
)
|
|
600
|
1,488
|
2,061
|
|
|
Anguilla
(
details
)
|
|
50
|
86
|
|
|
|
Antigua and Barbuda
(
details
)
|
|
320
|
629
|
|
51 (2009)
|
|
Argentina
(
details
)
|
|
6,900
|
10,212
|
13,972
|
|
|
Armenia
(
details
)
|
|
|
1,331
|
1,190
|
|
|
Aruba
(
details
)
|
|
|
148
|
|
|
|
Australia
(
details
)
|
17,000
[
citation needed
]
|
11,300
|
33,536
|
19,365
|
13,989 (2017)
|
8,947 (1996)
11,036 (2001)
12,331 (2006)
13,706 (2011)
13,988 (2016)
|
Austria
(
details
)
|
|
2,120
|
3,780
|
1,948
|
760 (2003)
|
|
Azerbaijan
(
details
)
|
|
|
1,432
|
1,685
|
|
|
Bahamas
(
details
)
|
|
430
|
1,241
|
1,375
|
65 (2013)
|
|
Bahrain
(
details
)
|
|
500
|
1,379
|
2,832
|
|
|
Bangladesh
(
details
)
|
|
4,200
|
8,341
|
9,603
|
|
|
Barbados
(
details
)
|
400 (2010)
|
1,440
|
3,522
|
3,337
|
98 (2016)
|
178 (2010)
|
Belarus
(
details
)
|
|
|
106
|
100
|
|
|
Belgium
(
details
)
|
|
1,900
|
2,358
|
2,617
|
|
|
Belize
(
details
)
|
|
4,100
|
6,941
|
7,742
|
216 (2014)
|
202 (2010)
|
Benin
(
details
)
|
|
5,400
|
13,074
|
11,637
|
|
|
Bermuda
(
details
)
|
|
120
|
325
|
|
124 (2011)
|
|
Bhutan
(
details
)
|
|
300
|
647
|
74
|
|
|
Bolivia
(
details
)
|
100,000 (1988)
|
160,000
|
269,246
|
215,359
|
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
(
details
)
|
|
|
0
|
0
|
|
|
Botswana
(
details
)
|
|
4,600
|
12,417
|
16,464
|
2,074 (2015)
|
700 (2001)
[92]
|
Brazil
(
details
)
|
|
18,000
|
36,745
|
42,108
|
|
|
British Virgin Islands
(
details
)
|
|
90
|
192
|
|
10 (2016)
|
|
Brunei
(
details
)
|
|
710
|
981
|
199
|
|
|
Bulgaria
(
details
)
|
|
|
657
|
592
|
|
|
Burkina Faso
(
details
)
|
|
600
[e]
|
2,767
|
2,860
|
|
|
Burundi
(
details
)
|
|
2,200
|
5,414
|
6,779
|
|
|
Cambodia
(
details
)
|
10,000
[
citation needed
]
|
35,000
|
12,862
|
16,659
|
|
|
Cameroon
(
details
)
|
40,000
[
citation needed
]
|
49,600
|
64,286
|
49,885
|
|
|
Canada
(
details
)
|
30,000
|
40,000
|
31,396
|
46,826
|
18,945 (2013)
|
|
Cape Verde
(
details
)
|
|
200
|
655
|
759
|
|
|
Cayman Islands
(
details
)
|
|
80
|
336
|
|
|
|
Central African Republic
(
details
)
|
|
6,500
|
7,833
|
10,913
|
|
|
Chad
(
details
)
|
|
7,000
|
80,683
|
94,499
|
|
|
Chile
(
details
)
|
6,000 (2002)
|
9,600
|
17,943
|
26,382
|
|
|
People's Republic of China
(
details
)
|
|
|
6,525
|
6,012
|
|
|
Colombia
(
details
)
|
30,000
[
citation needed
]
|
38,000
|
64,758
|
70,504
|
|
|
Comoros
(
details
)
|
|
390
|
521
|
647
|
|
|
Congo, Republic of
(
details
)
|
|
6,200
|
12,927
|
25,879
|
|
|
Congo, Democratic Republic of
(
details
)
|
70,000
[
citation needed
]
|
180,000
|
224,596
|
282,916
|
|
|
Cook Islands
(
details
)
|
|
160
|
161
|
|
|
|
Costa Rica
(
details
)
|
4,000
[95]
|
8,400
|
11,571
|
13,457
|
|
3,000
[96]
|
Croatia
(
details
)
|
150 (2006)
|
|
0
|
0
|
|
|
Cuba
(
details
)
|
|
620
|
1,139
|
1,145
|
|
|
Cyprus
(
details
)
|
|
400
|
828
|
1,170
|
|
|
Czech Republic
(
details
)
|
|
|
950
|
966
|
|
|
Denmark
(
details
)
|
240 (1995)
375 (2013)
|
1,400
|
1,785
|
1,264
|
|
1,600 (1995)
|
Djibouti
(
details
)
|
|
140
|
552
|
769
|
|
|
Dominica
(
details
)
|
|
70
|
1,225
|
|
|
|
Dominican Republic
(
details
)
|
|
5,500
|
5,904
|
6,899
|
|
|
East Timor
(
details
)
|
|
300
|
1,190
|
|
|
|
Ecuador
(
details
)
|
|
27,000
|
15,599
|
17,820
|
|
|
Egypt
(
details
)
|
3,000 (1960)
500 (1987)
500 (2001)
1,000-2,000 (2019)
|
1,500
|
5,760
|
6,946
|
|
2,000
|
El Salvador
(
details
)
|
12,000 (1990)
[103]
|
15,000
|
27,712
|
27,345
|
|
|
Equatorial Guinea
(
details
)
|
|
900
|
2,317
|
3,589
|
|
|
Eritrea
(
details
)
|
|
|
1,198
|
1,426
|
|
|
Estonia
(
details
)
|
|
|
459
|
496
|
|
|
Eswatini
(
details
)
|
|
11,000
|
4,516
|
|
|
|
Ethiopia
(
details
)
|
|
11,000
|
21,592
|
22,764
|
|
|
Falkland Islands
(
details
)
|
|
50
|
67
|
|
12 (2009)
|
|
Faroe Islands
(
details
)
|
|
50
|
124
|
|
|
|
Fiji
(
details
)
|
|
1,800
|
5,674
|
2,338
|
|
|
Finland
(
details
)
|
775 (2013)
|
2,500
|
1,676
|
1,674
|
568 (2011)
|
|
France
(
details
)
|
5,000
[
citation needed
]
|
3,700
|
4,136
|
4,453
|
|
|
French Guiana
(
details
)
|
|
500
|
725
|
|
|
|
French Polynesia
(
details
)
|
|
360
|
695
|
|
|
|
Gabon
(
details
)
|
|
300
|
405
|
605
|
|
|
Gambia
(
details
)
|
|
5,100
|
10,790
|
14,184
|
|
|
Georgia
(
details
)
|
|
|
1,725
|
1,639
|
|
|
Germany
(
details
)
|
6,000 (2019)
[f]
|
11,500
[g]
|
12,391
|
12,356
|
|
5,600 (2005)
[105]
|
Ghana
(
details
)
|
|
10,000
|
12,146
|
14,106
|
|
|
Greece
(
details
)
|
|
300
|
611
|
189
|
|
|
Greenland
(
details
)
|
|
280
|
355
|
|
|
|
Grenada
(
details
)
|
|
160
|
145
|
|
|
|
Guadeloupe
(
details
)
|
|
640
|
1,595
|
|
|
|
Guam
(
details
)
|
|
800
|
1,863
|
|
|
|
Guatemala
(
details
)
|
|
7,000
|
20,073
|
19,898
|
|
|
Guinea
(
details
)
|
|
140
|
288
|
150
|
|
|
Guinea-Bissau
(
details
)
|
|
90
|
333
|
266
|
|
|
Guyana
(
details
)
|
110 (1969)
22,000 (1989)
|
2,700
|
14,584
|
11,787
|
|
500 (2002)
800 (2019)
|
Haiti
(
details
)
|
|
11,700
|
17,055
|
22,614
|
|
|
Honduras
(
details
)
|
|
11,600
|
32,635
|
37,591
|
|
|
Hong Kong
(
details
)
|
|
600
|
|
1,120
|
|
|
Hungary
(
details
)
|
|
100
|
246
|
290
|
|
|
Iceland
(
details
)
|
360 (2013)
|
400
|
801
|
599
|
|
|
India
(
details
)
|
700 (1953)
2,000,000 (2020)
|
1,050,000
[h]
|
1,716,148
|
1,897,651
|
|
5,574 (1991)
1,000,000 (1996)
[112]
400,000 (1999)
[112]
11,324 (2001)
100,000 (2002)
4,572 (2011)
|
Indonesia
(
details
)
|
|
15,000
|
26,537
|
22,815
|
|
|
Iran
(
details
)
|
300,000 (1988)
110,000 (2010)
[117]
300,000 (2020)
|
340,000
|
463,151
|
251,127
|
|
300,000?350,000 (1979)
150,000?300,000
[119]
300,000 (2019)
|
Iraq
(
details
)
|
2,000
|
700
|
2,607
|
3,801
|
|
|
Ireland
(
details
)
|
|
900
|
1,274
|
1,550
|
520 (2012)
|
|
Israel
(
details
)
|
650
[122]
|
600
|
13,734
|
11,705
|
|
|
Italy
(
details
)
|
|
4,600
|
5,681
|
5,108
|
|
|
Ivory Coast
(
details
)
|
|
6,000
|
22,289
|
30,321
|
|
|
Jamaica
(
details
)
|
4,000
[123]
|
5,000
|
7,456
|
5,157
|
269 (2013)
|
|
Japan
(
details
)
|
|
12,500
|
15,579
|
15,594
|
|
|
Jordan
(
details
)
|
|
1,000
|
17,221
|
15,655
|
|
|
Kazakhstan
(
details
)
|
|
|
|
6,967
|
|
|
Kenya
(
details
)
|
25,000-40,000
[124]
|
180,000
|
308,292
|
422,782
|
|
|
Kiribati
(
details
)
|
|
3,500
|
4,321
|
|
2,322 (2013)
|
|
Korea, North
(
details
)
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
|
Korea, South
(
details
)
|
200
[125]
|
18,000
|
32,096
|
33,084
|
|
|
Kuwait
(
details
)
|
|
2,000
|
5,172
|
8,992
|
|
|
Kyrgyzstan
(
details
)
|
|
|
0
|
1,426
|
|
|
Laos
(
details
)
|
|
150
|
1,229
|
13,450
|
2,122 (2019)
|
|
Latvia
(
details
)
|
|
|
0
|
0
|
|
|
Lebanon
(
details
)
|
|
1,400
|
3,272
|
3,889
|
|
|
Lesotho
(
details
)
|
|
10,700
|
19,062
|
19,195
|
|
|
Liberia
(
details
)
|
|
5,000
|
8,955
|
11,231
|
|
|
Libya
(
details
)
|
|
300
|
560
|
636
|
|
|
Liechtenstein
(
details
)
|
|
60
|
107
|
|
|
|
Lithuania
(
details
)
|
|
|
0
|
267
|
29 (2014)
|
|
Luxembourg
(
details
)
|
|
1,400
|
1,546
|
1,597
|
|
|
Macao
(
details
)
|
|
130
|
|
|
|
|
Madagascar
(
details
)
|
|
5,600
|
15,270
|
18,347
|
|
|
Malawi
(
details
)
|
15,000 (2003)
[126]
|
11,600
|
24,501
|
34,323
|
|
|
Malaysia
(
details
)
|
30,000 (1986)
|
62,000
|
97,78
|
67,549
|
|
|
Maldives
(
details
)
|
|
25
|
60
|
120
|
|
|
Mali
(
details
)
|
|
640
|
1,030
|
1,244
|
|
|
Malta
(
details
)
|
|
140
|
255
|
274
|
|
|
Marshall Islands
(
details
)
|
|
|
1,023
|
|
|
|
Martinique
(
details
)
|
|
1,600
|
2,031
|
|
|
|
Mauritania
(
details
)
|
|
140
|
267
|
346
|
|
|
Mauritius
(
details
)
|
7,500
[
citation needed
]
|
9,500
|
21,848
|
23,742
|
645 (2012)
|
|
Mexico
(
details
)
|
|
23,000
|
33,903
|
38,902
|
|
|
Micronesia, Federated States of
(
details
)
|
8,000
[
citation needed
]
|
|
1,909
|
|
|
|
Moldova
(
details
)
|
|
|
0
|
526
|
|
|
Monaco
(
details
)
|
|
30
|
57
|
|
|
|
Mongolia
(
details
)
|
8,000-9,000 (2020)
|
0
|
53
|
55
|
|
|
Montenegro
(
details
)
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
|
Montserrat
(
details
)
|
|
200
|
|
|
|
|
Morocco
(
details
)
|
350-400
|
3,200
|
28,719
|
32,598
|
|
|
Mozambique
(
details
)
|
|
1,400
|
3,405
|
2,877
|
|
|
Myanmar
(
details
)
|
|
15,000
|
49,044
|
78,915
|
|
|
Namibia
(
details
)
|
|
500
|
8,864
|
10,995
|
|
|
Nauru
(
details
)
|
|
130
|
1,106
|
|
|
|
Nepal
(
details
)
|
|
4,000
|
6,163
|
4,366
|
1,283 (2013)
|
1,211 (2011)
[130]
|
Netherlands
(
details
)
|
11 (1948)
110 (1962)
365 (1973)
525 (1979)
|
3,100
|
5,506
|
6,672
|
|
|
New Caledonia
(
details
)
|
|
570
|
932
|
|
|
|
New Zealand
(
details
)
|
|
3,200
|
3,878
|
7,518
|
2,634 (2013)
|
2,925 (2018)
[132]
|
Nicaragua
(
details
)
|
|
4,000
|
9,616
|
10,918
|
|
|
Niger
(
details
)
|
|
1,100
|
2,978
|
5,528
|
|
|
Nigeria
(
details
)
|
|
21,000
|
27,031
|
38,190
|
|
|
North Macedonia
(
details
)
|
|
|
0
|
0
|
|
|
Norway
(
details
)
|
1,200 (2013)
|
1,400
|
2,179
|
2,737
|
|
1,015 (2007)
[133]
|
Oman
(
details
)
|
|
420
|
9,123
|
9,987
|
|
|
Pakistan
(
details
)
|
30,000 (2001)
[134]
|
25,000
|
78,658
|
87,259
|
|
33,734 (2012)
31,543 (2018)
[136]
2,000-3,000 (2013)
[137]
|
Palau
(
details
)
|
|
|
150
|
|
96 (2005)
|
|
Panama
(
details
)
|
|
20,000
|
35,318
|
41,170
|
|
|
Papua New Guinea
(
details
)
|
40,000 (2006)
[138]
|
17,900
|
34,939
|
59,898
|
|
|
Paraguay
(
details
)
|
|
2,900
|
9,011
|
10,624
|
|
|
Peru
(
details
)
|
|
20,000
|
36,463
|
41,316
|
|
|
Philippines
(
details
)
|
64,000
[
citation needed
]
|
115,000
|
229,522
|
275,069
|
|
|
Poland
(
details
)
|
|
|
504
|
766
|
|
|
Portugal
(
details
)
|
6,000
[
citation needed
]
|
2,000
|
1,845
|
2,086
|
|
|
Puerto Rico
(
details
)
|
|
1,400
|
2,788
|
2,698
|
|
|
Qatar
(
details
)
|
|
420
|
985
|
2,717
|
|
|
Reunion
(
details
)
|
|
1,800
|
5,927
|
|
|
|
Romania
(
details
)
|
542 (1990)
|
100
|
1,843
|
1,895
|
|
|
Russia
(
details
)
|
3,000
[
citation needed
]
|
4,600
[i]
|
16,586
|
19,338
|
|
|
Rwanda
(
details
)
|
4,000
[140]
|
7,500
|
14,211
|
19,592
|
|
|
Samoa
(
details
)
|
925 (2014)
[141]
[j]
|
3,300
|
4,178
|
|
817 (2018)
|
|
Sao Tome and Principe
(
details
)
|
|
90
|
3,011
|
1,645
[k]
|
|
|
Saudi Arabia
(
details
)
|
|
1,000
|
4,045
|
5,138
|
|
|
Senegal
(
details
)
|
|
3,200
|
16,804
|
23,883
|
|
|
Serbia
(
details
)
|
|
|
|
1,268
|
|
|
Seychelles
(
details
)
|
|
210
|
312
|
|
392 (2005)
|
|
Sierra Leone
(
details
)
|
|
1,150
|
11,385
|
13,765
|
|
|
Singapore
(
details
)
|
|
900
|
5,482
|
7,963
|
|
|
Slovakia
(
details
)
|
200
[
citation needed
]
|
|
667
|
686
|
1,065 (2013)
|
|
Slovenia
(
details
)
|
|
|
297
|
396
|
|
|
Solomon Islands
(
details
)
|
|
800
|
1,903
|
|
|
|
Somalia
(
details
)
|
|
1,000
|
2,110
[l]
|
2,677
|
|
|
South Africa
(
details
)
|
|
23,000
|
255,775
|
238,532
|
2,264 (2000)
|
|
South Sudan
(
details
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Spain
(
details
)
|
|
4,500
|
13,647
|
13,528
|
|
|
Sri Lanka
(
details
)
|
|
9,700
|
15,489
|
15,502
|
|
|
Sudan
(
details
)
|
|
700
|
1,828
|
2,706
|
|
|
Suriname
(
details
)
|
|
5,000
|
6,424
|
3,591
|
|
|
Sweden
(
details
)
|
1,080 (2013)
|
1,900
|
5,048
|
6,814
|
|
|
Switzerland
(
details
)
|
|
3,500
|
3,728
|
3,878
|
|
|
Syria
(
details
)
|
|
100
|
123
|
430
|
|
|
Taiwan
(
details
)
|
|
5,000
|
12,555
|
16,252
|
|
|
Tajikistan
(
details
)
|
|
|
743
|
3,092
|
|
1,000 (2018)
[143]
|
Tanzania
(
details
)
|
35,000
[
citation needed
]
|
60,000
|
140,593
|
190,419
|
|
|
Thailand
(
details
)
|
|
10,000
|
144,243
|
65,096
|
|
|
Togo
(
details
)
|
|
2,800
|
25,395
|
30,423
|
|
|
Tonga
(
details
)
|
|
1,700
|
6,582
|
|
755 (2019)
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago
(
details
)
|
|
8,000
|
15,627
|
15,973
|
|
|
Tunisia
(
details
)
|
|
520
|
1,917
|
2,096
|
|
150 (2001)
[144]
|
Turkey
(
details
)
|
|
5,100
|
19,618
|
21,259
|
|
|
Turkmenistan
(
details
)
|
|
|
964
|
1,090
|
|
|
Tuvalu
(
details
)
|
|
400
|
580
|
|
177 (2007)
|
|
Uganda
(
details
)
|
105,000
[145]
|
330,600
|
66,546
|
95,098
|
|
29,601 (2014)
[146]
|
Ukraine
(
details
)
|
1,000
[
citation needed
]
|
|
252
|
227
|
|
|
United Arab Emirates
(
details
)
|
|
1,400
|
55,214
|
38,364
|
|
|
United Kingdom
(
details
)
|
5,000 (1985)
7,000 (2020)
[148]
|
15,600
[m]
|
30,628
|
47,554
|
|
5,021 (2011)
[149]
|
United States
(
details
)
|
1,500 (1899)
1,200 (1906)
100,000 (1988)
130,000 (1995)
177,647 (2020)
[n]
|
210,000
|
753,423
|
512,864
|
|
28,000 (1991)
84,000 (2001)
100,000 (2006)
|
United States Virgin Islands
(
details
)
|
|
360
|
577
|
|
|
|
Uruguay
(
details
)
|
|
3,800
|
7,356
|
7,385
|
|
|
Uzbekistan
(
details
)
|
1,000
[
citation needed
]
|
|
708
|
800
|
|
|
Vanuatu
(
details
)
|
|
160
|
5,418
|
3,293
|
|
|
Venezuela
(
details
)
|
1,218 (1965)
20,000 (2000)
|
35,000
|
141,072
|
169,811
|
|
|
Vietnam
(
details
)
|
200,000 (<1975)
6,000 (2006)
[155]
|
220,000
|
356,133
|
388,802
|
|
3,000 (2019)
|
Western Sahara
(
details
)
|
|
100
|
121
|
|
|
|
Yemen
(
details
)
|
250
[
citation needed
]
|
480
|
1,000
|
1,328
|
|
|
Zambia
(
details
)
|
4,000 (2017)
[157]
|
16,000
|
162,443
|
241,112
|
3,891 (2015)
|
|
Zimbabwe
(
details
)
|
1,000 (1971)
20,000 (1985)
|
14,500
|
37,077
|
39,893
|
|
35,000 (1995)
[159]
|
Adherents by continent
[
edit
]
The following data comes from
World Christian Encyclopedia
(1st ed., 1982).
Continent
|
1900
|
1970
|
1975
|
1980
|
Africa
|
225
|
695,094
|
847,795
|
1,024,440
|
East Asia
|
0
|
27,307
|
31,620
|
36,230
|
Europe
|
0
|
53,810
|
58,580
|
63,270
|
Latin America
|
0
|
298,350
|
376,070
|
462,100
|
Northern America
|
2,800
|
162,350
|
206,410
|
250,470
|
Oceania
|
0
|
29,355
|
38,640
|
48,115
|
South Asia
|
5,800
|
1,389,160
|
1,639,260
|
1,933,405
|
USSR
|
200
|
4,000
|
4,300
|
4,600
|
World
|
9,025
|
2,659,426
|
3,202,675
|
3,822,630
|
The following data comes from
World Christian Encyclopedia
(2st ed., 2001).
Continent
|
1900
|
1970
|
1990
|
1995
|
2000
|
Africa
|
225
|
698,094
|
1,383,320
|
1,546,330
|
1,732,816
|
Asia
|
5,900
|
1,411,530
|
2,811,995
|
3,034,140
|
3,475,167
|
Europe
|
210
|
56,810
|
106,635
|
120,275
|
129,706
|
Latin America
|
0
|
299,350
|
357,845
|
763,205
|
872,757
|
Northern America
|
2,800
|
162,350
|
628,675
|
712,335
|
785,587
|
Oceania
|
400
|
29,215
|
83,217
|
97,595
|
110,387
|
World
|
9,535
|
2,657,349
|
5,671,687
|
6,273,880
|
7,106,420
|
In "The Baha'i Faith 1957?1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments" (
Religion
: 1989), Baha?i authors Momen and Smith provide the following estimates of the Baha?is in the world over 3 decades, broken out by cultural areas. They derived numbers from, "calculation of approximate numbers from the number of Baha'i organizations; extrapolating back from the official figures for the number of individual Baha'is provided more recently; estimates provided by informed Baha'is; and when the first draft of this paper was completed, a copy was sent to the Department of Statistics in Haifa and the present table incorporates some of the statistical information given in the reply to this, dated 8 July 1988."
Cultural area
|
1954
|
1968
|
1988
|
Middle East and North Africa
|
200,000
|
250,000
|
300,000
|
North America, Europe & Anglo-Pacific
|
10,000
|
30,000
|
200,000
|
South Asia
|
1,000
|
300,000
|
1,900,000
|
South-east Asia
|
2,000
|
200,000
|
300,000
|
East Asia
|
|
10,000
|
20,000
|
Latin America & the Caribbean
|
|
100,000
|
700,000
|
Africa (sub-Saharan)
|
|
200,000
|
1,000,000
|
Oceania (excluding Anglo-Pacific)
|
|
5,000
|
70,000
|
World
|
213,000
|
1,095,000
|
4,490,000
|
Other statistics from Baha?i sources
[
edit
]
|
1928
|
1949
|
1968
|
± 1986
|
2001
|
2006
|
National Spiritual Assemblies
|
7
|
11
|
81
|
165
|
|
179
|
Local Spiritual Assemblies
|
102
|
595
|
6,840
|
18,232
|
11,740
|
|
Countries where the Baha?i Faith is established:
independent countries
|
36
|
92
|
|
187
|
|
191
|
Localities where Baha?is reside
|
573
|
2315
|
31,572
|
>116,000
|
127,381
|
|
Indigenous tribes, races,
and ethnic groups
|
|
|
1,179
|
>2,100
|
|
2,112
|
Languages into which Baha?i literature is translated
|
|
|
417
|
|
|
800
|
Baha?i Publishing Trusts
|
|
|
9
|
26
|
33
|
|
Further data on National Spiritual Assemblies
[
edit
]
Year
|
Number of NSAs
[165]
[166]
[167]
|
1923
|
3
|
1936
|
10
|
1953
|
12
|
1963
|
56
|
1973
|
113
|
1979
|
125
|
1988
|
148
|
2001
|
182
|
2008
|
184
|
See also
[
edit
]
- ^
In 2012 the
Pew Research Center
published a report on the Global Religious Landscape. Baha?is were grouped into the category "Other Religions" together with Sikhs, Zoroastrians, and various others. The report said, "Because of the lack of data on these faiths in many countries, the Pew Forum has not attempted to estimate the size of individual religions within this category..." It also noted: "Although some faiths in the 'other religions' category have millions of adherents around the world, censuses and surveys in many countries do not measure them specifically. Estimates of the global size of these faiths generally come from other sources, such as the religious groups themselves."
- ^
"Samakh and Al-Hama" are grouped rather than listed as separate locations.
- ^
The ARDA's data is reproduced from the World Christian Database's 2010 estimates.
- ^
Samoa and American Samoa share a single Baha?i National Spiritual Assembly
- ^
The source refers to the country by its old name,
Republic of Upper Volta
.
- ^
Minors under 15 years of age not counted.
- ^
This number is for West Germany, and there is no entry for Baha?is in East Germany.
- ^
Source separately lists 10,000 in the Indian state of
Sikkim
- ^
Data is for the
USSR
- ^
Samoa and American Samoa share a single Baha?i National Spiritual Assembly
- ^
Source gives the number for Guadalupe, which is the main city of the nation of Sao Tome and Principe.
- ^
Source lists 1,838 in Somalia and 272 in
Somaliland
- ^
The source separately identifies 300 on the
Channel Islands
.
- ^
Baha?i numbers are for the continental states, excluding Alaska, Hawai'i, and territories.
Citations
[
edit
]
- ^
"Religion (&) Baha'i Faith".
Britannica Book of the Year
. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 1988. p. 303.
- ^
a
b
"Baha'is by Country"
.
World Religion Database
. Institute on Culture, Religion, and World Affairs. 2020
. Retrieved
21 December
2020
.
(subscription required)
- ^
Populations and Demographic Trends 2011
.
- ^
Dawei, Bei (2011).
Baha'i and Subud Dissent: Developments in the 2000s
. New Religion in a Globalized East: Taiwan, Southeast Asia, the World. Aletheia University, Danshui (Taipei), Taiwan: Center for Studies on New Religions.
- ^
a
b
Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa 2004
.
- ^
Palestine Census ( 1922)
.
- ^
Palestine Census 1931
.
- ^
Evening Standard 1912
.
- ^
Anaconda Standard 1912
.
- ^
"Summary | Data from the ARDA National Profiles, 2005 Update: Religion Indexes, Adherents and Other Data | Data Archive | The Association of Religion Data Archives"
.
www.thearda.com
. Retrieved
2020-11-13
.
- ^
International Religious Freedom Report 2007
- ^
Muccio, Nicholas (2014),
"Lighting Young Lights: The Junior Youth Spiritual Empowerment Program in Samoa"
,
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
- ^
"Botswana"
.
U.S. Department of State
. Retrieved
2020-11-08
.
- ^
"Los inicios de la Fe baha'i en Costa Rica ? Comunidad Baha'i de Costa Rica"
(in Mexican Spanish)
. Retrieved
2020-11-10
.
- ^
"Navidad se vive diferente en hogares ticos no cristianos"
.
La Nacion, Grupo Nacion
(in Spanish). 25 December 2010
. Retrieved
2020-11-10
.
- ^
Farrand 1990
, p. 3.
- ^
"Mitgliederzahlen: Sonstige ? REMID ? Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst e.V."
(in German)
. Retrieved
2020-11-08
.
- ^
a
b
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 2000
.
- ^
"Bibliography"
,
No Jim Crow Church
, University Press of Florida, pp. 287?302, 2015-08-25,
doi
:
10.2307/j.ctvx06zsp.15
, retrieved
2023-09-26
- ^
Sanasarian, Eliz (2000).
Religious Minorities in Iran
. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 53.
- ^
"Learn More - The Baha'i Gardens"
.
www.ganbahai.org.il
. Archived from
the original
on 2020-10-26
. Retrieved
2020-11-01
.
- ^
"The Baha'i Faith"
.
Dig Jamaica
. 12 June 2018.
- ^
"A Discussion with Joy Mboya, Executive Director of the Godown Arts Centre"
.
Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs
. 15 February 2017
. Retrieved
2 December
2020
.
- ^
Matthew Lamers (30 March 2010).
"Small but vibrant: Baha'is in Korea"
.
The Korea Herald
. Archived from
the original
on 2012-04-03
. Retrieved
7 Dec
2023
.
- ^
"Dramatic stories thrill Malawi golden jubilee"
.
Baha?i World News Service
. 9 July 2003.
- ^
"Central Bureau of Statistics"
.
National Planning Commission Secretariat
. 2003.
Archived
from the original on 2011-05-19.
- ^
"2018 Census totals by topic ? national highlights - Stats NZ"
.
stats.govt.nz
. Retrieved
21 December
2020
.
- ^
"Table 1 Members of religious and life stance communities outside the Church of Norway, by religion/life stance. Per 1.1. 2005- 2007. Numbers and per cent"
. 2011-11-15. Archived from
the original
on 2011-11-15
. Retrieved
2020-11-15
.
- ^
Wagner, Ralph D. (ed.).
"Pakistan"
.
Synopsis of References to the Baha?i Faith, in the US State Department's Reports on Human Rights 1991?2000
. Baha?i Academics Resource Library. Archived from
the original
on 2012-03-14
. Retrieved
2009-04-12
.
- ^
Khan, Iftikhar A. (May 28, 2018).
"Number of non-Muslim voters in Pakistan shows rise of over 30pc"
.
DAWN.COM
.
- ^
Das, Shobha (2013-04-10).
"A Pakistani Baha'i's story"
.
Minority Rights Group
. Retrieved
2020-12-13
.
- ^
International Religious Freedom Report, 2006
- ^
"Rwanda: Bahai Boasts 4,000 Followers"
.
All Africa
.
- ^
Muccio, Nicholas (2014),
"Lighting Young Lights: The Junior Youth Spiritual Empowerment Program in Samoa"
,
Independent Study Project Collection
- ^
"Tajik Bahais Keep Quiet About Their Faith"
.
iwpr.net
. Retrieved
2021-03-05
.
- ^
International Religious Freedom Report, 2001
- ^
"Philip Hainsworth"
.
Telegraph Media Group Limited
. 2001-12-20
. Retrieved
October 12,
2020
.
- ^
"National Population and Housing Census 2014"
(PDF)
.
Uganda Bureau of Statistics
. 2016
. Retrieved
October 11,
2020
.
- ^
UK Baha'i website
- ^
"Census 2011 data on religion reveals Jedi Knights are in decline"
.
The Guardian
. 2012-12-11
. Retrieved
2020-10-12
.
- ^
International Religious Freedom Report 2006
- ^
"Baha'i Faith in Zambia ? The Baha'i Community of Zambia"
. 2018-05-30. Archived from
the original
on 2018-05-30
. Retrieved
2020-10-13
.
- ^
"Other religions: Baha'i Faith"
.
Religion in Zimbabwe
.
- ^
Hassall, Graham.
"Notes on Research on National Spiritual Assemblies"
.
Research notes
. Asia Pacific Baha?i Studies
. Retrieved
2008-12-21
.
- ^
Baha'i World Statistics 2001
by Baha'i World Center Department of Statistics, 2001-08
- ^
The Life of Shoghi Effendi
by Helen Danesh, John Danesh and Amelia Danesh, Studying the Writings of Shoghi Effendi, edited by M. Bergsmo (Oxford: George Ronald, 1991)
References
[
edit
]
Books
[
edit
]
- An?i?, Branko (May 2014).
"Baha'i Religion as a New Religious Movement?"
. In Ott, Michael R. (ed.).
The Dialectics of the Religious and the Secular
. Brill. pp. 168?180.
- Bigelow, Kit (2006).
The Plight of Religious Minorities: Can Religious Pluralism Survive?
. Pennsylvania State University: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 89.
ISBN
9780160772580
.
- Bowker, John W., ed. (1997).
The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
.
Oxford University Press
.
ISBN
978-0-19-213965-8
.
- Boyett, Jason (2016).
12 Major World Religions
. Berkeley, CA: Zephyros Press. pp. 217?31.
ISBN
978-1-62315-692-3
.
- MacEoin, Denis
(2000). "Baha'i Faith". In Hinnells, John R. (ed.).
The New Penguin Handbook of Living Religions: Second Edition
.
Penguin
.
ISBN
978-0-14-051480-3
.
- Miller, Timothy (2006). "New Religious Movements in American History". In Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (eds.).
History and Controversies
. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Vol. 1. Westport, Connecticut ? London:
Greenwood Press
.
ISBN
978-0275987121
.
- Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael, eds. (2006). "The Baha?is of the United States".
Asian Traditions
. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Vol. 4. Westport, Connecticut ? London:
Greenwood Press
.
ISBN
978-0275987121
.
- Garlington, William (2008).
The Baha'i Faith in America
(Paperback ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
ISBN
978-0-7425-6234-9
.
- Grim, Brian; Johnson, Todd; Skirbekk, Vegard; Zurlo, Gina, eds. (2016).
Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2016
. Vol. 3. Brill. pp. 17?25.
doi
:
10.1163/9789004322141
.
ISBN
9789004322141
.
- Hartz, Paula (2009).
World Religions: Baha'i Faith
(3rd ed.). New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers.
ISBN
978-1-60413-104-8
.
- Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J. (2013).
"Global Religious Populations, 1910?2010"
(PDF)
.
The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography
. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 59?62.
doi
:
10.1002/9781118555767.ch1
.
ISBN
9781118555767
.
- Momen, Moojan
(1981).
The Babi and Baha'i Religions 1844-1944: Some Contemporary Western Accounts
. Oxford: George Ronald.
ISBN
0-85398-102-7
.
- Momen, Moojan
(2008).
The Baha'i Faith
. Beginner's Guide. Oxford:
Oneworld Publications
.
ISBN
978-1-85168-563-9
.
- Oliver, Paul (28 September 2001).
World Faiths
(1st ed.). Teach Yourself Books. p. 78.
ISBN
978-0340790601
.
- O'Brien, Joanne; Palmer, Martin (2005).
Religions Of The World
. Facts on File.
ISBN
978-0-8160-6258-4
.
- Roof, Wade Clark (1993).
A Generation of Seekers: Spiritual Journeys of the Baby Boom Generation
.
HarperCollins
.
ISBN
978-0-06-066964-5
.
- Smith, Jonathan Z. (1995).
The Harpercollins Dictionary of Religion
.
HarperCollins
.
ISBN
978-0-06-067515-8
.
- Smith, Peter
(2022). "Ch. 41: The History of the Babi and Baha'i Faiths". In
Stockman, Robert H.
(ed.).
The World of the Baha'i Faith
. Oxfordshire, UK:
Routledge
. pp. 501?512.
ISBN
978-1-138-36772-2
.
- Smith, Peter
(2022). "Ch. 50: Southeast Asia". In
Stockman, Robert H.
(ed.).
The World of the Baha'i Faith
. Oxfordshire, UK:
Routledge
. pp. 614?621.
ISBN
978-1-138-36772-2
.
- Effendi, Shoghi
(1971).
Letters from The Guardian to Australia and New Zealand
(reprint ed.). Australia: Baha?i Publishing Trust. ISBN.
|
- Jones, Dale E. (2002).
Religious Congregations and Membership in the United States, 2000
. Nashville, Tenn: Glenmary Research Center.
- Gaustadd, Edwin Scott; Barlow, Philip L. (2001).
New Historical Atlas of Religion in America
. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
- Hornby, Helen, ed. (1983).
Lights of Guidance: A Baha?i Reference File
. New Delhi, India: Baha?i Publishing Trust.
ISBN
978-81-85091-46-4
.
- Momen, Moojan
(2004). Smith, Peter (ed.).
Baha?is in the West
. Kalimat Press.
ISBN
978-1-890688-11-0
.
- Warburg, Margit (2006).
Citizens of the world: a history and sociology of the Baha?is from a globalisation perspective
. Leiden: Brill.
ISBN
978-90-474-0746-1
.
OCLC
234309958
.
- Warburg, Margit (2015). "The Baha'is of the North".
Handbook of Nordic New Religions
. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 11. Leiden: Brill.
ISBN
978-90-04-29244-4
.
Encyclopedias
[
edit
]
- van den Hoonaard, Will (1993-11-08).
"Netherlands: History of the Baha'i Faith"
.
The Baha'i Encyclopedia: draft
. Baha'i Library Online
. Retrieved
2022-06-17
.
- "Baha'i".
Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa
. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. 2004-06-01.
ISBN
978-0028657691
.
- Barrett, David B., ed. (1982). "Global Adherents of all religions".
World Christian Encyclopedia
: A comparative survey of churches and religions in the modern world
(1st ed.). Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
- Barrett, David B.; Kurian, George T.; Johnson, Todd M. (2001). "Countries".
World Christian Encyclopedia
: A comparative survey of churches and religions in the modern world
(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
- "Religion: Year In Review 2000"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2000.
- "Religion: Year In Review 2010"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010.
- Melton
; Baumann, eds. (2010). "Baha'i".
Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices
. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.).
ABC-Clio
.
ISBN
978-1598842036
.
- Momen, Moojan
(2011). "Baha'i". In Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (eds.).
Encyclopedia of Global Religion
. SAGE Publications.
doi
:
10.4135/9781412997898.n61
.
ISBN
978-0-7619-2729-7
.
- Smith, Peter (2000).
A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith
. Oneworld Publications.
ISBN
978-1-85168-184-6
. Retrieved
23 March
2021
.
- Jones, Lindsay, ed. (2005).
"Baha'i"
.
Encyclopedia of Religion
. Vol. 2 (Second ed.). MacMillan Reference Books.
ISBN
978-0-02-865733-2
.
- "World Book"
.
World Book Encyclopedia
.
World Book Inc
. 2003.
ISBN
978-0-7166-0103-6
.
- Mattar, Philip
, ed. (2004).
Encyclopedia of Modern Middle East & North Africa
. Thomson/Gale.
ISBN
978-0-02-865769-1
.
- "Baha'i".
Academic American Encyclopedia
. Grolier Academic Reference. 1998.
ISBN
978-0-7172-2068-7
.
- Chernow, Barbara A.; Vallasi, George A. (1993). "Baha'i".
The Columbia Encyclopedia
. Houghton Mifflin.
ISBN
978-0-395-62438-8
.
Journals
[
edit
]
- Cole, Juan
(1998).
"The Baha'i Faith in America as Panopticon, 1963-1997"
.
The Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
.
37
(2): 234?248.
doi
:
10.2307/1387523
.
JSTOR
1387523
.
- Demmrich, Sarah (2020-01-06).
"How to measure Baha'i Religiosity"
.
Religions
.
11
(1:29).
doi
:
10.3390/rel11010029
.
- Hsu, Becky; Reynolds, Amy; Hackett, Conrad; Gibbon, James (2008-07-09).
"Estimating the Religious Composition of All Nations"
(PDF)
.
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
.
47
(4): 678?693.
doi
:
10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00435.x
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2010-03-26.
- Smith, Peter
(1984). "A note on Babi and Baha'i numbers in Iran".
Iranian Studies
.
17
(2?3): 295?301.
doi
:
10.1080/00210868408701633
.
- Smith, Peter
;
Momen, Moojan
(1989).
"The Baha'i Faith 1957?1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments"
.
Religion
.
19
: 63?91.
doi
:
10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8
.
- Grim, Brian J (2012).
"Rising restrictions on religion"
(PDF)
.
International Journal of Religious Freedom
.
5
(1): 17?33.
ISSN
2070-5484
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on April 11, 2017
. Retrieved
2017-07-06
.
- Smith, Peter
(26 November 2014). "The Baha'i Faith: Distribution Statistics, 1925?1949".
Journal of Religious History
.
39
(3): 352?369.
doi
:
10.1111/1467-9809.12207
.
ISSN
1467-9809
.
- Warf, Barney; Vincent, Peter (August 2007). "Religious diversity across the globe: a geographic exploration".
Social & Cultural Geography
.
8
(4): 597?613.
doi
:
10.1080/14649360701529857
.
ISSN
1470-1197
.
S2CID
144530568
.
- Alexandre Avdeev; Tatiana Eremenko; Patrick Festy; Joelle Gaymu; Nathalie le Bouteillec; Sabine Springer (2011).
"Populations and Demographic Trends of European Countries, 1980-2010"
(PDF)
.
Population-E
.
66
(1): 15?17
. Retrieved
2017-07-05
.
News reports
[
edit
]
- Baha?i World News Service (1992).
"How many Baha?is are there?"
.
The Baha?is
. Baha?i International Community. p. 14. Archived from
the original
on 17 July 2015.
- Baha?i World News Service (2020).
"Statistics"
. Baha?i International Community
. Retrieved
2020-12-23
.
- "?Abdu'l-Baha ?Abbas Comes to Lecture on Baha?i Religion"
.
The Evening Standard
. Salt Lake, UT. 30 September 1912
. Retrieved
2017-07-05
.
- Ghauri, Irfan (2012-09-01).
"Over 35,000 Buddhists, Baha'is call Pakistan home"
.
The Express Tribune
. Karachi, Pakistan.
- "People Worth While"
.
Houston Texas Chronicle
. Houston, TX: National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of the United States. 24 April 1912
. Retrieved
2017-07-06
.
- "Gossip of the Metropolis"
.
The Anaconda Standard
. Montclair, NJ: National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of the United States. 16 June 1912
. Retrieved
2017-07-06
.
- Greeley-Smith, Nicola
(12 April 1912).
"?Abdu'l-Baha ?Abbas, Head of New Religion, Believes in Woman Suffrage and Divorce"
.
The Evening World
. New York: National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of the United States
. Retrieved
2017-07-06
.
- "Persian Prophet In London"
.
Boston Evening Transcript
. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of the United States. 9 September 1911
. Retrieved
September 22,
2016
.
- "The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions"
.
Foreign Policy
.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
. May 2007
. Retrieved
2017-03-07
.
- A.V. (20 April 2017).
"The Economist explains: The Bahai faith"
.
The Economist
. Retrieved
3 July
2017
.
- "A bit more religious freedom"
.
The Economist
. 2008-02-14
. Retrieved
2021-01-24
.
- Hinton, Sean (2020-08-28).
"Baha'i Blogcast with Rainn Wilson ? Ep 53: Sean Hinton (part 1) ? The Story of Becoming the Knight of Baha'u'llah for Mongolia"
(Interview). Interviewed by
Rainn Wilson
. Baha’i Blog
. Retrieved
2020-12-23
.
- McClure, Hal (15 May 1965).
"Baha'i: a new belief in an old land"
.
Tampa Bay Times
. St. Petersburg, Florida. p. 41
. Retrieved
Aug 19,
2022
.
- Rabbani, Ahang (July 1987).
"Achievements of the Seven Year Plan"
.
Baha?i News
. No. 676. Department of Statistics at the Baha?i World Centre. Baha?i World Center, Haifa: Baha?i International Community. pp. 2?7
. Retrieved
Aug 19,
2022
.
- "Commons sees first debate on Iran persecutions"
(PDF)
.
Baha'i News
. No. 647. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of the United States. February 1985. p. 8
. Retrieved
2020-12-21
.
- "Zimbabwe"
(PDF)
.
Baha?i News No. 653
. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of the United States. August 1985
. Retrieved
2020-12-21
.
- "The story of Van Kee Leong, Malaysia's first Baha'i"
(PDF)
.
Baha'i News
. No. 668. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of the United States. November 1986. p. 3
. Retrieved
2020-12-21
.
- "The Faith in India: Chronicle of growth"
(PDF)
.
Baha'i News
. No. 671. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of the United States. February 1987. pp. 6?15
. Retrieved
2020-12-21
.
- "Government fines, imprisons 48 Baha?is"
(PDF)
.
Baha'i News
. No. 676. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of the United States. July 1987. p. 1
. Retrieved
2020-12-21
.
- "
'Grave concern' over rights in Iran"
(PDF)
.
Baha'i News
. No. 682. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of the United States. January 1988. p. 1
. Retrieved
2020-12-21
.
- "FUNDESIB aids development work"
(PDF)
.
Baha'i News
. No. 685. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of the United States. April 1988. pp. 10?11
. Retrieved
2020-12-21
.
- "Congress again decries persecutions"
(PDF)
.
Baha'i News
. No. 688. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of the United States. July 1988. pp. 1?2
. Retrieved
2020-12-21
.
- Farrand, Quentin (February 1990).
"Amid the chaos, a celebration"
(PDF)
.
Baha'i News
. No. 706. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of the United States. pp. 1?3
. Retrieved
2020-12-21
.
- "On cutting edge of 'entry by troops'
"
(PDF)
.
Baha'i News
. No. 707. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of the United States. May 1990. p. 8
. Retrieved
2020-12-21
.
- "Eastern Europe"
(PDF)
.
Baha'i News
. No. 714. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of the United States. October 1990. p. 13
. Retrieved
2020-12-21
.
Other sources
[
edit
]
- Marshall, Svetlana (2019-10-13).
"Baha'is in Guyana celebrate the bicentenary of the birth of the Bab"
. Guyana Chronicle.
- National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States (2020).
"Ridvan 2020 Annual Report"
.
- "Census 96: Religion"
. 1998-03-03. Archived from
the original
on 2010-05-05.
- "Religion by Australian States and Territories"
(PDF)
.
A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity
. Australian Police: Multicultural Advisory Bureau. p. 83. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2005-06-19.
- "SBS Census Explorer"
.
SBS Online
. Retrieved
2020-12-24
.
- Census of Population and Housing
, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2020
, retrieved
2020-12-24
- Hampson, Arthur (May 1980).
The growth and spread of the Baha'i Faith
(PhD). Department of Geography, University of Hawaii. pp. 458?459, 472.
OCLC
652914306
. UMI 8022655
. Retrieved
Jul 24,
2022
.
- Stockman, Robert (November 1998).
"Baha?i membership statistics"
.
Bahai-library.com
. Retrieved
Feb 12,
2016
.
- Baha?i World Centre Department of Statistics (August 2001).
"Baha?i World Statistics August 2001 CE"
. Baha'i Library Online
. Retrieved
2013-04-14
.
- "World: People: Religions"
.
CIA World Factbook
.
Central Intelligence Agency
. 2007.
ISSN
1553-8133
. Retrieved
2009-09-06
.
- "Most Baha'i Nations (2010)"
.
QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >
. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Archived from
the original
on April 27, 2022
. Retrieved
Feb 12,
2015
.
- "Redatam"
.
Census
. Barbados Statistical Service. 2010.
Archived
from the original on 4 October 2010
. Retrieved
April 23,
2017
.
- "Welcome to the Barbados Baha'i Website"
. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is Of Barbados. Archived from
the original
on 14 September 2010
. Retrieved
2010-08-24
.
- "2010 Census of Belize Overview"
. 2011. Archived from
the original
on 2012-05-29
. Retrieved
2017-04-23
.
- "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables"
.
Statistics Canada
. 2011
. Retrieved
April 23,
2017
.
- "Facts and Figures - How many Baha?is are there?"
.
The Baha?i Community Canada
. Retrieved
2017-07-03
.
- "Chapter II, Population Composition, 2002 Census"
(PDF)
. Statistics Bureau. 2002
. Retrieved
April 23,
2017
.
- "Indian Census Returns for Baha'is 1991"
.
h-net.org
. Retrieved
2020-11-04
.
- "C-1 Appendix- Details of Religious Communities Shown Under Other Religious and Persuasions in Main Table C-1, State: India"
.
Census Digital Library
. Census 2001
. Retrieved
November 8,
2020
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: others (
link
)
- "Data on Religion - Religion PCA"
. 2011
. Retrieved
September 17,
2016
.
- "Baha'i Faith in India"
.
Official Website of the Baha?is of India
. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of India. Archived from
the original
on 2014-07-14
. Retrieved
2017-07-03
.
- 2011 Housing and Population Census ? Volume II: Demographic and Fertility Characterisitcs
(PDF)
. Republic of Mauritius: Republic of Mauritius, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. Statistics Mauritius. October 2012. p. 68
. Retrieved
2017-07-05
.
- India: Situation of Baha'is, especially in New Delhi
, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 2000-06-14
, retrieved
2021-03-23
- Kosmin, Barry A.; Keysar, Ariela.
"NSRI 1990 Methodology"
. American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS).
- Kosmin, Barry A.; Mayer, Egon (2001).
American Religious Identification Survey
(Report). The Graduate Center of the City University of New York.
- "World Religions (2005)"
.
QuickLists > The World > Religions
. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Archived from
the original
on 2009-05-01
. Retrieved
2009-07-04
.
- "Quick Facts and Stats"
.
Official website of the Baha?is of the United States
. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of the United States. June 11, 2014. Archived from
the original
on June 11, 2014
. Retrieved
April 24,
2017
.
- "The Global Religious Landscape"
. December 2012.
- National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha?is of South Africa (18 November 1999).
"Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
(PDF)
.
Baha?i International Community
. Retrieved
2017-07-05
.
- UN Statistics Division (2020-08-19).
"Population by religion, sex and urban/rural residence"
.
UNData
. Retrieved
2020-12-11
.
- USDoS (2019).
"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom"
.
US Department of State
. Retrieved
2020-12-11
.
- Universal House of Justice (1985).
"The Promise of World Peace"
. Retrieved
2021-03-20
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
|
---|
Americas
| | |
---|
Asia-Pacific
| |
---|
Europe
| |
---|
Middle East
| |
---|
Central Asia
| |
---|
Africa
| |
---|
|
---|
Central figures
| | |
---|
Basics (
outline
)
| |
---|
Key scripture
| |
---|
Institutions
| |
---|
History
| |
---|
People
| |
---|
Places
| |
---|
Other topics
| |
---|
|