Subfamily of viruses
Autographiviridae
is a family of
viruses
in the order
Caudovirales
. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are 373 species in this family, assigned to 9 subfamilies and 133 genera.
[1]
[2]
History
[
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]
Since the 1990s, the term "T7 supergroup" has been coined for the expanding group of
bacteriophages
related to
coliphage T7
, as members of the family
Podoviridae
.
Enterobacteriaceae
phages SP6 and K1-5 were the first to be considered as an estranged subgroup of the "T7 supergroup".
[3]
Pseudomonas
phage phiKMV also shared commonalities at the genome organizational level. As such, based on the available morphological and proteomic data, this clade of viruses was established as a subfamily of the family
Podoviridae
. The subfamily was later raised to the level of family in 2019.
[4]
Applications
[
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]
Therapeutic Antibiotic Use
[
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]
Some experiments suggest that
Autographiviridae
bacteriophages show promise in regulating and stifling the growth of infectious bacteria, like
Klebsiella pneumoniae
, in humans.
[5]
Infectious bacteria like
K. pneumoniae
have increasingly become more resistant to traditional antibiotics. Some bacteria are even resistant to multiple antibiotics and antibacterial drugs.
[6]
This problem prompted researchers to look towards other possible regulators of bacterial growth, like
Autographiviridae
bacteriophages.
[5]
This type of treatment is referred to as
phage therapy
. Phage therapy is effective against drug-resistant bacteria because bacteriophages are naturally inclined to infect and kill specific bacteria.
[7]
For the past two decades, studying phage therapy has grown in popularity with major research centers opening up in the United States, Poland, Georgia, and Belgium. In turn, many biotechnology companies have shifted their focus to phage therapy, with some like
Armata Pharmaceuticals
completely dedicating themselves to combating the problem of antibiotic resistance.
[8]
Autographiviridae
has also been used in combination with existing antibiotics to effective results. A recent study showed that
Autographiviridae
combined with antibiotic medication
Tigecycline
can effectively combat skin and soft tissue infections associated with
Acinetobacter baumannii
, a bacterium that previously showed resistance to multiple drugs.
[9]
However, phage therapy does pose some potential drawbacks. Antibiotics work by targeting a key part bacterial structure or by impeding a bacterial metabolic function. Because many bacteria have similar metabolic processes and physical structures, an antibiotic could be effective against many different bacteria. Phages on the other hand are much more specific to a single bacteria. This means that scientists would have to put in more work to perfect a phage therapy that only works against one bacteria. Also, some clinical studies involving phage therapy have resulted in low to moderate efficacy rates and in a huge variation of results for different patients.
[10]
Autographiviridae
and other lytic phages lyse host bacteria through a process that begins with
adsorption
.
[11]
Once
Autographiviridae
is adsorbed on the cell surface of the host bacteria, the enzyme located in its tail structure can penetrate the host bacteria’s peptidoglycan layer and inner membrane, where it releases genetic material into the interior of the bacteria. When the phage genetic material is integrated with the bacterial host genes, it will replicate to form a new progeny phage with bacteriolytic ability. The infected bacteria are finally lysed and the progeny phages released post-lysis continue to proliferate and lyse surrounding host bacteria.
[12]
Autographiviridae in Phage Cocktail Formulation
[
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]
“Phage cocktails” are a form of phage therapy that involves employing at least two phages to target a single bacterial strain,
[13]
creating a form of therapy with greater ‘depth.’ Phage cocktails are an effective substitute for antibiotics as they create a broader host range and delay the development of phage resistance in bacteria.
[14]
Phage cocktails are most commonly used to combat infections caused by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Klebsiella pneumoniae
, and
Escherichia coli
.
[15]
Clinical practices have employed phage cocktails to prevent bacterial biofilm formation, which is one of the greatest challenges in the healthcare industry. A recent study showed that formulated phage cocktails that included
Autographiviridae
under the now-abolished family classification Podoviridae, effectively reduced the growth of
Klebsiella pneumoniae.
[13]
[11]
Etymology
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]
The name of this family, termed
Autographiviridae
, refers to the “auto-graphein” or “self-transcribing”
phages
which encode their own (single subunit)
RNA
polymerase
, a common characteristic among its members.
[
citation needed
]
Structure
[
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]
Viruses in Autographiviridae are non-enveloped, with
icosahedral
and Head-tail geometries, and
T=7 symmetry
. The diameter is around 60 nm. Genomes are linear, around 40-42kb in length.
[1]
Life cycle
[
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]
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. DNA templated transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and
holin
/
endolysin
/
spanin
proteins. Bacteria serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are passive diffusion.
[1]
Basis for taxonomy
[
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]
The former family of
Podoviridae
, which contained many of the viruses that are now classified under
Autographiviridae
, was defined based on morphology and the presence of short noncontractile tails.
[16]
The
Podoviridae
family, along with
Myoviridae
and
Siphoviridae
families, were abolished for being
polyphyletic
, meaning that viruses under a single family derived from more than one common ancestor and are thus not suitable for placing in the same taxa. However, these terms (
Podoviridae
,
Myoviridae
, and
Siphoviridae
) are still used to refer to the distinct morphological features of certain bacteriophages.
[17]
Taxonomy
[
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]
The following subfamilies are recognized:
[2]
The following genera are unassigned to a subfamily:
[2]
References
[
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]
- ^
a
b
c
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External links
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]