Aus Italien
(
From Italy
), Op. 16, is a
tone poem
or
program symphony
for orchestra by
Richard Strauss
, described by the composer as a "symphonic fantasy". It was completed in 1886 when he was 22 years old. It was inspired by the composer's visit to Italy (encouraged by
Johannes Brahms
) in the summer of the same year, where he travelled to Rome, Bologna, Naples, Sorrento, Salerno, and Capri. He began to sketch the work while still on the journey.
The full score of the work, Strauss's first tone poem, was completed in Munich on September 12, 1886. The work is named by the composer as "Symphonic Fantasy", and is dedicated to his mentor
Hans von Bulow
. It is the only work by Richard Strauss for which he himself wrote a specific program. The entire work takes over forty minutes to perform.
Strauss incorporated the tune of "
Funiculi, Funicula
" into the symphony's fourth
movement
, "Neapolitan Folk Life", thinking it was a traditional Italian folk song, when it was in fact a piece written by
Luigi Denza
in 1880. Denza filed a lawsuit against Strauss and eventually won.
Premieres
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]
The first performance of the work took place in Munich on March 2, 1887, by the
Court Orchestra
, which was conducted by the composer himself. As Richard Strauss's sister Johanna later recalled, the first three movements were received with applause, but the last movement was not well-approved and derisory whistles came from various quarters.
Norman Del Mar
's biography of the composer tells a different story: the first three movements were not well received, and the final was accorded booing and applause. Strauss himself found the work itself as new and revolutionary, and he was satisfied despite the critical responses for the premiere.
The first performance in the United States was given on March 8, 1888, with the
Theodore Thomas
Orchestra (Theodore Thomas conducting) at the
Academy of Music in Philadelphia
.
Structure
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]
Aus Italien
is more similar in form to a conventional
symphony
than Strauss's other tone poems in that it follows the traditional four-movement symphonic structure. However, the
pictorially descriptive
quality of the music sets it apart from a conventional symphony, which is
absolute music
.
- Auf der Campagna
(On the Roman Campagna)
- In Roms Ruinen
(In the Ruins of Rome)
- Am Strande von Sorrent
(At the Beach at Sorrento)
- Neapolitanisches Volksleben
(Neapolitan Folk Life)
Instrumentation
[
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]
Aus Italien
is scored for the following orchestra:
- Woodwind
:
piccolo
, 2
flutes
, 2
oboes
(2nd doubling
English horn
), 2
clarinets
in
B-flat
, 2
bassoons
,
contrabassoon
- Brass
: 4
horns
in F, 2
trumpets
in C, 3
trombones
- Percussion
:
timpani
,
snare drum
,
tambourine
,
cymbals
,
triangle
- Strings
:
harp
,
violins
i, ii,
violas
,
cellos
,
double basses
Discography
[
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]
Performances of the full score only
There is also a recording of the two piano version, with the duo pianists Begonia Uriarte-Mrongovius and Karl-Hermann Mrongovius recorded in 1985.
References
[
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]
- Del Mar, Norman
.
Richard Strauss, A Critical Commentary on His Life and Works
, vol. 1. London, 1962.
External links
[
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]
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