An earthquake, measuring 6.2 ± 0.016
[3]
on the
moment magnitude scale
, hit
Central Italy
on 24 August 2016 at 03:36:32
CEST
(01:36
UTC
). Its
epicentre
was close to
Accumoli
, with its
hypocentre
at a depth of 4 ± 1 km,
[1]
approximately 75 km (47 mi) southeast of
Perugia
and 45 km (28 mi) north of
L'Aquila
, in an area near the borders of the
Umbria
,
Lazio
,
Abruzzo
and
Marche
regions. As of 15 November 2016
[update]
, 299 people had been killed.
[5]
Background
[
edit
]
The central
Apennines
is one of the most seismically active areas in Italy. The Apennines mountain belt were formed in the
Miocene
to
Pliocene
as a result of the ongoing
subduction
of the
Adriatic Plate
beneath the
Eurasian Plate
, forming a
fold and thrust belt
. During the
Quaternary
,
thrust tectonics
gave way to
extensional tectonics
, with the development of a zone of
normal faulting
running along the crest of the mountain range. The extension is a result of either subduction rollback or the opening of the
Tyrrhenian Sea
.
[2]
In the Central Apennines the zone of extension is about 30 km wide, closely matching the zone of observed extensional strain as shown by
GPS
measurements. Recent large earthquakes in this area have been caused by movement on SW-
dipping
normal faults.
[8]
This was the largest tremor since 2009,
[9]
when an
earthquake
near
L'Aquila
in the Abruzzo region killed over 300 people and displaced about 65,000.
Earthquake
[
edit
]
The earthquake was initially reported by
INGV
to have occurred at a depth of approximately 5 km (3.1 mi), with a
magnitude
of 6.0
and epicentre in the
comune
of
Accumoli
.
[1]
The
USGS
first reported an earthquake at a depth of 10.0 km (6.2 mi) with a magnitude of 6.4 M
w
and epicentre southeast of
Norcia
,
[2]
[10]
but subsequently revised the magnitude to 6.2 M
w
. The first seismic wave was recorded at 3:36 a.m.
[11]
The
European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre
put the magnitude at 6.1.
[12]
[13]
The discrepancies between the different estimates of the magnitude led INGV to explain in a blog post that they use a crustal velocity model specifically calibrated for Italy and give more weight to the seismometric stations situated close to the epicentre. Using global models, INGV further stated that it can reproduce the values reported by foreign agencies.
As of 30 August 2016
[update]
, the initial earthquake was followed by at least 2,500
aftershocks
.
[14]
The tremor and a number of aftershocks were felt across the whole of central Italy (from
Rimini
to
Naples
), including
Rome
,
Florence
and
Bologna
.
[15]
The local school was the first place to be repaired and reopened to the public on 15 September 2016.
[
citation needed
]
Number of earthquakes by magnitude
[16]
Date
|
≥6.0
|
5.0?5.9
|
4.0?4.9
|
3.0?3.9
|
2.0?2.9
|
1.0?1.9
|
≤0.9
|
Total
|
24 Aug
|
1
|
1
|
7
|
83
|
214
|
46
|
0
|
352
|
25 Aug
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
8
|
228
|
233
|
1
|
472
|
26 Aug
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
14
|
190
|
178
|
2
|
385
|
27 Aug
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
9
|
130
|
330
|
6
|
476
|
28 Aug
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
9
|
86
|
351
|
6
|
453
|
29 Aug
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
5
|
71
|
268
|
8
|
352
|
30 Aug
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
69
|
308
|
22
|
403
|
31 Aug
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
9
|
53
|
355
|
22
|
439
|
Earthquakes with a magnitude of 4.0 or higher
Date
|
Local time
(
CEST
)
|
Moment
magnitude
|
Hypocenter
depth
|
Epicenter
|
Municipality
|
Latitude
|
Longitude
|
24 August 2016
|
03:36:32
[17]
|
6.2
|
10 km (6.2 mi)
|
Norcia
|
42.71
|
13.17
|
24 August 2016
|
03:56:02
[18]
|
4.6
|
10 km (6.2 mi)
|
Amatrice
|
42.61
|
13.28
|
24 August 2016
|
04:33:29
[19]
|
5.5
|
10 km (6.2 mi)
|
Norcia
|
42.79
|
13.15
|
24 August 2016
|
04:59:35
[20]
|
4.3
|
9 km (5.6 mi)
|
Norcia
|
42.80
|
13.14
|
24 August 2016
|
05:40:11
[21]
|
4.3
|
10.7 km (6.6 mi)
|
Amatrice
|
42.62
|
13.25
|
24 August 2016
|
06:06:53
[22]
|
4.4
|
10 km (6.2 mi)
|
Cascia
|
42.75
|
13.03
|
24 August 2016
|
13:50:31
[23]
|
4.9
|
10 km (6.2 mi)
|
Visso
|
42.87
|
13.11
|
24 August 2016
|
13:50:57
[24]
|
4.1
|
8 km (5.0 mi)
|
Arquata del Tronto
|
42.82
|
13.15
|
24 August 2016
|
19:46:09
[25]
|
4.6
|
10 km (6.2 mi)
|
Arquata del Tronto
|
42.72
|
13.19
|
25 August 2016
|
01:22:06
[26]
|
4.1
|
7.3 km (4.5 mi)
|
Maltignano
|
42.67
|
13.14
|
25 August 2016
|
05:17:16
[27]
|
4.7
|
10 km (6.2 mi)
|
Norcia
|
42.78
|
13.18
|
25 August 2016
|
05:36:07
[26]
|
4.3
|
10 km (6.2 mi)
|
Maltignano
|
42.65
|
13.16
|
26 August 2016
|
06:28:27
[28]
|
4.7
|
10 km (6.2 mi)
|
Amatrice
|
42.66
|
13.25
|
27 August 2016
|
04:50:59
[29]
|
4.2
|
12.2 km (7.6 mi)
|
Norcia
|
42.83
|
13.15
|
28 August 2016
|
15:07:34
[30]
|
4.3
|
11.7 km (7.3 mi)
|
Amatrice
|
42.66
|
13.24
|
28 August 2016
|
17:55:36
[31]
|
4.6
|
5.7 km (3.5 mi)
|
Norcia
|
42.78
|
13.15
|
28 August 2016
|
18:42:02
[23]
|
4.3
|
10 km (6.2 mi)
|
Visso
|
42.86
|
13.03
|
Casualties and rescue work
[
edit
]
Nationalities of victims
Nationality
|
Dead
|
Injured
|
Italy
[32]
|
280
|
376
|
Romania
[33]
[34]
|
11
|
6
|
United Kingdom
[35]
|
3
|
2
|
Albania
[36]
|
1
|
7
[37]
|
El Salvador
[32]
[38]
|
1
|
1
|
Canada
[39]
|
1
|
1
|
Afghanistan
[40]
|
1
|
|
Spain
[41]
|
1
|
|
United States
|
-
|
2
|
North Macedonia
|
-
|
1
[37]
|
As of 26 August 2016
[update]
, the official figures of the
Protezione Civile
report that the earthquake caused the death of 297 people: 234 in Amatrice, 11 in Accumoli and 49 in Arquata del Tronto.
[42]
At least 365 injured had to be treated in hospitals, mainly in
Rieti
and
Ascoli Piceno
, while people with less serious injuries were treated on the spot.
[43]
In addition to those rescued with the help of other inhabitants or escaped by themselves, 238 people were pulled alive from the rubble by the timely intervention of the authorities, 215 by the
Vigili del Fuoco
and 23 by the
Soccorso Alpino
.
[44]
[45]
Approximately 2,100 people found shelter at emergency camps.
[42]
Approximately 4,400 people were involved in the search and rescue operations, including 70 teams with rescue dogs. Logistics made use of 12
helicopters
, with nine more on stand-by.
[46]
The earthquake killed 280 Italians, 11 Romanians, and several others. The complete list is seen to the right.
Damage
[
edit
]
Early reports indicated severe damage in the town of
Amatrice
, near the epicentre,
[47]
and in
Accumoli
and
Pescara del Tronto
.
Sergio Pirozzi
, the mayor of
Amatrice
, stated that "Amatrice is not here anymore, half of the town is destroyed."
[48]
[49]
Photos of the destruction depicted a massive pile of rubble in the town's centre with only a few structures still standing on the outskirts.
[50]
It also cost an estimated economic loss between $1 billion to $11 billion.
[51]
Cultural heritage
[
edit
]
In addition to the loss of human life, widespread destruction of
cultural heritage
is also reported.
[52]
[53]
[54]
In Amatrice, the facade and
rose window
of the
Church of Sant'Agostino
were destroyed, and the museum dedicated to the painter
Nicola Filotesio
, student and companion of
Raphael
, collapsed.
[53]
The earthquake also created cracks in the
Baths of Caracalla
in
Rome
.
[52]
The earthquake was so broad that authorities made structural tests on the
Colosseum
as well, which was not damaged.
[54]
The
Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
? a
UNESCO World Heritage site
with frescoes by
Giotto
and
Cimabue
that were partly destroyed by an
earthquake in 1997
? was declared safe after an extensive survey by the head restorer.
[55]
[56]
Robot-assisted disaster response in Amatrice
[
edit
]
3D computer models were used to help damage assessment of the
Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
and the
Church of Sant'Agostino
. The data for building the models was collected by robots deployed by the European project
TRADR
. Two ground robots and one drone were used inside the San Francesco Basilica, one drone was used inside the Sant'Agostino church, and two drones were used on the outside of both churches.
[57]
[58]
Controversies
[
edit
]
After the earthquake in Central Italy, the court of
Rieti
discovered that not all the buildings of those cities were constructed or renovated under the antiseismic law of 1974 in which it explained all the construction techniques of an earthquake resistant building. In fact, a family was killed that night by the rubble of a church that was not renovated under that law.
[59]
Similarly, the Romolo Capranica elementary school in Amatrice partially collapsed, even if in 2013 the town spent 160,000 euros in a
seismic retrofit
operation that improved the building's seismic resistance, but wasn't enough to comply with 2012 earthquake standards in Italy.
[60]
The investigation is ongoing to discover the causes that allowed buildings to become reduced to rubble instead of sustaining damage attributed to buildings following anti-seismic regulations, especially
Amatrice
.
French satirical magazine
Charlie Hebdo
published a cartoon depicting Italian earthquake victims as pasta dishes, causing "shock and outrage."
[61]
In response to the reaction of Italians unleashed on social networks, the cartoonist Coco pointed out with another cartoon on the official Facebook page of the magazine: "Italians ... it's not Charlie Hebdo who builds your houses, it's the Mafia!"
[62]
The French ambassador in Rome, in a statement, pointed out that the French Government's position on the Italian earthquake is not that expressed by
Charlie Hebdo
.
[63]
October 2016 and January 2017 earthquakes
[
edit
]
A magnitude 6.1 intraplate
earthquake
struck Italy 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of
Visso
on 26 October at 9:18 p.m. local time. The earthquake, initially considered an aftershock of the magnitude 6.2 earthquake in August, struck about 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the northwest of the August earthquake.
[64]
The civil protection, however, estimated the consequences less dramatically than feared. According to official data, a man died because he had suffered a heart attack as a result of the quake.
[65]
On 30 October, an earthquake larger than the 24 August shock struck Norcia with a USGS moment magnitude of 6.6.
[66]
A magnitude 5.3 earthquake struck 25 km northwest of
L'Aquila
on 18 January at 10:25 local time at a depth of 9 km.
[67]
A stronger, 5.7 tremor hit the same epicentral area at 11:14 local time.
[68]
A third earthquake of preliminary magnitude of 5.6 struck 11 minutes later.
[69]
At 14:33 local time, the fourth tremor of a magnitude 5.2 was registered.
[70]
These earthquakes were followed by multiple aftershocks.
Earthquakes from August 2016 to January 2017.
Maps
[
edit
]
Aftershock distribution map, 24?25 August.
Red: Main shock, Orange: 4.0?5.9, Blue: 3.0?3.9, Light blue: 0?2.9
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Relazione di dettaglio: Rieti Mw 6.0 del 2016-08-24 01:36:32 UTC"
(PDF)
.
INGV
(in Italian). 24 August 2016
. Retrieved
25 August
2016
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"M6.2 ? 10 km SE of Norcia, Italy"
.
United States Geological Survey
. 24 August 2016
. Retrieved
24 August
2016
.
- ^
a
b
"Origin"
.
USGS Technical
. USGS
. Retrieved
26 August
2016
.
- ^
Paolo Galli; Sergio Castenetto; Edoardo Peronace (2017).
"The Macroseismic Intensity Distribution of the 30 October 2016 Earthquake in Central Italy (Mw 6.6): Seismotectonic Implications"
.
Tectonics
.
36
(10): 2179?2191.
Bibcode
:
2017Tecto..36.2179G
.
doi
:
10.1002/2017TC004583
.
S2CID
134166952
.
- ^
a
b
"Terremoto nell'Italia centrale. E morta una donna ricoverata: le vittime sono 299"
(in Italian).
Rai News24
. 15 November 2016
. Retrieved
15 November
2016
.
- ^
Santalucia, Paolo (26 August 2016).
"Italy Earthquake: Death toll reaches 278 while road damage could see town 'isolated'
"
.
The Independent
. Retrieved
26 November
2016
.
- ^
Terremoto, Curcio: 4500 nelle tende, ma presto via da li. Per le casette 7 mesi
- ^
D'Agostino N.; Mantenuto S.; D'Anastasio E.; Avallone A.; Barchi M.; Collettini C.; Radicioni F.; Stoppini A.; Fastellini G. (2009).
"Contemporary crustal extension in the Umbria?Marche Apennines from regional CGPS networks and comparison between geodetic and seismic deformation"
(PDF)
.
Tectonophysics
.
476
(1?2): 3?12.
Bibcode
:
2009Tectp.476....3D
.
doi
:
10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.033
.
- ^
Breslin, Sean (24 August 2016).
"6.2 Magnitude Earthquake Hits Italy; Residents Trapped, Major Damage Reported"
.
Weather.com
. Retrieved
24 August
2016
.
- ^
Scherer, Steve (24 August 2016).
"Magnitude 6.4 quake hits Italy near Perugia: USGS"
.
Reuters
. Retrieved
24 August
2016
.
- ^
Carosi, Fabio (24 August 2016).
"Terremoto ad Amatrice, una perla d'Italia cancellata nell'ora del diavolo"
(in Italian).
Archived
from the original on 8 May 2020.
- ^
Park, Madison; Karimi, Faith (24 August 2016).
"Earthquake hits central Italy"
. CNN
. Retrieved
24 August
2016
.
- ^
Santalucia, Paola; Winfield, Nicole (24 August 2016).
"6.2-magnitude earthquake rattles Rome, central Italy"
.
The Boston Globe
. Retrieved
24 August
2016
.
- ^
"Terremoto: fino a questo momento piu di 2500 scosse dopo quella principale"
[Earthquake, up to now more than 2500 aftershocks after the main one].
meteoweb.eu
(in Italian)
. Retrieved
31 August
2016
.
- ^
Palazzo, Chiara; Graham, Chris; Squires, Nick (24 August 2016).
"Italy quake: 6.4 magnitude tremor rocks heart of the country"
.
The Telegraph
. United Kingdom
. Retrieved
24 August
2016
.
- ^
"Earthquake list"
. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia.
Data
- ^
"M6.2 ? 10 km SE of Norcia, Italy"
.
- ^
"M4.6 ? 10 km W of Amatrice, Italy"
.
- ^
"M5.5 ? 4 km NE of Norcia, Italy"
.
- ^
"M4.1 ? 2 km NNE of Norcia, Italy"
.
- ^
"M4.3 ? 4 km W of Amatrice, Italy"
.
- ^
"M4.5 ? 4 km NNE of Cascia, Italy"
.
- ^
a
b
"M4.9 ? 5 km SSE of Visso, Italy"
.
- ^
"M4.1 ? 1 km ENE of Amatrice, Italy"
.
- ^
"M4.6 ? 10 km WSW of Arquata del Tronto, Italy"
.
- ^
a
b
"M4.3 ? 10 km ESE of Maltignano, Italy"
.
- ^
"M4.7 ? 7 km E of Norcia, Italy"
.
- ^
"M4.7 ? 5 km NW of Amatrice, Italy"
.
- ^
"M4.2 ? 6 km NE of Norcia, Italy"
.
- ^
"M4.3 ? 5 km NW of Amatrice, Italy"
.
- ^
"M4.6 ? 4 km E of Norcia, Italy"
.
- ^
a
b
"L'elenco delle vittime riconosciute pubblicato dalle prefetture di Rieti e Ascoli Piceno"
.
Corriere della Sera
(in Italian). 26 August 2016
. Retrieved
13 February
2023
.
- ^
anche la Romania piange
- ^
romaniainsider (29 August 2016).
"Eleven Romanians die in Italy earthquake"
.
Romania Insider
. Retrieved
13 February
2023
.
- ^
"Italy earthquake: At least three Britons killed, official says"
.
BBC News
. 25 August 2016
. Retrieved
13 February
2023
.
- ^
"Chi sono le vittime del terremoto in Centro Italia - Panorama"
.
www.panorama.it
(in Italian)
. Retrieved
13 February
2023
.
- ^
a
b
One of the injured had dual Macedonian?Albanian nationality
- ^
Salvadorena muere en terremoto en Italia; su hijo fue rescatado con vida
- ^
Canadian among those killed in Italian earthquake
- ^
"Terremoto, Sayed non ce l'ha fatta Individuato cadavere del rifugiato afgano: il fratello attendeva da giorni"
. 5 September 2016.
- ^
"La espanola fallecida en el terremoto de Italia es una joven de Granada"
. Europa Press. 25 August 2016
. Retrieved
13 February
2023
.
- ^
a
b
"Terremoto Centro Italia: aggiornamento del numero di vittime, feriti e popolazione assistita"
Archived
27 August 2016 at the
Wayback Machine
,
Protezione Civile
, 26 August 2016.
- ^
"Terremoto Centro Italia: aggiornamento del numero di vittime e feriti"
Archived
26 August 2016 at the
Wayback Machine
,
Protezione Civile
, 25 August 2016.
- ^
Piccolillo, Beatrice Montini, Virginia (26 August 2016).
"Terremoto, 281 morti e 388 i feriti Amatrice decimata: 221 le sue vittime 2.500 le persone senza una casa"
.
Corriere della Sera
(in Italian)
. Retrieved
13 February
2023
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
"Terremoto, Alfano: "I Vigili del Fuoco e il sistema della sicurezza hanno garantito un'azione pronta di recupero e di salvataggio di tante persone"
"
.
Ministry of Interior of Italy
. 25 August 2016.
- ^
Terremoto Italia centrale: le forze in campo
Archived
28 August 2016 at the
Wayback Machine
, Protezione Civile, 25 August 2016
- ^
Povoledo, Elisabetta; Mele, Christopher (23 August 2016).
"Large Earthquake Strikes Central Italy"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
28 August
2016
.
- ^
Chrisafis, Angelique (24 August 2016).
"Mayor of Amatrice: 'the town isn't here any more' after strong earthquake"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
24 August
2016
.
- ^
Lorenzi, Rossella (24 August 2016).
"Italy Quake: Famous Village 'Isn't Here Any More'
"
.
Seeker.com
. Retrieved
28 August
2016
.
- ^
"Terremoto ad Amatrice, la distruzione vista dall'alto"
[Earthquake at Amatrice, the destruction seen from above].
Corriere della Sera
(in Italian)
. Retrieved
28 August
2016
.
- ^
"Reinsurers face up to $166m Italy quake loss"
. 1 September 2016.
- ^
a
b
Kennedy, Maev (24 August 2016).
"Art experts fear serious earthquake damage to historic Italian buildings"
.
The Guardian
. United Kingdom.
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
28 August
2016
.
- ^
a
b
Dichiarante, Anna (24 August 2016).
"Terremoto nel centro Italia, i danni al patrimonio artistico"
[Earthquake in Central Italy, the damage to heritage].
La Repubblica
(in Italian)
. Retrieved
25 August
2016
.
- ^
a
b
"Terremoto Centro Italia, chiese e monumenti storici danneggiati. Sopralluogo anche al Colosseo: "Tutto ok"
"
[Earthquake in Central Italy, churches and historical monuments damaged. Inspection also at the Coliseum: "Everything ok"].
Il Fatto Quotidiano
(in Italian). 24 August 2016
. Retrieved
28 August
2016
.
- ^
McGivern, Hannah (24 August 2016).
"Assisi basilica declared safe after fatal earthquake strikes central Italy"
. The Art Newspaper
. Retrieved
27 August
2016
.
- ^
Povoledo, Elisabetta (24 August 2016).
"After Earthquake in Italy, 'Half the Town No Longer Exists'
"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
28 August
2016
.
- ^
Kruijff-Korbayova, Ivana; Freda, Luigi; Gianni, Mario; Ntouskos, Valsamis; Hlavac, Vaclav; Kubelka, Vladimir; Zimmermann, Erik; Surmann, Hartmut; Dulic, Kresimir; Rottner, Wolfgang; Gissi, Emanuele (2016).
Deployment of Ground and Aerial Robots in Earthquake-Struck Amatrice in Italy (brief report). In: Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Safety, Security and Rescue Robotics, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland, October 23?27, 2016
. Lausanne, Switzerland: IEEE. pp. 278?279.
ISBN
978-1-5090-4349-1
.
- ^
"TRADR successfully deployed robot technology for disaster response in Amatrice"
.
TRADR Project
. 1 September 2016
. Retrieved
8 November
2016
.
- ^
"Sisma, nel mirino della procura di Rieti appalti e collaudi: occhi puntati sul campanile killer"
[Earthquake, the court of Rieti is concentrating on construction sites and tests, eyes on the bell tower killer].
tgcom24
(in Italian)
. Retrieved
29 August
2016
.
- ^
"Il crollo della scuola di Amatrice"
[The collapse of the school in Amatrice].
Il Post
(in Italian).
- ^
McAuley, James; Hassan, Jennifer (2 September 2016).
"Charlie Hebdo's latest cartoon depicts Italian earthquake victims as pasta dishes"
.
The Washington Post
. Retrieved
4 September
2016
.
- ^
"The drawing of the day, by coco"
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www.facebook.com
. Charlie Hebdo
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2019
.
- ^
"French embassy disowns Charlie Hebdo cartoons"
.
ANSA
. 2 September 2016
. Retrieved
5 September
2016
.
- ^
"M6.1 - 2km NNW of Visso, Italy"
.
United States Geological Survey
. 26 October 2016
. Retrieved
26 October
2016
.
- ^
"Ein Toter nach schweren Erdbeben in Mittelitalien"
.
www.t-online.de
. Retrieved
27 October
2016
.
- ^
"M6.6 - 6km N of Norcia, Italy"
.
United States Geological Survey
. 30 October 2016
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30 October
2016
.
- ^
"Earthquake, Magnitude 5.3 - CENTRAL ITALY - 2017 January 18, 09:25:40 UTC"
. Retrieved
18 January
2017
.
- ^
"Earthquake, Magnitude 5.7 - CENTRAL ITALY - 2017 January 18, 10:14:10 UTC"
. Retrieved
18 January
2017
.
- ^
"Earthquake, Magnitude 5.6 - CENTRAL ITALY - 2017 January 18, 10:25:25 UTC"
. Retrieved
18 January
2017
.
- ^
"Earthquake, Magnitude 5.2 - CENTRAL ITALY - 2017 January 18, 13:33:37 UTC"
. Retrieved
18 January
2017
.
External links
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