Car model
Motor vehicle
Audi Quattro B2 (85)
[1]
|
---|
|
|
Manufacturer
| Audi AG
|
---|
Also called
| Ur-Quattro
|
---|
Production
| 1980?1991
11,452 produced
|
---|
Assembly
| Ingolstadt
, Germany
|
---|
Designer
| |
---|
|
Class
| Mid-size car
,
rally car
|
---|
Body style
| 2-door
coupe
|
---|
Layout
| longitudinal
front engine
,
all-wheel drive
|
---|
Platform
| Volkswagen B2
|
---|
Related
| Audi 80 (B2)
,
Audi Coupe (B2)
|
---|
|
Engine
| |
---|
Transmission
| 5-speed
manual
|
---|
|
Wheelbase
| 2,524 mm (99.4 in)
|
---|
Length
| 4,404 mm (173.4 in)
|
---|
Width
| 1,722 mm (67.8 in)
|
---|
Height
| 1,346 mm (53.0 in)
|
---|
Kerb weight
| 1,290 kg (2,844 lb) to 1,350 kg (2,976 lb)
|
---|
|
Predecessor
| Audi 100 Coupe S
|
---|
Successor
| Audi S2
|
---|
The
Audi Quattro
is a road and
rally car
, produced by the
German
automobile manufacturer
Audi
, part of the
Volkswagen Group
. It was first shown at the
1980 Geneva Motor Show
on 3 March.
[1]
[3]
Production continued through 1991.
Background
[
edit
]
The word
quattro
is derived from the
Italian
word for "four" to represent the fact that the vehicle delivers power to all four wheels. The name has also been used by Audi to refer to the
quattro
four-wheel-drive system, or any four-wheel-drive version of an Audi model. The original Quattro model is also commonly referred to as the
Ur-Quattro
- the "
Ur-
" (
German
for "primordial", "original", or "first of its kind") is an
augmentative
prefix. The idea of such a car came from the Audi engineer
Jorg Bensinger
.
The Audi Quattro was the first
rally car
to take advantage of the then-recently changed rules that allowed the use of
four-wheel drive
in
competition racing
. It won consecutive competitions for the next two years.
[4]
To commemorate the success of the original vehicle, all subsequent Audi production automobiles with this
four-wheel-drive system
were badged with the trademark
quattro
with a lower case "q" letter.
The Audi Quattro shared many parts and
platform
with the Coupe version of the
Audi 80
(B2).
[4]
The quattro was internally designated
Typ 85
, a production code it shared with the quattro versions of the
Audi Coupe
. Its characteristic flared wheelarches were styled by
Martin Smith
. The Audi Quattro also had independent front and rear suspension.
[5]
[6]
Production history
[
edit
]
The idea for a high-performance four-wheel-drive car was proposed in 1977 by Audi's chassis engineer, Jorg Bensinger, after he found that the
Volkswagen Iltis
military vehicle could outperform other vehicles when tested in the snow. An Audi 80 variant was developed in co-operation with Walter Treser, Director of Pre-Development.
[7]
[8]
European market
[
edit
]
Audi
introduced the original Quattro to
European
customers in late 1980,
[4]
featuring Audi's
quattro
permanent
four-wheel drive
system, and the first to mate the
front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout
with a
turbocharged
engine.
[4]
The original
engine
was the 2,144 cc (2.1 L),
longitudinally-mounted
inline-5-cylinder
10 valve
SOHC
, with a
turbocharger
and
intercooler
. It generated 147 kW (200 PS; 197 hp) and torque of 285 N?m (210 lbf?ft) at 3,500 rpm, propelling the Quattro from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 7.1 seconds, and on to a top speed of over 220 km/h (137 mph).
[4]
The
displacement
of the engine was dropped slightly from 2144 cc to 2133 cc with a
bore
x
stroke
of 79.3 mm × 86.4 mm (3.1 in × 3.4 in) for the Rally car so that Audi could satisfy the 3-litre rallying class with a 1.4 times multiplication factor.
Valvetrain
was
DOHC
4 valves
per
cylinder
(20 valves in total) with an
oil cooled
KKK
K27 turbocharger at 1.03
bars
(14.9
psi
) and Air-to-Air -
Langerer & Reich
intercooler fed by
Bosch
LH-Jetronic
fuel injection
, generating 225 kW (306 PS; 302 hp) at 6,700 rpm and 350 N?m (258 lbf?ft) of torque at 3,700 rpm.
[9]
The engine was eventually modified to a 2,226 cc (136 cu in) inline-5 with 10 valves, still generating 147 kW (200 PS; 197 hp), but with peak torque lower in the rev-range.
[4]
In 1989, it was then changed to a 2,226 cc (136 cu in) inline-five
20-valve
DOHC
setup generating 162 kW (220 PS; 217 hp), now with a top speed of 230 km/h (143 mph).
[4]
The Quattro was partially hand-built on a dedicated line.
[8]
Production totaled 11,452 units from 1980 to 1991,
[4]
[3]
and through this 11 year production there were no major changes in the visual design of the car. For the 1983
model year
, the dashboard did away with an
analogue
instrument cluster now fitted with a green digital
liquid crystal display
(LCD)
electronic instrument cluster
. This was later changed in 1988 to an orange LCD electronic instrument cluster. The interior was redesigned in 1984, and featured a new dashboard layout, new
steering wheel
design, and new centre console design, the switches around the instrument panel were also redesigned. In 1985, the dashboard changed slightly with harder foam and it lost a diagonal stripe, the switches were varied slightly and the diff lock pull knob gave way to a two-position turn knob with volt and oil temp digital readouts.
Exterior styling received little modification during the Quattro's production run. Originally, the car had a flat front
grille
featuring four separate
headlamp
lenses, one for each of the low and high beam units. This was altered for the 1983 model year with combined units featuring a single lens housing twin reflectors. This was changed again, for the 1985 model year, in what has become known as the 'facelift model' and included such alterations as a new sloping front grille, headlights, and trim and badging changes.
[2]
The 20V RR Quattro also featured a new three-spoke steering wheel design, leather trim for door arm rests, gloveboxes, centre console and door pockets. There was also a full length leather-wrapped centre console running all the way to the rear seats and 'quattro' script on the interior with partial leather seats. The floor on the driver's side had a bulge due to dual catalytic exhaust setup. The different models may be distinguished by the emblems on their boot lids: the WR had a vinyl 'quattro' decal or a brushed aluminium effect plastic emblem, the MB had chrome plated 'Audi', 'Audi rings' and 'quattro' emblems, whilst the RR had only chrome plated 'Audi rings'.
The rear suspension was altered early on with geometry changes and removal of the rear anti-roll bar to reduce a tendency for lift-off oversteer. For the 1984 facelift, the wheel size went from 6x15-inch with 205/60-15 tyres to 8x15-inch wheels with 215/50-15
Pirelli Cinturato
P5 tyres. At the same time the suspension was lowered by 20 mm with slightly stiffer springs for improved handling. For 1987, the
Torsen
centre
differential
was used for the first time, replacing the manual centre differential lock.
[4]
The last original Audi Quattro was produced on 17 May 1991, more than two years after the first models of the new
Audi Coupe (8B)
range (based on the 1986 Audi 80) had been introduced.
[10]
North American market
[
edit
]
Sales of the Quattro in
North America
began in the 1983
model year
.
[11]
They entered the
all-wheel-drive
market established by the
AMC Eagle
, the first full-time automatic all-wheel-drive line of passenger cars to reach mass production.
[12]
[13]
The small
Subaru Leone
station wagon offered an optional part-time 4-wheel drive system in the US market starting in 1975.
[14]
The North American Quattro was manufactured concurrently and were of the same design as their
European
1982 model year counterparts (they did not include the minor cosmetic changes of the 1983 European model) and continued through 1986. Total sales in the U.S. totalled 664 units. The Canadian market cars were identical to the U.S. version with exception of the
speedometer
, which was
metric
. Official sales figures for Canada were 99 units, which included 61 sold in 1983, 17 sold in 1984, 18 sold in 1985, and 3 sold in 1986.
The U.S./Canadian cars were equipped with larger impact bumpers with built-in shock absorbers, like the rest of the 4000/Coupe models. They did not have
anti-lock braking system
(ABS), but included
air conditioning
and leather upholstery. Most of the 1984 and 1985 Canadian models came without
sunroofs
. The remainder of the electric,
suspension
, and cosmetic updates took place at the same time as the European cars.
The initial 2.1 L (2,144 cc, engine code "WX") engine for U.S./Canadian models included minor component and
engine control unit
(ECU) changes, lowered
turbocharger
boost pressure, different
camshaft
, as well as emission controls that consisted of a
catalytic converter
and fuel control giving a
stoichiometric
air-fuel ratio
, lowering power output to 160 hp (119 kW; 162 PS). Other mechanical specifications were identical to the European market vehicles. The WX engine was also utilized in Swiss and Japanese market cars. Audi built 200 special edition cars in 1988 with the WX engine and analogue instrument cluster, with everything else identical to the MB model of that year.
Press reviews
[
edit
]
In May 1981,
Autocar
magazine
road tested a left hand drive Quattro (registration number WBD 335W), one of the first magazines to do so since it was introduced. Beginning with a photograph in the magazine of a Quattro cornering hard on
Pendine
beach in South-west Wales, Autocar's Road Test Editor raved about the Quattro's "thrilling performance" being impressed with its traction and acceleration particularly on wet, greasy and slippery surfaces, noting that only the Porsche 911 could match its traction and acceleration in slippery conditions. After extensive driving across the mountain roads of Wales, the Road Test editor mentioned that while the 60/40 front/rear weight distribution can make the Quattro "tricky in extremis" under very hard cornering, the editor wrote that "When driven with respect, once you have learned its ways, the Quattro is nevertheless magnificent, particularly through a wet and deserted roundabout or series of open bends." The road test editor praised the interior's "comfortable refinement" and judged that its 1981 £14,500 price tag "is very good value for money considering its performance and the fact that its BMW, Porsche and Jaguar rivals cost £5000 more." (In summer 1981 both a Jaguar XJS V12 and BMW 6 Series Coupe on sale in the UK cost almost £20,000). Adding the caveat that in 1981 (and until summer 1983) the Quattro was only available in left hand drive in the UK, the Autocar Road Test concluded that the Quattro "is a vastly satisfying and enjoyable car to drive."
Audi quattro Spyder Concept (1991)
[
edit
]
The Audi quattro Spyder was a mid-engine coupe equipped with a 2.8-litre V6 engine taken from the
Audi 100
. The engine was rated at 174 PS (128 kW; 172 hp) and 181 lb?ft (245 N?m) of torque. The car was a rolling test bed for a future mid-engine sports car and featured a 5-speed manual gearbox, a modified version for the quattro four-wheel-drive system, aluminium body panels with a tubular steel space frame, 1,100 kg (2,425 lb) kerb weight and a suspension system with trapezoidal links. All of the unique features depicted in the concept car would find their way in future Audi production vehicles.
The car was production-ready and garnered a lot of acclaim from both the motoring press and prospective buyers but due to the economic downturn of the 1990s, Audi decided not to press ahead with the project as the demand would not outweigh the development costs for the model.
The concept car was unveiled at the
1991 Frankfurt Motor Show
.
[15]
[16]
Audi quattro concept (2010)
[
edit
]
Audi quattro Concept at the 2010 Paris Motor Show
At the
Paris Motor Show
in 2010, Audi presented the
quattro concept
on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the original Audi Quattro and the
Audi quattro four-wheel-drive system
. Based on the
RS5
, it features a modified 2.5 L five-cylinder TFSI engine shared with the
TT
and a 6-speed
manual transmission
from the
S4
. The engine was claimed to generate a maximum power output of 408 PS (300 kW; 402 hp) and 480 N?m (354 lb?ft) of torque. The revolutionary design features depicted on the concept car would eventually make their way on future Audi models.
[17]
The concept utilised
aluminium
and
carbon fibre
construction which helped to achieve a total dry weight of 1,300 kg (2,866 lb). Weight saving was kept in consideration even throughout the interior and the seats also weighed 18 kg (40 lb) each besides having adjustment motors. The dashboard featured an LCD console displaying vital information about the car and buttons arranged in a vertical way on the binnacle harked back to the original Audi Quattro. The wheelbase was shortened by 152 mm (6 in) and the roof line was shortened by 30 mm (1.2 in) as compared to the RS5.
The Quattro four-wheel-drive system used in the concept was a rear-biased design utilising a two-stage differential distributing power front and aft through planetary gears.
The concept utilised carbon-ceramic braking system for improved stopping power. The car had a claimed 0?97 km/h (0?60 mph) acceleration time of 3.8 seconds.
It was reported that Audi was considering a limited production model (200?500 cars) based on the quattro concept. However, the idea of production was scrapped in favour of expanding the company's crossover range.
[18]
[19]
Audi Sport quattro concept (2013)
[
edit
]
The Audi Sport quattro concept was unveiled at the
2013 Frankfurt Motor Show
(IAA) to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the original Audi Sport quattro.
[20]
[21]
The show car features angular flat C-pillars, as well as rectangular double headlights featuring Audi's Matrix LED technology, a spoiler at the lower edge of the rear window, rectangular tail lights, 21-inch wheels, carbon fibre-ceramic brake discs, bucket seats with integrated head restraints, multifunction sport steering wheel, two driving modes (race and setup) in virtual 3D displays, Audi MMI control unit, and air conditioning. The doors and fenders were made of aluminum, while the roof, hood, and the rear hatch were made of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer. The front suspension features five control arms per wheel while the rear has track-controlled trapezoidal link.
Power is from a 4.0 TFSI V8 engine rated at 560 PS (412 kW; 552 hp) and 700 N?m (516 lb?ft), along with a disc-shaped electric motor rated at 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) and 400 N?m (295 lb?ft) (for combined a power output of 700 PS (515 kW; 690 hp) and 800 N?m (590 lb?ft)), mated to an eight-speed tiptronic transmission. A liquid-cooled 14.1 kWh lithium-ion battery is located at the rear, and the range is claimed up to 50 km (31 mi) on electric power alone.
At the
2014 Geneva Motor Show
, Audi presented the new 2014 Audi TT Quattro Sport Concept. It was powered by a 2.0 L four-cylinder TFSI engine generating a maximum power output of 420 PS (309 kW; 414 hp) and 331 N?m (244 lb?ft) of torque. The concept featured Audi's Quattro AWD system and an S Tronic dual-clutch transmission.
[22]
Motorsport
[
edit
]
Quattro - A1 and A2 evolutions
[
edit
]
Motor vehicle
Audi Sport Quattro S1 E2
[23]
[24]
|
---|
Audi Sport Quattro S1 E2 driven during the 2015 FIA World Rallycross Championship
|
|
Manufacturer
| Audi AG
|
---|
Also called
| S1
,
S1 Quattro
"Audi Sport Quattro E2"
|
---|
Production
| 1985?1986
|
---|
Assembly
| Ingolstadt
, Germany
|
---|
|
Class
| Coupe
,
Group B
rally car
|
---|
Body style
| 2-door
coupe
|
---|
Layout
| longitudinal
front-engine
four-wheel-drive
|
---|
Related
| Audi Quattro
|
---|
|
Engine
| 2.1 L (2,110 cc)
turbocharged
I5
|
---|
Transmission
| 6-speed
manual
|
---|
|
Wheelbase
| 2,204 mm (86.8 in)
|
---|
Length
| 4,240 mm (166.9 in)
|
---|
Width
| 1,860 mm (73.2 in)
|
---|
Height
| 1,344 mm (52.9 in)
|
---|
Kerb weight
| 1,200 kg (2,646 lb)
|
---|
|
Predecessor
| Audi Sport Quattro
|
---|
The original Audi Quattro competition car debuted in 1980, first as a development car, and then on a formal basis in the 1980
Janner Rallye
in
Austria
. Largely based on the bodyshell of the road-going Quattro models (in contrast to the forthcoming Group B cars), the engine of the original competition version produced approximately 304 PS (224 kW; 300 hp). In
1981
,
Michele Mouton
became the first female driver to win a world championship rally, piloting an Audi Quattro.
[4]
Over the next three years, Audi would introduce the A1 and A2 evolutions of the Quattro in response to the new
Group B
rules, raising the power output of the
turbocharged
inline 5-cylinder engine
to around 355 PS (261 kW; 350 hp).
The Quattro A1 debuted at the
WRC
1983 season
opener
Monte Carlo Rally
, and went on to win the
Swedish Rally
and the
Rally Portugal
in the hands of
Hannu Mikkola
. Driven by
Stig Blomqvist
, Mikkola and
Walter Rohrl
, the A2 evolution won a total of eight world rallies, three in 1983 and five in
1984
. Two examples of the same car completely dominated the
South African National Rally Championships
during 1984 to 1988, with S.A. champion drivers
Sarel van der Merwe
and Geoff Mortimer.
In 1988, the Audi Ur-Quattro driven by Audi Tradition driver Luciano Viaro won the 13th Silvretta Classic Montafon.
[25]
Sport Quattro
[
edit
]
The
Audi
Sport Quattro S1
was a variant of the Quattro developed for
homologation
for
Group B
rallying
in 1984, and sold as a production car in limited numbers.
[4]
It featured an all
aluminium
2,133 cc (2.1 L)
Inline-five engine
with a bore x stroke of 79.3 mm × 86.4 mm (3.1 in × 3.4 in)
DOHC
4 valves
per cylinder,
Bosch
LH Jetronic
fuel injection
and a KKK K27 turbocharger. The engine was slightly smaller than that of the standard Audi Quattro in terms of displacement in order to qualify for the 3-litre engine class after the 1.4 multiplication factor applied to turbocharged engines. In road-going form, the engine was capable of generating 306 PS (302 hp; 225 kW) at 6,700 rpm and 350 N?m (258 lb?ft) at 3,700 rpm,
[26]
[27]
with the engine on the competition cars initially generating around 331 kW (450 PS; 444 hp).
[4]
The car in competition form also featured a body shell composed of
carbon
-
kevlar
[4]
and wider wheel arches, wider wheels (nine inches as compared to the Ur-Quattro's optional 8-inch-wide (200 mm) wheels), the steeper windscreen rake of the Audi 80 (requested by the Audi Sport rally team drivers to reduce internal reflections from the dashboard for improved visibility) and, most noticeably, a 320 mm (12.6 in) shorter wheelbase.
In addition to Group B competition in rallying, the Sport Quattro won the 1985
Pikes Peak International Hill Climb
with
Michele Mouton
in the driving seat, setting a record time in the process.
[28]
224 cars in total of this "short version" Sport Quattro were built, and were offered for sale for
DM
203,850.
[4]
Sport Quattro S1 E2
[
edit
]
The
Audi Sport Quattro S1 E2
was introduced at the end of 1985 as an update to the Audi Sport Quattro S1. The car featured an
inline five-cylinder engine
that displaced 2,110 cc (128.8 cu in) from a bore and stroke of 79.5 mm × 85.0 mm (3.13 in × 3.35 in) and generated an officially quoted power output figure of 480 PS (353 kW; 473 hp).
[4]
However, the
turbocharger
utilised a recirculating air system, with the aim of keeping the unit spinning at high rpm, when the driver closed the throttle, either to back off during cornering, or on gearshifts. This allowed the engine to resume full power immediately after the resumption of full throttle, reducing
turbo lag
. The actual power figure was in excess of 500 PS (368 kW; 493 hp) at 8,000 rpm.
[4]
In addition to the improved power output, an aggressive aerodynamic kit was added that featured very distinctive wings and spoilers at the front and rear of the car to increase
downforce
. The weight was reduced to 1,090 kg (2,403 lb). The S1 could accelerate from 0-100 km/h (62 mph) in 3.1 seconds.
[4]
Some of the cars were supplied with a "power-shift gearbox", a forerunner of the
DSG
technology.
[4]
The S1 E2 made its debut at the 1985 Rally Argentina, with Blomqvist driving. This variant was successful in the rally circuit, with Rohrl
[4]
and Christian Geistdorfer winning the
1985
San Remo Rally
. A modified version of the E2, was also driven by
Michele Mouton
.
[4]
The S1 E2 would become the final
Group B
car produced by
Audi
, with the works team withdrawing from the Championship following the
1986
rally in Portugal.
[4]
The final factory cars of 1986 were rated at 600 PS (441 kW; 592 hp).
[4]
In 1987, the car won the
Pikes Peak International Hill Climb
driven by Walter Rohrl.
Sport Quattro RS 002
[
edit
]
Audi Sport Quattro RS 002
- Sports prototype "
Group S
" was a rally car that was initially designed for the forthcoming Group S regulations for 1987. The car was tested by Walter Rohrl but it never raced; the Group S regulations were scrapped along with the Group B regulations after a number of accidents involving fatalities during the 1986 season.
The car has a
longitudinal
mid-engine
layout and a four-wheel drive system.
[29]
The car is displayed in the museum "
Audi museum mobile
" in
Ingolstadt
.
Specifications:
Kerb weight: 1,000 kg (2,205 lb)
Engine: 2,100 cc (2.1 L)
I5
Power: 700 PS (515 kW; 690 hp)
Top speed: 300 km/h (186 mph)
Dimensions: Length 4,500 mm, Width 1,900 mm, Height 1,020 mm.
WRC results
[
edit
]
Summary
[
edit
]
WRC victories
[
edit
]
In popular culture
[
edit
]
A red 1983 Quattro was driven by
DCI
Gene Hunt
(played by
Philip Glenister
) in the television drama
Ashes to Ashes
(aired on
BBC1
from 2008 to 2010). Two cars were used through the run of the series: the original, and a stunt car that was acquired for series 2. Both portrayed the same car.
[30]
The original vehicle (also used in the
Children in Need
Top Gear
crossover mini-episode) lacked a sunroof which was present on the car(s) used in series 2 and 3, hence a fake one was added for the sake of continuity.
The stunt car was written off for the jump in series 3, episode 1 by the director of that episode and used as a parts and interior shots car until it was shot up in the finale, leaving the original car intact
[31]
In the run-up to the
2010 general election
, a campaign poster by the incumbent
Labour Party
government portrayed
Conservative Party
and opposition leader
David Cameron
as Gene Hunt sitting on the bonnet of the iconic red Audi Quattro and urged voters not to allow Cameron to take Britain "back to the 1980s" by electing his party into government amid fears that it would lead to a repeat of the social unrest and unemployment that
Margaret Thatcher's
Conservative government of that era oversaw. The image was then adopted by the Conservatives, with the slogan "Fire up the Quattro, it's time for change",
[32]
with the comment 'Idea kindly donated by the Labour Party'. "Fire up the Quattro" was a call to action uttered by DCI Hunt in
Ashes to Ashes
.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"25 Years of Audi quattro"
(Press release). Audi of America Press Site. 22 February 2005. Archived from
the original
on 23 October 2012
. Retrieved
3 May
2014
.
- ^
a
b
World Cars 1985
. Herald Books. 1985.
ISBN
0-910714-17-7
.
- ^
a
b
Achorn, George (16 March 2005).
"Audi Tradition at the Techno Classica 2005"
. Retrieved
3 May
2014
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
"25 Years of Audi Quattro"
(Press release). Audi of America Press Site. 22 February 2005. Archived from
the original
on 23 October 2012
. Retrieved
3 May
2014
.
- ^
"1984 Audi Quattro Treser Coupe"
. Motorbase. 19 September 2008. Archived from
the original
on 15 July 2014
. Retrieved
3 May
2014
.
- ^
"Drive: 1982-1985 Audi Quattro"
. Motortrend.com. October 2005
. Retrieved
3 May
2014
.
- ^
"History of the Audi ur-Quattro"
. Isham-research.co.uk. Archived from
the original
on 24 June 2010
. Retrieved
22 January
2020
.
- ^
a
b
"Audi history 80s"
(PDF)
.
audi.co.uk
. Retrieved
22 January
2020
.
- ^
Pawel Zal (ed.).
"1983 Audi Quattro Sport"
.
Automobile-catalog.com
. Retrieved
26 August
2018
.
- ^
"Audi Quattro"
. Retro Car Icons. Archived from
the original
on 30 December 2013
. Retrieved
3 May
2014
.
- ^
Severson, Aaron (23 October 2013).
"Legend of the Quattro"
. Autoweek
. Retrieved
3 May
2014
.
- ^
Jacobs, Ed (September 1979).
"4WD AMC Eagle - passenger comfort, all-weather capability"
.
Popular Science
.
215
(3): 90?91
. Retrieved
5 March
2020
.
- ^
Sass, Rob (9 March 2008).
"A Breed of 4-by-4 Hatched on the Fly"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
5 March
2020
.
- ^
Taylor, Rich (December 1983).
"4 WD Ski Cars"
.
Skiing
.
36
(4): 36, 38?39
. Retrieved
5 March
2020
.
- ^
"Concept Cars: Audi Quattro Spyder"
. Diseno-art.com
. Retrieved
3 May
2014
.
- ^
Adams, Keith (7 July 2013).
"Friday concept: Audi Quattro Spyder"
. Classics.honestjohn.co.uk
. Retrieved
3 May
2014
.
- ^
Winfield, Barry (December 2010).
"Audi quattro Concept"
.
Car & Driver
. Retrieved
14 October
2018
.
- ^
Kable, Greg (8 October 2010).
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External links
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]
Audi
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