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Ashikaga Yoshimasa

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In this Japanese name , the surname is Ashikaga .
Ashikaga Yoshimasa
足利 義政
Ashikaga Yoshimasa (painting attributed to Tosa Mitsunobu , latter half of 15th century)
Sh?gun
In office
1443?1474
Monarchs
Preceded by Ashikaga Yoshikatsu
Succeeded by Ashikaga Yoshihisa
Personal details
Born ( 1436-01-20 ) January 20, 1436
Died January 27, 1490 (1490-01-27) (aged 54)
Spouse Hino Tomiko
Parent
Signature

Ashikaga Yoshimasa ( 足利 義政 , January 20, 1436 ? January 27, 1490) [1] was the eighth sh?gun of the Ashikaga shogunate who reigned from 1449 to 1473 during the Muromachi period of Japan .

Biography [ edit ]

Yoshimasa was the son of the sixth sh?gun Ashikaga Yoshinori . His childhood name was Miharu (三春). [2] His official wife was Hino Tomiko .

On August 16, 1443, the 10-year-old sh?gun Yoshikatsu died of injuries sustained in a fall from a horse. He had been sh?gun for only three years. Immediately, the bakufu elevated Yoshinari, the young sh?gun's even younger brother, to be the new sh?gun . [3] Several years after becoming sh?gun, Yoshinari changed his name to Yoshimasa, by which he is better known. [4]

Also in 1443, supporters of the Southern Court orchestrated the theft of the Imperial regalia. Following this event, in 1445, Hosokawa Katsumoto assumed the role of Kyoto kanrei. The year 1446 marked a significant development as the Southern army faced a crushing defeat, leading to the subsequent suppression of remnants from the Southern dynasty in 1448. In 1449, Yoshimasa was appointed sh?gun, and Ashikaga Shigeuji became Kant? kub? . While the period between 1450 and 1455 experienced disturbances in Kamakura between Kant? kub? Ashikaga Shigeuji and his Kanrei. [5]

Letter from Ashikaga Yoshimasa to Shimazu Tadamasa . Part of the Shimazu-ke Monjo collection (島津家文書). National Treasure .

The 1450s saw several events unfolded which set the stage for the impending civil war . In 1454, dissension arose in the Hatakeyama succession. Discord in Kamakura between the Kub? and his Uesugi Kanrei line , resulting in the establishment of "Koga Kub?" (1455?1583) in 1455. Following this in 1457, the "Horikoshi Kub?" (1457?1491) was established. The Imperial regalia, which had been stolen, was restored to the Northern Court in 1458. In 1460, Hatakeyama rebelled against Yoshimasa. The latter adopted Ashikaga Yoshimi in 1464. The year 1466 saw the birth of Yoshihisa , and Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado ascended the throne during the same year. Additionally, dissension over the Shiba succession occurred in 1466. [5] [6]

?nin War [ edit ]

Silver Pavilion ( Ginkaku ) and garden of Jish?-ji , the residence of the Ashikaga sh?gun in the Higashiyama hills of Kyoto
Main article: ?nin War

By 1464, Yoshimasa had no heir, so he adopted his younger brother, Ashikaga Yoshimi , in order to avoid any conflicts which might arise at the end of his shogunate. However, in the next year, Yoshimasa was surprised by the birth of a son, Ashikaga Yoshihisa . The infant's birth created a conflict between the two brothers over who would follow Yoshimasa as sh?gun . Yoshimasa's wife, Hino Tomiko, attempted to get Yamana S?zen to support the infant's claim to the shogunate. [7] By 1467 the simmering dispute had evolved, encouraging a split amongst the powerful daimy?s and clan factions. The armed conflict which ensued has come to be known as the ?nin War . [8] This armed contest marks the beginning of the Sengoku period of Japanese history , a troubled period of constant military clashes which lasted over a century. A number of developments affect the unfolding battles of the war such as the moment Yoshimi joins Yamana S?zen in 1468; [5] Yoshihisa appointed heir to shogunate in 1469; Asakura Takakage appointed shugo of Echizen Province in 1471 and when Yamana S?zen and Hosokawa Katsumoto both die in 1473. [5]

In the midst of on-going hostilities, Yoshimasa retired in 1473. He relinquished the position of Sei-i Taish?gun to his young son who became the ninth sh?gun Ashikaga Yoshihisa ; but effectively, Yoshimasa continued to hold the reins of power. With the leaders of the two warring factions dead and with the ostensible succession dispute resolved, the rationale for continuing to fight faded away. The exhausted armies dissolved and by 1477 open warfare ended. [5]

Yoshimasa's heirs [ edit ]

When Yoshimasa declared that Yoshihisa would be the next sh?gun after he stepped down from that responsibility, he anticipated that his son would out-live him. When sh?gun Yoshihisa died prematurely, Yoshimasa reassumed the power and responsibility he had wanted to lay aside. Sh?gun Yoshimasa adopted the son of his brother, Yoshimi. In 1489, sh?gun Yoshitane was installed; and Yoshimasa retired again.

Grave of Ashikaga Yoshimasa, Kyoto

Before Yoshimasa died in 1490, he again adopted a nephew as heir, this time the son of his brother, Masatomo. Although Yoshitane did outlive Yoshimasa, his shogunate would prove short-lived. Yoshitane died in 1493. [9]

Also, before he married Hino Tomiko , sister of Hino Katsumitsu , he had a concubine, Lady Oima, who was 8 months pregnant when Tomiko pushed her from the stairs which resulted in a miscarriage.

Sh?gun Yoshimasa was succeeded by sh?gun Yoshihisa (Yoshimasa's natural son), then by sh?gun Yoshitane (Yoshimasa's first adopted son), and then by sh?gun Yoshizumi (Yoshimasa's second adopted son). Yoshizumi's progeny would directly succeed him as head of the shogunate. In the future, power struggles from outside the clan would also lead to a brief period in which the great-grandson of Yoshitane would be installed as a puppet leader of the Ashikaga shogunate. [9]

Higashiyama culture [ edit ]

During Yoshimasa's reign Japan saw the growth of the Higashiyama culture ( Higashiyama bunka ), [10] famous for tea ceremony ( Sad? ), flower arrangement ( Kad? or Ikebana ), Noh drama , and Indian ink painting. Higashiyama culture was greatly influenced by Zen Buddhism and saw the rise of Japanese aesthetics like Wabi-sabi and the harmonization of imperial court ( Kuge ) and samurai ( Bushi ) culture.

In the history of this Higashiyama bunka period, a few specific dates are noteworthy:

  • 1459 ( Ch?roku 3 ): Sh?gun Yoshimasa provided a new mikoshi and a complete set of robes and other accouterments for this festival on the occasion of repairs to the Atsuta Shrine in the 1457?1459 ( Ch?roku 1?3 ). [11]
  • 1460 ( Ch?roku 3 ): Yoshimasa initiated planning for construction of a retirement villa and gardens as early as 1460; [12] and after his death, this property would become a Buddhist temple called Jish?-ji (also known as Ginkaku-ji or the "Silver Pavilion"). [13]
  • February 21, 1482 ( Bummei 14 , 4th day of the 2nd month ): Construction of the "Silver Pavilion" is commenced. [14]
  • January 27, 1490 ( Entoku 2, 7th day of the 1st month ): The former sh?gun Yoshimasa died at age 56 in his Higashiyama-dono estate, [15] which marks the beginning of the end of Higashiyama bunka .

Family [ edit ]

Eras of Yoshimasa's bakufu [ edit ]

The years in which Yoshimasa was sh?gun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or neng? . [16]

Notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ "Ashikaga Yoshimasa" in The New Encyclopædia Britannica . Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. , 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 625.
  2. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon , p. 342. , p. 342, at Google Books
  3. ^ Titsingh, p. 342 , p. 342, at Google Books ; Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779?1822 , p. 234 n.10; n.b., Yoshikatsu (b. 1434 ? d. 1443) = 8yrs. In this period, "children were considered one year old at birth and became two the following New Year's Day; and all people advanced a year that day, not on their actual birthday."
  4. ^ Titsingh, p. 346. , p. 346, at Google Books
  5. ^ a b c d e Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982) Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron , p. 331.
  6. ^ In the name " ?nin War", the noun " ?nin " refers to the neng? ( Japanese era name ) after " Bunsh? " and before " Bunmei ". In other words, the ?nin war occurred during the ?nin era, which was a time period spanning the years from 1467 through 1469. Although the fighting continued long after, the conflict came to be identified with the neng? in which it began.
  7. ^ "Hino Tomiko" . Daijirin . Archived from the original on 2009-08-04.
  8. ^ Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan, 1334?1615 . Stanford University Press. pp. 217?229. ISBN   0804705259 .
  9. ^ a b Ackroyd, p. 298.
  10. ^ "Higashiyama Bunka" (東山文化) , JAANUS: Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System.
  11. ^ Ponsonby-Fane. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines , p. 452.
  12. ^ Yamasa: Gikaku-ji. Archived 2018-06-12 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "Protecting Ginkaku-ji, the Beauty of Wabi-sabi; Reluctance to Black Lacquering the Outer Wall" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine , Kyoto Shimbun . January 23, 2008.
  14. ^ Keene, Donald. (2003). Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion , p. 87. , p. 87, at Google Books
  15. ^ Titsingh, p. 361. , p. 361, at Google Books
  16. ^ Titsingh, pp. 331?361. , p. 331, at Google Books

References [ edit ]

Preceded by Sh?gun :
Ashikaga Yoshimasa
1449?1473 		Succeeded by
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