Species of true bug
Arocatus melanocephalus
, the
elm seed bug
, is a
true bug
in the family
Lygaeidae
. The species was initially
described
by
Johan Christian Fabricius
in 1798, and
Maximilian Spinola
designated it to be the
type species
of the genus
Arocatus
in 1837. This bug is native to Europe but has been introduced to North America.
Taxonomic history
[
edit
]
The Danish zoologist
Johan Christian Fabricius
named this species in 1798, placing it in the genus
Lygaeus
.
[2]
When the Italian entomologist
Maximilian Spinola
named the genus
Arocatus
in 1837, he designated Fabricius's
Lygaeus melanocephalus
as its
type species
.
[3]
In 1999, Jean Pericart designated a female
lectotype
in the
University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum
.
[4]
Lygaeus pruinosus
, a
nomen nudum
referring to this species, was named by
Eduard Friedrich Eversmann
in 1837.
[4]
[5]
Vasily Evgrafovich Yakovlev
synonymized this name with
A. melanocephalus
in 1875.
[6]
[7]
The French entomologist
Charles Jean-Baptiste Amyot
referred to this species as
Arocatus
using his system of uninonial nomenclature
[8]
in a work later invalidated by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
.
[9]
Subspecies
[
edit
]
As of 2017
[update]
, three subspecies are recognized: the nominate subspecies
A. m. melanocephalus
,
A. m. austerus
, and
A. m. melandiscus
.
[10]
Amyot gave the mononym
Melandiscus
for a specimen which
Vittore Ghiliani
had collected in Piedmont.
[8]
In 1869, the Italian entomologist
Antonio Garbiglietti
designated Amyot's
melandiscus
as a variety of
A. melanocephalus
.
[11]
This subspecies is found in Italy.
[12]
The subspecies
A. m. austerus
was named by the German entomologist
Wolfgang Stichel
in 1957.
[13]
Biology and description
[
edit
]
Arocatus
|
|
Maximum-likelihood tree of some
Arocatus
species. Star denotes when the ability to sequester cardenolides was lost.
[14]
|
A. melanocephalus
, unlike many Lygaeinae species, only stored less than 7% of the
cardenolides
[
3
H]-
ouabain
or [
3
H]-
digoxin
ten days after being fed these substances.
[14]
A 2015 phylogenetic study of the subfamily
Lygaeinae
included four species of the genus
Arocatus
:
A. aenescens
,
A. rusticus
,
A. rusticus
, and
A. melanocephalus
; it placed
A. melanocephalus
in a clade with
A. longiceps
? the other
Arocatus
which could not store cardenolides.
[14]
It has been found on
Ulmus
(elm) species,
Platanus orientalis
(old world sycamore),
[4]
Populus
(poplar) species, as well as inside empty butterfly pupa covers.
[15]
It has also been recorded on
Quercus
(oak) and
Alnus
(alder) species.
[16]
Adults produce a strong, unpleasant smell which is reminiscent of
bitter almonds
.
[17]
The
scent glands
' openings are on the
metathorax
, between the second and third pairs of legs.
[18]
The body is dark red in color, and it is covered in short hairs. The head is black, and antennae are also mostly black, although on occasion the III and IV segments are partly red. The pronotum has a M-shaped spot.
[4]
The underbelly is orange, and adults measure 0.33 in (8.4 mm) in length.
[19]
Distribution
[
edit
]
Within Europe, it has been found in the countries Andorra, Austria,
Belgium,
[
citation needed
]
Bosnia & Herzebovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Montenegro, the Netherlands,
[21]
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia,
[16]
Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, and Ukraine.
[4]
However many of these central European records are quite old, dating to the late 19th and early 20th centuries; it is thought they had become rarer in Europe in the late 20th century due to
Dutch elm disease
killing many European elms.
[22]
Starting in 1999,
A. melanocephalus
has infested buildings in northern Italian cities, particularly in the regions of
Emilia Romagna
,
Veneto
, and
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
.
[17]
These infestations occur in the summer, starting in late May or early June and ending in late September.
[17]
Some Italian researchers believe this might be due to global warming, and that the insects enter buildings to escape the summer heat.
[17]
The population increased in
Turin
in 2007, despite an increase in chemical insecticides;
etofenprox
is effective against this species but
pyrethrum
and
rotenone
were not.
[23]
Mass occurrences also increased in Germany in the early 21st century.
[24]
In Asia, it has been found in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, China,
[4]
and Iran.
[25]
They have been recorded inside buildings in
Yining
,
Xinjiang
, China.
[4]
In North America,
A. melanocephalus
have been found in the Canadian province of British Columbia,
[26]
and the American states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho,
[19]
Michigan,
[27]
Utah,
[28]
and Colorado.
[29]
It was introduced to the
Nearctic realm
in the 2000s.
[19]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Guerin, Joseph; Peneau, Joseph (1905).
"4e Famille Lygæides"
.
Heteropteres
. Faune entomologique armoricaine: Hemipteres. Vol. 1. p. 19.
- ^
Fabricius, Joh. Christ. (1798).
Supplementum Entomologiae Systematicae
. Hafnia: Proft et Storch. p. 540.
- ^
Spinola, Maximilien (1837).
Essai sur les genres d'insectes appartenant a l'ordre des Hemipteres, Lin. ou Rhyngotes, Fab. et a la section des Heteropteres, Dufour
. Genes: Yves Gravier. pp. 257?258.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Gao, Cuiqing; Kondorosy, El?d; Bu, Wenjun (2013).
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Arocatus
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(PDF)
.
Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
.
61
(2): 687?704.
- ^
Eversmann, Eduardo (1837).
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.
Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou
.
10
(1): 36.
- ^
Яковлева, В. (1875).
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.
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.
49
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- ^
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(Fabricius, 1798)"
.
Lygaeoidea Species File
. 5.0
. Retrieved
6 December
2017
.
- ^
a
b
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"Entomologie francaise. Rhynchotes. Subdivision II"
.
Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France
. Ser. 2.
4
: 80?81.
[Reprinted
Amyot, C.-J.-B. (1848).
Entomologie francaise. Rhynchotes. Methode mononymique
. Paris: J.-B. Bailliere. pp. 132?133.
]
- ^
"Opinion 686. Amyot,
Methode mononymique
: Placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature"
.
Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
.
20
(6): 423. 1963.
- ^
Dellape, Pablo M.; Henry, Thomas J. (2017).
"Species
Arocatus melanocephalus
(Fabricius, 1798)"
.
Lygaeoidea Species File
. 5.0
. Retrieved
6 December
2017
.
- ^
Garbiglietti, Antonio (1869).
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.
Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana
.
1
: 112.
- ^
Dellape, Pablo M.; Henry, Thomas J. (2017).
"Subspecies
Arocatus melanocephalus melandiscus
Garbiglietti, 1869"
.
Lygaeoidea Species File
. 5.0
. Retrieved
6 December
2017
.
- ^
Dellape, Pablo M.; Henry, Thomas J. (2017).
"Subspecies
Arocatus melanocephalus austerus
Stichel, 1957"
.
Lygaeoidea Species File
. 5.0
. Retrieved
6 December
2017
.
- ^
a
b
c
Bramer, Christiane; Dobler, Susanne; Deckert, Jurgen; Stemmer, Michael; Petschenka, Georg (2015).
"Na
+
/K
+
-ATPase resistance and cardenolide sequestration: basal adaptations to host plant toxins in the milkweed bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Lygaeinae)"
.
Proceedings of the Royal Society
. B: Biological Sciences.
282
(1805): 20142346.
doi
:
10.1098/rspb.2014.2346
.
PMC
4389604
.
PMID
25808891
.
- ^
Fent, Meral; Aktac, Nihat (2008).
"Anmerkungen zu einigen im Adultstadium uberwinternden Heteropteren und ihren Uberwinterungsplatzen in der (Turkischen) Provinz Edirne"
(PDF)
.
Heteropteron
.
28
: 11?15.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 15 January 2017.
- ^
a
b
Kment, Petr; Hradil, Karel; Ba?a?, Petr; Balvin, Ond?ej; Cunev, Jozef; Ditrich, Toma?; Jindra, Zden?k; Roha?ova, Jan (2013).
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(PDF)
.
Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae Biologicae
.
98
(2). Brno: 518, 526.
ISSN
1211-8788
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Maistrello, Lara; Lombroso, Luca; Pedroni, Elena; Reggiani, Alberto; Vanin, Stefano (2006). "Summer raids of
Arocatus melanocephalus
(Heteroptera, Lygaeidae) in urban buildings in Northern Italy: Is climate change to blame?".
Journal of Thermal Biology
.
31
(8): 594?598.
doi
:
10.1016/j.jtherbio.2006.08.002
.
- ^
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Arocatus melanocephalus
"
(PDF)
.
Bulletin of Insectology
.
61
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- ^
a
b
c
Collman, Sharon J.; Bush, M. R. (March 2017).
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.
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. Retrieved
5 December
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.
- ^
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Illustratio iconographica insectorum
. Paris: Petrus Didot. p. 37;
Pl. 9
, Fig. 11.
- ^
Mulder, John (2021).
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(Fabricius, 1798) (Hemiptera Lygaeidae) in apartments in the Netherlands"
.
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.
12
(1): 229?230.
doi
:
10.31396/Biodiv.Jour.2021.12.1.229.230
.
- ^
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(PDF)
.
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.
8
: 75?77.
- ^
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"
Arocatus melanocephalus
a hemipteran pest on elm in the urban environment"
(PDF)
.
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.
61
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- ^
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Arocatus melanocephalus
(Fabricius, 1798) (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae) in Dortmund / Nordrhein-Westfalen"
(PDF)
.
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.
38
: 27?30.
ISSN
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.
- ^
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(PDF)
.
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.
47
: 59?60.
- ^
Acheampong, Susanna; Strong, Ward B.; Schwartz, Michael D.; Higgins, Robert J.; Thurston, Molly A.; Walker, Emma J.; Roberts, J. (2016).
"First Canadian records for two invasive seed-feeding bugs,
Arocatus melanocephalus
(Fabricius, 1798) and
Raglius alboacuminatus
(Goeze, 1778), and a range extension for a third species,
Rhyparochromus vulgaris
(Schilling, 1829) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)"
.
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.
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Archived
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- ^
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.
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.
Archived
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
Davis, Ryan (10 November 2016).
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. Utah State University Extension.
Archived
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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. Colorado State University: Extension.
Archived
(PDF)
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. Retrieved
23 July
2018
.
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Arocatus melanocephalus
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Lygaeus melanocephalus
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