The
archaeology of the Philippines
is the study of past societies in the territory of the modern
Republic of the Philippines
, an
island country
in
Southeast Asia
, through
material culture
.
The
history of the Philippines
focuses on Spanish colonialism and how the Philippines became independent from both Spain and the United States. During the colonial times in the Philippines archaeology was not used as it is today, it mainly focused on ethnographic and linguistic studies. Archaeology was influenced greatly by
H. Otley Beyer
who taught anthropology in the Philippines in 1914. Beyer's teachings in the Philippines gained many students to follow in his footsteps into the field of archaeology.
After the Philippines gained their independence from America in 1946, many students of Beyer practiced archaeology all over the Philippines. A few of Beyer's students and colleagues who worked around the Philippines are
Robert B. Fox
,
Alfredo Evangelista
, and
F. Landa Jocano
. Their contributions helped the Philippines archaeology grow stronger when analyzing artifacts and archaeological sites.
There are many prominent sites throughout the Philippines, and some famous discoveries that were found date back to various time periods. A few well known site in the Philippines are the
Rizal Archaeological Site in Kalinga
,
Tabon Caves
,
Lapuz Lapuz Cave
, and
Singhapala
. Additionally, some famous artifacts found in the Philippines are the
Callao Man
,
Tabon Man
,
Kabayan Mummies of Benguet
.
History
[
edit
]
Colonial period
[
edit
]
Very little archaeological work was carried out in the Philippines during the
Spanish colonial period
, even though the Spaniards were interested in the people of the islands from an
ethnographic
and
linguistic
perspective. Explorers such as
Fedor Jagor
, Joseph Montano and Paul Ray, and
Jose Rizal
, occasionally reported visiting sites, but the only detailed investigation was carried out by French archaeologist
Alfred Marche
in 1881. Commissioned by the French government, Marche conducted
systematic surveys
of burial caves on two islands, accumulating a large collection of antiquities which is now held in the
Musee de l'Homme
in Paris.
[1]
The most influential early figure in the archaeology of the Philippines was American anthropologist
H. Otley Beyer
. Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in 1898, and the
American colonial administration
actively encouraged the
anthropological
study of the archipelago. Beyer was therefore invited to establish the
University of the Philippines'
anthropology department in 1914.
Early surveys and collections were carried out in the 1920s by Beyer,
Dean C. Worcester
, and
Carl Guthe
. Various private collectors and amateur archaeologists also accumulated significant amounts of material, but Beyer lamented that "none of this work was very scientifically done".
[1]
The first major archaeological project in the Philippines was the Rizal-Bulacan Archaeological Survey (1926?1930), prompted by the discovery of finds during the construction of the Novaliches Dam in
Rizal Province
. Beyer opened substantial excavations in the area of the dam, employing up to seventy workers a day for six months. He also conducted a five-year survey of the surrounding area, cataloguing 120 sites and nearly 500,000 artefacts. In 1932, Beyer assisted F. G. Roth in beginning a second major project, the Batangas Archaeological Survey, which involved surveys and excavation in the
Cuenca
region. He also collected material from a number of localities around the islands throughout the 1930s and early 1940s.
[1]
American colonial archaeology in the Philippines came to an end in 1941 when the islands were occupied by the Japanese. Beyer was interned by the occupying forces, although he was allowed to continue his work at the university. During this time he compiled two synoptic papers, 'Outline review of Philippine archaeology by islands and provinces' (1947) and
Philippine and East Asian Archaeology
(1948), which laid the foundation for subsequent Philippine archaeology.
[1]
Post-independence
[
edit
]
The Philippines gained independence from the United States in the 1946, but Beyer continued at his post at the University of Philippines until 1954.
[1]
In 1949, he was joined by
Wilhelm Solheim
, who was known in the Philippines for finding various pottery at different archaeological sites. In the 1960s,
Robert B. Fox
did archaeological work in the Philippines and is most famous for his research in the
Tabon Caves
.
[2]
In 1965, Fox had found a pot from the late Neolithic Period called the Yawning Jarlet at his time at the Tabon Caves.
[3]
Alfredo E. Evangelista
was a student of Beyer, Solheim and Fox and had instantly fell in love with archaeology. In 1956, worked with Robert Fox excavating the Bato Caves in the Sorsogon Province and later on they would excavate along the coast of Cagraray and Bikol.
One of Evangelista's famous discovery in the Philippines was the excavation in 1957 of a neolithic jar burial site in
Nueva Ecija
in Luzon. In 1960 he began to work with Robert Fox and Ray Santiago for the
National Museum of the Philippines
.
[4]
From the 1970s to early 1990s, Evangelista then began to work at the
University of the Philippines
in Quezon City and again later at the
National Museum of the Philippines
in Manila.
[2]
In 1960, Alfredo Evangelista and
F. Landa Jocano
worked together and discovered the Oton death mask in San Antonio, Oton, Iloilo. Like Evangelista, Jocano he worked at the National Museum of the Philippines as well as the University of the Philippines. Inspired by Fox and Beyer, Jocano brought New World terminology by using previous data to the prehistory of the Philippines.
After Evangelista retired from the National Museum of the Philippines in 1992
Jesus T. Peralta
became the Director III. Prior to becoming Director III, he was part of the Archaeology Division at the National Museum of the Philippines in 1988.
[2]
Karl L. Hutterer, who studied under Solheim, became an influence to Philippine archaeology. Hutterer taught students the socioeconomic and political complexity of doing research in the field of archaeology.
[2]
When showing the socioeconomic processes to students, he focused on showing the diversity with the various cultures around areas. An artifact that Hutterer has examined in a geometric stone tools.
[5]
In the late 1970s, William A. Longacre went to northern Luzon to do research on enthoarchaeology in the Kallinga region. He later furthered his research in southern Luzon, studying how earthenware potteries were made. An artifact that Longacre help discover and date was the Calatagan Pot with inscription.
[2]
In 1992, he contributed dating the pot with an accelerated mass spectroscopy, but failed to gather sufficient data.
[6]
He later suggested using a different form of dating C-14 technique to get an accurate date of the inscription.
[2]
Before the 1980s, archaeology in the Philippines focused more on culture and history. The main way that archaeologists studied archaeology was using an inductive approach. When searching for artifacts the National Museum focused on collecting prehistoric remains.
[2]
Notable sites and discoveries
[
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]
Stone Age
[
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]
Palaeolithic
[
edit
]
- The earliest evidence of hominins living in the Philippines is the 700,000-year-old remains of a butchered rhinoceros in
Kalinga
Province in Luzon. Predating the existence of
Homo sapiens
by at least 400,000 years, the butchered rhinoceros and the stone tools around it point to a possible colonization of
Homo erectus
or another possible
Homo
the
Denisovans
.
[7]
- The 67,000-year-old
Callao Man
.
[8]
[9]
was found in Callao cave and, before the found remains of 700,000 year old rhinoceros, was the oldest human fossil in the Asia Pacific region.
- The
Tabon Caves
have produced a number of archaeological finds, indicating it was occupied almost continuously between 50,000 and 9000 years ago. Notably, a collection of
anatomically modern human
remains known as the
Tabon Man
was for a long time the oldest known evidence of a human presence in the Philippines.
[10]
- Later findings shed light on the daily lives of hunter-gatherers occupying a rock shelter in
Ille Caves
, Palawan, Philippines. Located near the Tabon Caves, the Ille Caves rock shelter was occupied many times, but the oldest stratigraphic layer puts the first occupation of that rock shelter at c. 14,000 cal bp (calibrated years before present). This assessment was made based on the presence of charcoal, placing this site well into the Pleistocene.
[11]
Neolithic
[
edit
]
- The
Angono Petroglyphs
- the oldest known work of
art
in the
Philippines
located in the province of
Rizal
. There are 127 human and animal figures engraved on the rockwall probably carved during the late Neolithic.
[12]
These inscriptions clearly show stylized human figures,
frogs
and
lizards
, along with other designs that may have depicted other interesting figures but
erosion
may have caused it to become indistinguishable. The engravings are mostly symbolic representations associated with healing and sympathetic magic.
[12]
The site has been declared by the
National Museum of the Philippines
as a National Cultural Treasure in 1973.
- Alab Petroglyphs of Mountain Province
- Penablanca Petrographs of Cagayan Province
- Singnapan Caves Petrographs of southern Palawan
- Anda Peninsula Petrographs of Eastern Bohol
- Lapuz Lapuz Cave
- Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens
? The Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens are located along the banks of the
Cagayan River
in the province of
Cagayan
, Philippines. It is currently under consideration as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site
.
- Yawning Jarlet
-The Late Neolithic period in the Philippines, Evidence shows by a Yawning Jarlet on the Burial site in Leta-leta caves in Palawan by Robert Fox which had later become National treasure in the Philippines.
[13]
It is the earliest pot recovered in the country.
[14]
- Bark cloth beater ? It is a stone tool used for the preparation of
bark cloth
. Early Palawenios fashioned the beaters from cylindrical stones and used the stone beaters for pounding the bark to loosen the pulp from the fiber. The bark cloth is ready when all the pulp has been stripped off, leaving a network of fibers. The stone tool found in Arku Cave, Penablanca, Cagayan was dated 1255-605 B.C. Another bark-cloth beater was found in Sagung cave in Southern
Palawan
.
[15]
- Jade Artifacts- or Jade Culture made from white and green
nephrite
and dating as far back as 2000?1500 BC, has been discovered at a number of
archeological
excavations
in the Philippines since the 1930s. The artifacts have been both tools like
chisels
, and ornaments such as lingling-o earrings, bracelets and beads. A "
jade
culture" is said to have existed as evidenced by tens of thousands of exquisitely crafted jade artifacts found at a site in
Batangas
province.
[16]
[17]
Metal Age
[
edit
]
- Manunggul Jar
(890?710 B.C.) is a secondary burial jar excavated from a burial site in the Manunggul cave of the
Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point
in
Palawan
. It dates from 890 to 710 B.C.
[18]
and the two prominent figures at the top handle of its cover represent the journey of the soul to the
afterlife
.
- Artifacts from the "Sa Huyun-Kalanay" pottery complex in
Masbate
(dated 400BC-1500 AD.)
[19]
[20]
- The
Sa Huyun Culture
was a culture in modern-day central and southern
Vietnam
that flourished between 1000 BC and 200 AD.
[21]
[22]
Archaeological sites from the culture have been discovered from the
Mekong Delta
to Quang Binh province in central Vietnam. The Sa Huynh people were most likely the predecessors of the
Cham people
, an
Austronesian-speaking
people and the founders of the kingdom of
Champa
.
[23]
: 211?217
- Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery
(190 BC to 500 AD)? In 1991, the National Museum archaeological team discovered anthropomorphic secondary burial jars in Ayub Cave, Barangay Pinol, Maitum, Sarangani Province, Mindanao, Philippines, dating them to be from between 190 BC and 500 AD. The jars are commonly known today as Maitum jars. They are made of earthenware, and are characterized by their design that suggests human figures with complete or partial facial features of the first inhabitants in Mindanao. Furthermore, they give emphasis to the Filipinos' popular belief of life after death.
[24]
- Sultan Kudarat Anthropomorphic Pottery
(not yet carbon-dated) - In 2008, officials found a tricycle (common Philippine vehicle) carrying artifacts similar in shape with the Maitum Anthropomorphic Potteries, but are painted, and have clearer expressions. The shards were explicitly crafted, more expertly than those found in Sarangani in 1991. The looter afterwards presented forged documents of his ownership on the shards. He was afterwards arrested. The
National Museum of the Philippines
confirmed that the way the jar shards were made is new to Philippine archaeology, as no known ethnic group in the entire country is known to craft such precise pieces of burial jars. The museum confirmed that the jars may be the remnant artifacts of a lost tribe in the Philippines that may have gone extinct prior to colonization. The jars were found 'somewhere in
Sultan Kudarat
province' according to the reports, but the true location has not been determined as the caught looter is only a part of the chain which looted the artifacts from its original location. Other scholars speculate that the jars came from
Maguindanao
. In either case, looking for the original archaeological site of the jars was deemed as a difficult task as both Sultan Kudarat and Maguindanao are home to Muslim rebels fighting government forces, making it hard for scholars to enter the area and make an expedition. Funding on a possible expedition was also deemed as extremely limited. No expedition to locate the original archaeological site of the jars has been made up to present time. Research on the jars have also been hindered as expert findings can only be made once the location has been well-researched on, according to the National Museum.
[25]
Early Historic Period (900?1521)
[
edit
]
Architecture
[
edit
]
Indigenous architecture
[
edit
]
- Idjang
- A triangle-shaped
Citadel
erected in Batanes Islands in the Philippines, made from limestone and wood.
- Limestone tombs of Kamhantik
is an excavated remains of a thousand-year-old village found in the jungles of Mount Maclayao in Sitio Kamhantik within the
Buenavista Protected Landscape
of
Mulanay
,
Quezon
,
Philippines
. It is composed of fifteen limestone coffins that can be dated back from the period of 10th to 14th century based on one of
National Museum
's top archaeologist "a complex archaeological site with both habitation and burial remains from the period of approximately 10th to the 14th century ... the first of its kind in the Philippines having carved limestone tombs."
[26]
Islamic architecture
[
edit
]
Burial sites and grave artifacts
[
edit
]
- Oton death mask
? Discovered in the 1960s by Alfredo Evanghilista and F. Landa Jocan, it consists of gold nose-disc and eye mask find in an ancient grave in Oton,
Iloilo
.
[13]
The Death Mask was used to cover the faces of the dead to inhibit evil spirits from entering the body of the deceased. This practice was brought over from China to the Philippines between the late 14th to 15th century.
[31]
- The Kabayan Mummies of Benguet
also known as the Kabayan Mummies, Benguet Mummies, or Ibaloi Mummies, are a group of mummies found along the mountain slopes of Kabayan, a town in the northern part of the Philippines. They were made from as early as 2000 BC until the 16th century, when Spain colonized the Philippines. Today, they remain in natural caves and a museum in Kabayan.
[32]
Clothing or jewelry
[
edit
]
- Banton Colth
-The Banton cloth is the earliest known warp ikat (tie-resist dyeing) textile in Southeast Asia. Estimated to be 400 years old, the burial cloth was found in a wooden coffin that also contained blue and white ceramics in Banton Island, Romblon. The shroud was woven from red, black and white abaca threads. At present, the people in Bontok, Mt. Province use a colorful burial cloth to wrap the dead.
[33]
- Lingling-o
- Lingling-o are an "omega shaped"
[34]
type of pendant or amulet that has been associated with various Indigenous cultures of the Philippines since the early metal age.
[35]
The earliest surviving examples of lingling-o, dating back to the metal age, were made out of Nephrite jade, but many later examples were made of shell, gold, copper, and wood;
[35]
the kind of material suggests differences in the social standing of its wearer.
[35]
Recent findings in the Northern Philippine province of
Batanes
, led by anthropologist Peter Bellwood in the early 2000s, have led to the discovery of an ancient goldsmith's shop that made the 20-centuries-old lingling-o, providing evidence of the Indigenous Philippine manufacture of such artifacts as early as 2,500 years ago.
[34]
- The Philippines's archaeological finds include many ancient gold artifacts.
[36]
[37]
Currency
[
edit
]
- Piloncitos
? the earliest form of precious metal based currency of the Philippines.
[38]
It is likely made of pure gold with a weight ranging between .5 grams to more or less than 3 grams a size of a corn kernel?and weigh from 0.09 to 2.65 grams of fine gold. Large Piloncitos weighing 2.65 grams approximate the weight of one mass. Piloncitos have been excavated from
Mandaluyong
,
Bataan
, the banks of the
Pasig River
,
Batangas
,
Marinduque
,
Samar
,
Leyte
and some areas in
Mindanao
.
[39]
- Gold ring currencies
- The early Filipinos traded Piloncitos also along with Gold rings, which is gold ring-like
ingots
. These barter rings are bigger than
doughnuts
in size and are made of nearly pure gold.
[40]
Documents, inscriptions, or seals
[
edit
]
- Laguna Copperplate Inscription
- The oldest written document in the Philippines found in
Lumban River
dated in 900 AD which is written in
Kawi
.
- Butuan Silver Paleograph
also known as the "Butuan Silver Strip", is a piece of metal with Kawi inscriptions found in Butuan province in the mid-1970s by a team of archaeologists from the National Museum of the Philippines.
[41]
- Ticao Stone Inscription
also known as Monreal stone or Rizal Stone ? A limestone contains ancient script
Baybayin
. Found by pupils of
Rizal Elementary School
on
Ticao Island
in Monreal town,
Masbate
province, which had scraped the mud off their shoes and slippers on two irregular shaped
limestone
tablets before entering their classroom. are now housed at a section of the
National Museum
, which weighs 30 kilos, is 11 centimeters thick, 54 cm long and 44 cm wide while the other is 6 cm thick, 20 cm long and 18 cm wide.
[42]
[43]
- The
Baybayin
Archives of the University of Santo Tomas
in Manila, one of the largest archives in the Philippines, currently possesses the biggest collection of extant ancient Baybayin alphabets in the world.
[44]
[45]
[46]
- Butuan Ivory Seal
- an ivory stamp or seal stamp or a
privy seal
associated with a Rhinoceros Ivory Tusk, dated 9th?12th century, was found in Libertad,
Butuan
in
Agusan del Norte
in southern
Philippines
. Inscribed on the seal is the word
Butban
in stylized
Kawi
. The script has a similarity to the
Tagalog script
.
Butban
, was presumed to stand for Butwan or Butuan, since the letters “b” and “w” were frequently interchanged. The ivory seal is now housed at the
National Museum of the Philippines
.
[47]
Iconography
[
edit
]
Hindu-Buddhist
[
edit
]
Although some 20th century historians believed that the various cultures of the Philippine archipelago first encountered Hindu and/or Buddhist beliefes as early as the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE,
[48]
more recent scholarship suggests that these cultural influences mostly filtered in during the 10th through the early 14th centuries. Present-day scholarship believes these religious and cultural influences mostly came through trade with Southeast Asian thassalocratic empires such as the
Srivijaya
and
Majapahit
, which had in turn had trade relationships with India.
[48]
[49]
[50]
[51]
Scholars such as
Milton Osborne
emphasise that despite these beliefs being originally from India, they reached the Philippines through Southeast Asian cultures with Austronesian roots.
[52]
Artifacts
[
verification needed
]
reflect the iconography of the
Vajrayana Buddhism
and its influences on the Philippines's early states.
[53]
- Bronze Lokesvara
? This is bronze statue of Lokesvara was found in Isla Puting Bato in
Tondo, Manila
.
[54]
- Buddha Amithaba bass relief
The Ancient Batanguenos were influenced by
India
as shown in the origin of most languages from Sanskrit and certain ancient potteries. A Buddhist image was reproduced in mould on a clay medallion in bas-relief from the municipality of Calatagan. According to experts, the image in the pot strongly resembles the iconographic portrayal of
Buddha
in
Siam
, India, and
Nepal
. The pot shows
Buddha Amithaba
in the
tribhanga
[55]
pose inside an oval nimbus. Scholars also noted that there is a strong
Mahayanic
orientation in the image, since the Boddhisattva
Avalokitesvara
was also depicted.
[56]
- Golden Garuda
of Palawan- The other finds are the
garuda
, the mythical bird that is common to Buddhism and Hinduism, Another gold artifact, from the
Tabon Caves
in the island of
Palawan
, is an image of
Garuda
, the bird who is the mount of
Vishnu
. The discovery of sophisticated Hindu imagery and gold artifacts in Tabon Caves has been linked to those found from
Oc Eo
, in the
Mekong Delta
in Southern
Vietnam
.
- Bronze Ganesha statues
? A crude bronze statue of a Hindu Deity
Ganesha
has been found by
Henry Otley Beyer
in 1921 in an ancient site in
Puerto Princesa
,
Palawan
and in
Mactan
.
Cebu
the crude bronze statue indicates of its local reproduction.
[54]
- Mactan Alokitesvara
? Excavated in 1921 in
Mactan
,
Cebu
by
H.O.Beyer
the statue is bronze may be a siva-buddhist blending rather than "pure Buddhist".
[54]
- The
Golden Tara
was discovered in 1918 in Esperanza, Agusan by Bilay Campos a
Manobo
tribeswoman.
[57]
The Golden Tara was eventually brought to the
Field Museum of Natural History
in Chicago, Illinois in 1922. Henry Otley Beyer, and some experts have agreed on its identity and have dated it to belong within 900?950 CE. They can not place, however, its provenance because it has distinct features.
[58]
- Golden Kinnari
- The golden-vessel
kinnari
was found in 1981 in
Surigao
. The kinnari exists in both Buddhist and Hindu mythology. In Buddhism, the kinnari, a half-human and half-bird creature, represents enlightened action. The Buddhist
Lotus Sutra
mentions the kinnari as the celestial musician in the Himavanta realm. The kinnari takes the form of a
centaur
, however, in India's epic poem, the
Mahabharata
, and in the
Veda
's
Purana
part.
- Padmapani
and
Nandi
images ? Padmapani is also known as
Avalokitesvara
, the wisdom being or Bodhisattva of Compassion. Golden jewelry found so far include rings, some surmounted by images of
Nandi
? the sacred bull, linked chains, inscribed gold sheets, gold plaques decorated with repousse images of Hindu deities.
[59]
[60]
- Bukidnon
Copper
Tara
- Agusan
Gold
Mah?pratisar?
Amulet
- Agusan
Wooden
Makara
Vessel
- Samar
Gold
Garuda
Earrings
The
Laguna Copperplate Inscription
(above) found in 1989 suggests Indian cultural influence in the Philippines by the 9th century AD, likely through
Hinduism in Indonesia
, prior to the arrival of European colonial empires in the 16th century.
Ships
[
edit
]
The
balangay
replica docked at CCP Harbor
Manila
after its South East Asian expedition.
- Balangay (Butuan Boat)
- the first wooden watercraft excavated in
Southeast Asia
and is evidence of early
Filipino
craftsmanship and their seamanship skills during pre-colonial times. The Balanghai Festival is also a celebration in
Butuan
,
Agusan del Norte
to commemorate the coming of the early migrants that settled the
Philippines
, on board the Balangay boats.
[61]
When the first Spaniards arrived in the 16th century, they found the Filipinos living in well-organized independent villages called barangays. The name
barangay
originated from balangay, the
Austronesian
word for "sailboat".
[62]
- The
Pandanan Shipwreck
is a 15th-century
archaeological site
[63]
which was excavated in 1995 by the Underwater Archaeology Division of the
National Museum of the Philippines
in
Pandanan Island
, in the coast of Southern
Palawan
. The ship was surmised to be a Southeast Asian cargo boat travelling from either
Vietnam
or Southern
China
and is one of the best preserved pre-Spanish trading ships within the jurisdiction of Philippines. It is speculated that the ship stopped at some ports in
Mainland Southeast Asia
to load trade wares. Bad weather might have led to the sinking of the ship.
[64]
Utensils
[
edit
]
Indigenous utensil artifacts
[
edit
]
- Calatagan Ritual pot
? a clay pot contain
Badlit
inscriptions, The pot was probably also used for ceremonies to retrieve victims of bugkut, disappeared persons believed to have been abducted by dwellers of the spirit world. The paper provides a glossary of 26 Bisayan words that could be derived from the Calatagan Pot inscription.
[65]
Tradeware artifacts
[
edit
]
Porcelain tradeware
[
edit
]
Porcelain tradeware from Vietnam, Taiwan, and China were so prevalent during the Philippines "late metal age" that early scholars of Philippine anthropology came to refer to the period as the Philippines' "Porcelain age." Before the discovery of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription in the early 1990s, anthropologist, the richness of historical clues which could be derived from these porcelain artifacts led scholars to use the term "protohistory."
[48]
The Iron Age consisted of a phase called the "Porcelain Age," and porcelain in this phase entered the Philippines around the nineteenth century A.D. along with "glazed stoneware" from Southeast Asia.
[66]
- The "Flying elephant of Lenna Shoal" plate is considered a remarkable example of Chinese tradeware, with only two extant examples known in the world today.
[13]
Colonial (1521?1946)
[
edit
]
Spanish colonial period
[
edit
]
The
Santo Nino de Cebu
, one of the oldest Christian relics in the
Philippines
.
The attire of a
Tagalog
Maharlika
nobility depicts in the
Boxer Codex
.
- Boxer Codex
? a manuscript written c. 1590,
[78]
which contains illustrations of
ethnic groups in the Philippines
at the time of their initial contact with the Spaniards. Aside from a description of, and historical allusions to what is now the
Philippines
and various other
Far Eastern
countries, the
codex
also contains seventy-five coloured drawings of the inhabitants of these regions and their distinctive costume.
[79]
- Doctrina Christiana
- an early book on the
Roman Catholic
Catechism
, written in 1593 by Fray
Juan de Plasencia
, and is believed to be one of the earliest printed books in the
Philippines
.
[80]
extant copies had been find ancient script translation along with the Spanish Latin content.
Baybayin
is widely used in the
Philippines
even before the Spaniards came.
- Murillo Map
also known as
Carta hydrographica y chorographica de las Islas Filipinas
? Map of the Philippine Islands published by Pedro
Murillo Velarde
in 1774, the earliest map so far it was drawn and engraved by the skilled Filipino artisans Francisco Suarez and Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay .
[81]
- Magellan Shrine
- Fort Santiago
is a
citadel
first built by Spanish conquistador,
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
for the new established city of
Manila
in the
Philippines
. The defense fortress is part of the structures of the walled city of Manila referred to as
Intramuros
.
- Fort Capul
,
Northern Samar
? Founded in 1596 by the Jesuits, it the only town with a majority of the rare Inakbanon language speakers. The town became the focal transition between the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade from the 16th to 18th centuries. A fort town, much of the architecture of the town is based on protection against Moro raiders coming from as far as Mindanao.
[82]
- The
Ruins of Old Tanauan church
is located at the lake shore of
Talisay
in
Batangas Province
are remains of a church structure dating to the Spanish Colonial Period of the Philippines. It is the site of the first stone church of
Tanauan
, before the whole town relocated to its present location in 1754. Currently the ruins are within the property of Club Balai Isabel Resort.
[83]
[84]
Ruins of the Cagsawa church.
Calle Crisologo in
Vigan
at night.
- City of Vigan
Located on the western coast of the large island of
Luzon
, facing the
South China Sea
, is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site
in that it is one of the few
towns
left in the Philippines whose old structures have mostly remained intact, and it is well known for its
cobblestone
streets and architecture of the Philippine colonial era which fuses Native Philippine and Oriental building designs and construction, with colonial Spanish architecture. Former Philippine president
Elpidio Quirino
, the sixth
President of the Philippines
, was born in Vigan, at the former location of the provincial jail (his father was a warden); he resided in the Syquia Mansion. In May 2015, Vigan City was officially recognized as one of the
New7Wonders Cities
together with
Beirut
,
Doha
,
Durban
,
Havana
,
Kuala Lumpur
and
La Paz
.
[88]
New7Wonders Foundation president and founding member Bernard Weber led a ceremony held at
St. Paul Cathedral
where he handed a bronze plaque to Vigan Mayor Eva Grace Singson-Medina, signifying the heritage city's election as one of the world's wonder cities.
[89]
- Banaue Rice Terraces
- Initially believed to pre-date the arrival of the Spanish colonizers, recent scholarship has led scholars to conclude that the Banaue rice terraces were constructed in the 1650s, an Indigenous response to Spanish colonial rule in the lowlands.
[90]
American colonial period
[
edit
]
- The
El Fraile Island
(originally known as Fort Drum), which nicknamed as "the concrete battleship," is a heavily fortified island situated at the mouth of
Manila Bay
in the
Philippines
, due south of
Corregidor
Island. The
reinforced concrete
fortress
shaped like a
battleship
was built by the
United States
in 1909 as one of the
harbor defenses
at the wider South Channel entrance to the bay during the
American colonial period
. It was captured and occupied by the
Japanese
during
World War II
, and was recaptured by the U.S. after
igniting
petroleum
and
gasoline
in the fort, leaving it permanently out of commission.
[91]
- The
Malinta Tunnel
is a tunnel complex built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers on the island of
Corregidor
in the
Philippines
. It was initially used as a bomb-proof storage and personnel bunker, but was later equipped as a 1,000-bed hospital.
[92]
The main tunnel, running east to west, is 831 feet (253 m) long, 24 feet (7.3 m) wide and 18 feet (5.5 m) high.
[93]
Branching off from this main shaft are 13 lateral tunnels on the north side and 11 lateral tunnels on the south side. Each lateral averaged 160 feet (49 m) in length and 15 feet (4.6 m) in width.
- The
Pearl of Lao Tzu
(also referred to as previously as Pearl of
Allah
) used to be the largest known
pearl
. The
pearl
was found in the Palawan sea, which surrounds the island of
Palawan
in the
Philippines
, and was found by a Filipino diver.
[94]
It is not considered a gemstone pearl, but is instead known as a "clam pearl" or "
Tridacna
pearl" from a
giant clam
. It measures 24 centimeters in diameter (9.45 inches) and weighs 6.4 kilograms (14.2 lb).
[94]
Contemporary artifacts (1947 onwards)
[
edit
]
- Macliing Dulag's door - The
University of the Philippines Baguio
's Museo Kordilyera has preserved the door of
Kalinga
protest leader
Macliing Dulag
's home, still ridden with bulletholes after the 4th Infantry Division of the
Philippine Army
opened fire on the house on 24 April 1980, killing Macliing Dulag and wounding a companion.
[95]
- Chapter 3 of The Archaeology of Central Philippines, "The Kalanay Cave Site, Masbate, Philippines," describes the site and Solheim's excavations in 1951 and 1953. It describes a small burial cave that contained a large amount of pottery, a few stone and iron tools, a few other artifacts, and some fragmentary skeletal remains.
[96]
See also
[
edit
]
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edit
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a
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d
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Sources
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edit
]
- Roces, Alfredo R., ed. (1977), "Boxer Codex",
Filipino Heritage: the Making of a Nation
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External links
[
edit
]
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