Regional organization
This article is about the regional organization. For the geographical region, see
Arab world
.
The
Arab League
(
Arabic
:
??????? ???????
,
al-J?mi?a al-?Arabiyya
,
Arabic:
[al.d??aː.mi.?a
al.?a.ra.bij.ja]
ⓘ
), formally the
League of Arab States
(
Arabic
:
????? ????? ???????
,
J?mi?at ad-Duwal al-?Arabiyya
), is a
regional organization
in the
Arab world
. The Arab League was formed in
Cairo
on 22 March 1945, initially with seven members:
Egypt
,
Iraq
,
Transjordan
,
Lebanon
,
Saudi Arabia
,
Syria
, and
North Yemen
.
[3]
[4]
Currently, the League has
22 members
.
The League's main goal is to "draw closer the relations between member states and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries".
[5]
The organization has received a relatively low level of cooperation throughout its history.
[6]
Through institutions, notably the
Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization
(ALECSO) and the Economic and Social Council of its
Council of Arab Economic Unity
(CAEU), the League facilitates political, economic, cultural, scientific, and social programmes designed to promote the interests of the Arab world.
[7]
[8]
It has served as a forum for the member states to coordinate policy, arrange studies of and committees as to matters of common concern, settle inter-state disputes and limit conflicts such as the
1958 Lebanon crisis
. The League has served as a platform for the drafting and conclusion of many landmark documents promoting economic integration. One example is the
Joint Arab Economic Action Charter
, which outlines the principles for economic activities in the region.
Each member state has one vote in the
Council of the Arab League
, and decisions are binding only for those states that have voted for them. The aims of the league in 1945 were to strengthen and coordinate the political, cultural, economic and social programs of its members and to mediate disputes among them or between them and third parties. Furthermore, the signing of an agreement on
Joint Defence and Economic Cooperation
on 13 April 1950 committed the signatories to coordination of military defence measures. In March 2015, the Arab League General Secretary announced the establishment of a Joint Arab Force with the aim of counteracting extremism and other threats to the Arab States. The decision was reached while
Operation Decisive Storm
was intensifying in Yemen. Participation in the project is voluntary, and the army intervenes only at the request of one of the member states. Heightened military arsenal in many member states and, in a small minority, civil wars as well as terrorist movements were the impetuses for JAF's establishment.
[9]
In the early 1970s, the Economic Council put forward a proposal to create the
Joint Arab Chambers of Commerce
across international states. That led to the setting up of mandates to promote, encourage and facilitate bilateral trade between the Arab world and significant trading partners.
History
Following adoption of the
Alexandria Protocol
in 1944, the Arab League was founded on 22 March 1945.
[10]
The official headquarters of the League was the Boustan Palace in Cairo.
[11]
It aimed to be a regional organisation of Arab states with a focus to developing the economy, resolving disputes and coordinating political aims.
[11]
Other countries later joined the league.
[12]
Each country was given one vote in the council. The first major action was joint intervention to keep Palestine from being divided into two states in keeping with the decision of the United Nations General Assembly. When Transjordan agreed to this proposal, Egypt intervened to prevent this from happening.
[13]
It was followed by the creation of a mutual defence treaty two years later. A common market was established in 1965.
[14]
The Arab League has not achieved much cooperation throughout its history. According to
Michael Barnett
and
Etel Solingen
, the design of the Arab League reflects Arab leaders' individual concerns for regime survival: "the politics of Arab nationalism and a shared identity led Arab states to embrace the rhetoric of Arab unity in order to legitimize their regimes, and to fear Arab unity in practice because it would impose greater restrictions on their sovereignty."
[6]
The Arab League was "specifically designed to fail at producing the kind of greater collaboration and integration that might have weakened political leaders at home."
[6]
Geography
The Arab League member states cover over 13,000,000 km
2
(5,000,000 sq mi) and straddles two continents:
Africa
and
Asia
. The area largely consists of arid deserts, such as the
Sahara
. Nevertheless, it also contains several highly fertile lands like the
Nile Valley
, the
Jubba Valley
and
Shebelle Valley
in the
Horn of Africa
, the
Atlas Mountains
in the
Maghreb
, and the
Fertile Crescent
that stretches over
Mesopotamia
and the
Levant
. The area comprises deep forests in southern
Arabia
and parts of the world's longest river, the
Nile
.
Membership
The
Charter of the Arab League
, also known as the Pact of the League of Arab States, is the founding treaty of the Arab League. Adopted in 1945, it stipulates that "the League of Arab States shall be composed of the independent Arab States that have signed this Pact."
[15]
In 1945, there were seven members
[4]
, but the Arab League now has 22 members, including 8 African countries:
and 7 observer states (note: the observer states below have been invited to participate during select Arab League sessions but do not hold voting privileges):
Suspensions
Egypt
was suspended from the Arab League on 26 March 1979 due to the
Egypt?Israel peace treaty
, with the League's headquarters moving from Cairo to
Tunis
, Tunisia. In 1987, Arab League states restored diplomatic relations with Egypt, the country was readmitted to the League in May 1989 and the League's headquarters were moved back to Cairo in September 1990.
[23]
Libya
was suspended on 22 February 2011, following the outbreak of the
First Libyan Civil War
.
[24]
The Arab League voted to restore Libya's membership on 27 August 2011 by accrediting a representative of the
National Transitional Council
, which was the partially recognised interim government of the country.
[25]
Syria
was suspended on 16 November 2011 in the aftermath of the outbreak of the
Syrian Civil War
. On 6 March 2013, the Arab League gave the
Syrian National Coalition
Syria's seat in the Arab League.
[26]
On 9 March 2014, secretary general
Nabil Elaraby
stated that Syria's seat would remain vacant until the opposition completes the formation of its institutions.
[27]
In 2021, the Arab League initiated a process of normalisation between Syria and other Arab nations.
[28]
On 7 May 2023, at the meeting of the
Council of the Arab League
in Cairo, it was agreed to reinstate Syria's membership.
[29]
Politics and administration
The Arab League is a political organization which tries to help integrate its members economically, and solve conflicts involving member states without asking for foreign assistance. It possesses elements of a state representative parliament while foreign affairs are often conducted under UN supervision.
The Charter of the Arab League
[5]
endorsed the principle of an
Arab nation-state
while respecting the
sovereignty
of the individual member states. The internal regulations of the Council of the League
[30]
and the committees
[31]
were agreed in October 1951. Those of the Secretariat-General were agreed in May 1953.
[32]
Since then, governance of the Arab League has been based on the duality of supra-national institutions and the sovereignty of the member states. Preservation of individual statehood derived its strengths from the natural preference of ruling elites to maintain their power and independence in decision making. Moreover, the fear of the richer that the poorer may share their wealth in the name of
Arab nationalism
, the
feuds among Arab rulers
, and the influence of external powers that might oppose Arab unity can be seen as obstacles towards a deeper integration of the league.
Mindful of their previous announcements in support of the
Arabs
of
Palestine
the framers of the Pact were determined to include them within the League from its inauguration.
[33]
This was done by means of an annex that declared:
[5]
Even though Palestine was not able to control her own destiny, it was on the basis of the recognition of her independence that the Covenant of the League of Nations determined a system of government for her. Her existence and her independence among the nations can, therefore, no more be questioned
de jure
than the independence of any of the other Arab States. [...] Therefore, the States signatory to the Pact of the Arab League consider that in view of Palestine's special circumstances, the Council of the League should designate an Arab delegate from Palestine to participate in its work until this country enjoys actual independence
At the Cairo Summit of 1964, the Arab League initiated the creation of an organisation representing the Palestinian people. The first
Palestinian National Council
convened in
East Jerusalem
on 29 May 1964. The
Palestinian Liberation Organization
was founded during this meeting on 2 June 1964. Palestine was shortly admitted in to the Arab League, represented by the PLO. Today,
State of Palestine
is a full member of the Arab League.
At the
Beirut Summit
on 28 March 2002, the league adopted the
Arab Peace Initiative
,
[34]
a Saudi-inspired peace plan for the
Arab?Israeli conflict
. The initiative offered full normalisation of the relations with
Israel
. In exchange, Israel was required to withdraw from all
occupied territories
, including the
Golan Heights
, to recognise Palestinian independence in the
West Bank
and
Gaza Strip
, with East Jerusalem as its capital, as well as a "just solution" for the
Palestinian refugees
. The Peace Initiative was again endorsed at 2007 in the Riyadh Summit. In July 2007, the Arab League sent a mission, consisting of the
Jordanian
and
Egyptian
foreign ministers, to Israel to promote the initiative. Following
Venezuela
's move to expel Israeli diplomats amid the
2008?2009 Israel?Gaza conflict
,
Kuwaiti
member of parliament
Waleed Al-Tabtabaie
proposed moving Arab League headquarters to
Caracas
,
Venezuela
.
[35]
On 13 June 2010, Amr Mohammed Moussa, Secretary-General of the Arab League, visited the
Gaza Strip
, the first visit by an official of the Arab League since Hamas' armed takeover in 2007.
The Arab League is a member of the
China-Arab States Cooperation Forum
(CASCF), which was formed in 2004. CASCF is the Arab League's earliest participation in a cooperation forum with another country or region.
[36]
CASCF is the primarily multi-lateral coordination mechanism between the Arab states and China and within CASCF the Arab League represents its member states as a relatively unified force.
[37]
The Arab League's coordination allows Arab states to negotiate actively for collective projects involving multiple states, such as railway projects, nuclear power projects, and Dead Sea initiatives.
[36]
In 2015, the Arab League voiced support for
Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen
against the
Shia Houthis
and forces loyal to former President
Ali Abdullah Saleh
, who was deposed in the
2011 uprising
.
[38]
On 15 April 2018, in response to the
Turkish invasion of northern Syria
aimed at ousting U.S.-backed
Syrian Kurds
from the enclave of
Afrin
, the Arab League passed a resolution calling on Turkish forces to withdraw from Afrin.
[39]
In September 2019, the Arab League condemned
Benjamin Netanyahu
's plans to
annex
the eastern portion of the occupied
West Bank
known as the
Jordan Valley
.
[40]
The Arab League met in Cairo on 12 October 2019 to discuss
Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
. Upon meeting, its member states voted to condemn the Turkish offensive, dubbing it both an 'invasion' and an 'aggression' against an Arab state, adding that the organization saw it as a violation of international law.
[41]
On 9 September 2020, the Arab League refused to condemn the
UAE
's decision to
normalize ties with Israel
. Nevertheless, "The goal all our Arab countries seek, without exception, is to end the occupation and establish an independent Palestinian state on the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital,"
Aboul Gheit
said.
[42]
In January 2024, the Arab League expressed support for South Africa's
ICJ genocide case
against Israel.
[43]
List of summits
Emergency summits
- Two summits are not added to the system of Arab League summits:
- Anshas
, Egypt: 28?29 May 1946.
- Beirut, Lebanon: 13 ? 15 November 1958.
- Summit 12 in Fes, Morocco, occurred in two stages:
- On 25 November 1981: the 5-hour meeting ended without an agreement on document.
- On 6?9 September 1982.
Military
The Joint Defence Council of the Arab League is one of the
Institutions of the Arab League
.
[49]
It was established under the terms of the
Joint Defence and Economic Co-operation Treaty
of 1950 to coordinate the
joint defence
of the Arab League
member states
.
[50]
The Arab League as an organisation has no military Force, similar to the UN, but at the 2007 summit, the Leaders decided to reactivate their joint defence and establish a peacekeeping force to deploy in South Lebanon, Darfur, Iraq, and other hot spots.
At a 2015 summit in Egypt, member states agreed in principle to form a joint military force.
[51]
Economic resources
The Arab League is rich in resources, such as enormous
oil
and
natural gas
resources in certain member states.
Economic achievements initiated by the League amongst member states have been less impressive than those achieved by smaller Arab organisations such as the
Gulf Cooperation Council
(GCC).
[52]
Among them is the
Arab Gas Pipeline
, that will transport Egyptian and Iraqi gas to Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey. As of 2013, a significant difference in economic conditions exist between the developed oil states of
Algeria
,
Qatar
,
Kuwait
and the
UAE
, and developing countries like the
Comoros
,
Djibouti
,
Mauritania
,
Somalia
,
Sudan
and
Yemen
.
The Arab League also includes great fertile lands in the southern part of
Sudan
. It is referred to as the food basket of the
Arab World
, the region's instability including the independence of
South Sudan
has not affected its
tourism
industry, that is considered the fastest growing industry in the region, with
Egypt
,
UAE
,
Lebanon
,
Tunisia
, and
Jordan
leading the way. Another industry that is growing steadily in the Arab League is telecommunications.
Economical achievements within members have been low in the league's history, other smaller Arab Organizations have achieved more than the league has, such as the
GCC
, but lately several major economic projects that are promising are to be completed, the
Arab Gas Pipeline
is to end by 2010, Connecting Egyptian and Iraqi Gas to Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, and then to Turkey thus Europe, a free trade Agreement (
GAFTA
) is to be completed by 1 January 2008, making 95% of all Arab products tax free of customs.
Transport
The Arab League is divided into five parts when it comes to transport, with the
Arabian Peninsula
and the
Near East
being entirely connected by air, sea, roads and railways. Another part of the League is the
Nile Valley
, made up of
Egypt
and
Sudan
. These two member states have started to improve the River Nile's navigation system to improve accessibility and thus foster trading. A new railway system is also set to connect the southern Egyptian city of
Abu Simbel
with the northern Sudanese city of
Wadi Halfa
and then to
Khartoum
and
Port Sudan
. The third division of the League is the
Maghreb
, where a 3,000 km stretch of railway runs from the southern cities of
Morocco
to
Tripoli
in Western
Libya
. The fourth division of the League is the
Horn of Africa
, whose member states include
Djibouti
and
Somalia
. These two Arab League states are separated by only ten nautical miles from the Arabian Peninsula by the
Bab el Mandeb
and this is quickly changing as Tarik bin Laden, the brother of
Osama bin Laden
, has initiated the construction of the ambitious
Bridge of the Horns
project, which ultimately aims to connect the
Horn of Africa
with the
Arabian Peninsula
via a massive bridge. The project is intended to facilitate and accelerate the already centuries-old trade and commerce between the two regions. The last division of the League is the isolated archipelago of the
Comoros
located off the coast of
East Africa
, which is not physically connected to any other Arab state, but still trades with other Arab League members.
Literacy
In collecting literacy data, many countries estimate the number of literate people based on self-reported data. Some use educational attainment data as a proxy, but measures of school attendance or grade completion may differ. Because definitions and data collection methods vary across countries, literacy estimates should be used with caution.
United Nations Development Programme
,
Human Development Report
2010. The
Persian Gulf
region has had an
oil boom
, enabling more schools and universities to be set up.
Demographics
While
Arabs
constitute the largest ethnic group in the Arab League, there are several other ethnic groups that also reside in the region, including
Berbers
,
Kurds
,
Somalis
,
Assyrians
,
Armenians
,
Nubians
,
Mandaeans
, and
Circassians
. Each of these groups have their own distinct cultures, languages, and traditions. As of 1 July 2013, about 359 million people live in the states of the Arab League. Its population grows faster than in most other global regions. The most populous member state is
Egypt
, with a population of over 100 million.
[56]
The least populated is the
Comoros
, with approximately 850,000 inhabitants.
Rank
|
Country
|
Population
|
Density (/km
2
)
|
Density (sq mi)
|
Notes
|
1
|
Egypt
|
104,635,983
|
109
|
282
|
[57]
|
2
|
Sudan
|
49,197,555
|
16
|
41
|
[58]
|
3
|
Iraq
|
45,318,011
|
84
|
218
|
[59]
|
4
|
Algeria
|
44,700,000
|
16
|
41
|
[60]
|
5
|
Morocco
|
37,984,655
|
71
|
184
|
[60]
|
6
|
Yemen
|
34,277,612
|
45
|
117
|
[60]
|
7
|
Saudi Arabia
|
32,175,224
|
12
|
31
|
[61]
|
8
|
Syria
|
22,125,249
|
118
|
306
|
[60]
|
9
|
Somalia
|
17,066,000
|
18
|
47
|
[60]
|
10
|
Tunisia
|
11,708,370
|
65
|
168
|
[62]
|
11
|
Jordan
|
11,180,568
|
71
|
184
|
[60]
|
12
|
United Arab Emirates
|
9,269,612
|
99
|
256
|
[63]
|
13
|
Libya
|
7,054,493
|
3.8
|
9.8
|
[60]
[64]
|
14
|
Lebanon
|
5,296,814
|
404
|
1,046
|
[60]
|
15
|
Palestine
|
5,227,193
|
756
|
1,958
|
[65]
|
16
|
Mauritania
|
4,614,974
|
3.2
|
8.3
|
[60]
|
17
|
Oman
|
4,520,471
|
9.2
|
24
|
[60]
|
18
|
Kuwait
|
4,294,621
|
200
|
518
|
[60]
|
19
|
Qatar
|
2,795,484
|
154
|
399
|
[60]
|
20
|
Bahrain
|
1,463,265
|
1,646
|
4,263
|
[66]
|
21
|
Djibouti
|
957,273
|
37
|
96
|
[60]
|
22
|
Comoros
|
850,886
|
309
|
800
|
[60]
|
Total
|
Arab League
|
462,940,089
|
30.4
|
78.7
|
|
Religion
The majority of the Arab League's citizens adhere to
Islam
, with
Christianity
being the second largest religion. At least 15 million Christians combined live in
Egypt
,
Iraq
,
Jordan
,
Lebanon
,
Palestine
,
Sudan
and
Syria
. In addition, there are smaller but significant numbers of
Druze
,
Yazidis
,
Shabaks
and
Mandaeans
. Numbers for nonreligious
Arabs
are generally not available, but research by the
Pew Forum
suggests around 1% of people in the
MENA
region are "unaffiliated".
[67]
Languages
The official language of the Arab League is
Literary Arabic
, based on
Classical Arabic
. However, several Arab League member states have other co-official or national languages, such as
Somali
,
Afar
,
Comorian
,
French
,
English
,
Berber
and
Kurdish
. In most countries, there is a dominant non-
codified
spoken Arabic dialect
.
Culture
Sports
The
Pan-Arab Games
are considered the biggest Arab sporting event, which brings together athletes from all the Arab countries to participate in a variety of different sports.
The
Union of Arab Football Associations
organises the
Arab Cup
(for national teams) and the
Arab Club Champions Cup
(for clubs). Arab sport federations also exist for several games, include
basketball
,
volleyball
,
handball
,
table tennis
,
tennis
,
squash
and
swimming
.
[
citation needed
]
See also
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