Apple Inc.-related worker organizations and unions
Apple Inc.
workers around the globe have been involved in
organizing
since the 1990s.
Apple worker organizations
have been made up of retail, corporate, and outsourced workers. Employees have joined
trade unions
and formed
works councils
in
Australia
,
France
,
Germany
,
Italy
,
Japan
,
United Kingdom
and the
United States
.
The majority of industrial
labor disputes
(including union recognition) involving Apple occur indirectly through
its suppliers and contractors
, notably
Foxconn
plants in
China
and to a lesser extent,
Brazil
and
India
.
In 2021, Apple Together, a
solidarity union
, sought to bring together the company's global worker organizations. In the 2020s, a surge in new organizing took place in Australia, United Kingdom and the United States.
Industrial composition
[
edit
]
Apple was founded in 1976,
[2]
and has become one of the most valuable corporations in the world, being valued over $1 trillion in 2018, and in 2020 becoming the first American company to be valued over $2 trillion.
[3]
Since the 1980s, Apple, like other
Silicon Valley
companies, shifted assembly operations and other manufacturing services from the United States to countries with lower labor, overhead costs and
flexible scaling
.
[4]
[5]
Apple directly employs 147,000 workers including 25,000 corporate employees in
Apple Park
and across Silicon Valley.
[6]
[7]
The vast majority of its employees work at 500 retail
Apple stores
globally.
[8]
Apple relies on a larger, outsourced workforce for manufacturing, particularly in China. As of 2021, Apple uses hardware components from 43 different countries.
[9]
The majority of assembling is done by Taiwanese
original design manufacturer
firms
Foxconn
,
Pegatron
,
Wistron
and
Compal Electronics
in factories primarily located inside
China
,
[10]
and to a lesser extent
Brazil
,
[11]
and
India
.
[12]
Australia
[
edit
]
Apple Australia employs 4,000 employees.
[13]
On October 18, 2022, 150 retail workers from one of Apple's three unions in Australia, represented by
Retail and Fast Food Workers Union
, went on strike over pay and benefits in
Brisbane
,
Chermside
, and
Charlestown
.
[14]
[15]
Other unionized workers in Australia are represented by the
Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association
and
Australian Services Union
.
[14]
[16]
[17]
Brazil
[
edit
]
In 2012, Foxconn opened a second Foxconn factory in
Jundiai
, Brazil, the first plant to focus exclusively on assembling
Apple products
. The Brazilian Metalworkers Union (
Confederacao Nacional dos Trabalhadores Metalurgicos
;
CNTM
) affiliated to
IndustriALL
had previous experience organizing Foxconn workers at the first non-Apple plant that was established in 2007.
[18]
After a 5-day
strike
in 2014 involving 3,700 workers, Foxconn made a
collective agreement
with the Metalworkers Union to match the salaries of the newer Apple contract workers with the better paid Foxconn workers of the non-Apple focused plant. A prior strike happened in February 2013 over similar demands.
[19]
China
[
edit
]
In China, Apple directly employs 10,000 workers across its retail and corporate divisions. In addition, one further million workers are contracted by Apple's suppliers to assemble Apple products, including
Foxconn
and
Pegatron
.
[20]
Zhengzhou Technology Park
alone employs 350,000 Chinese workers in
Zhengzhou
to exclusively work on the
iPhone
.
[21]
Pegatron workers are not represented by any trade union, according to a 2015
China Labor Watch
report.
[22]
Foxconn workers are represented by a trade union. Despite being the largest 'unionized' company in the world, with over 90% of Foxconn's 1.4 million workforce registered; the
Foxconn Federation of Labour Unions
(
Chinese
:
富士康科技集?工??合?
), more commonly known as Foxconn Trade Union (
Chinese
:
富士康工?
) is by and large a
company union
dominated by management rather than workers.
[23]
[24]
Foxconn
made global headlines in 2010, when over a
dozen workers committed suicide
in iPhone factories, due to strenuous working conditions. Apple responded by bringing in the
Fair Labor Association
(FLA), a US based
NGO
as an external auditor from 2012 to 2016.
[25]
One of FLA's findings was that the Foxconn Trade Union failed to adequately represent workers.
[24]
The
Economic Policy Institute
criticized the FLA report for giving Apple and Foxconn 'undue' credit, despite ongoing issues including forced
overtime
and the continued use of
underage labor
.
[26]
Foxconn promised in 2013 with the help of FLA to prepare genuine
representative
elections through an anonymous voting process to elect up to 18,000 new union committees.
[24]
A 2017
Students and Scholars Against Corporate Misbehaviour
report criticized the limited worker participation inside the Foxconn Trade Union and the lack of awareness or involvement of workers in the first democratic union elections Foxconn held in early 2015.
[25]
France
[
edit
]
Apple has 20 retail stores in France, 9 in Paris, as of 2023. Apple employees are represented by four trade-unions,
CGT
,
Unsa
,
CFDT
and
Cidre-CFTC
.
[27]
Ahead of the
iPhone 5
debut in 2012, employees in French Apple retail stores voted to go on
strike
after
collective bargaining
negotiations stalled.
Solidaires
, the main trade union involved represents 25% of the 1,000 French employees.
[28]
[29]
Germany
[
edit
]
In 2011, Apple directly employed 50,000 workers worldwide; 30,000 of them in retail
Apple stores
.
[30]
In February 2012, the first
works council
in the country was established in the Munich Apple retail store. In an interview with
Manager Magazin
, a
ver.di
union representative cited excessive overtime, high noise level and insufficient health measures as motivating factors for workers to form a works council,
[31]
as well as the lack of any
collective agreements
.
[30]
In December, retail workers at the Frankfurt Apple store elected a works council, the second one in Germany, making the establishment of a Germany wide
General Works Council
mandatory.
[30]
India
[
edit
]
Apple expanded in India by manufacturing iPhones through its
Wistron
contract manufacturer, located near
Bangalore
.
Foxconn
, which was present in India since 2006, explored setting up iPhone production in India as early as 2010, but scrapped plans in favor of opening a new plant in
Brazil
.
[32]
Apple expanded production in 2019 in
Chennai
through contract manufacturers
Pegatron
and
Foxconn
in the
special economic zone
located in
Sriperumbudur
.
[33]
On December 17, 2021, 250 women workers at the iPhone Foxconn plant were medically treated for food poisoning, with productions halted on December 18.
[34]
Nearly 3,000 workers blocked the highway to the factory, leading to 167 workers being detained for 24 hours, including trade union officials from
Centre of Indian Trade Unions
.
[35]
[36]
Italy
[
edit
]
Ahead of the
iPhone 4S
launch in 2011, workers in the Rome Apple retail store went on strike, featuring the slogan "Strike Different". Strike demands included higher monthly bonus schemes of US$200, limiting
employee surveillance
and increasing staffing.
[37]
[28]
In 2013, three Italian trade unions
FILCAMS-CGIL
,
FISASCAT
and
UILTuCS
signed the first
collective agreement
with Apple in Italy representing 1,300 workers across 14 Apple stores and improved working conditions compared to the existing national retail collective agreement.
[38]
Japan
[
edit
]
On December 18, 2014, retail workers of Apple Japan announced a union affiliated with
Tozen
using the slogan "Work Different".
[39]
Three of Japan's ten Apple stores are unionized with Tozen.
[40]
Spain
[
edit
]
Workers in six Apple stores in Spain are members of
syndicalist
unions. Five of the stores are affiliated with
General Confederation of Labor
(CGT), while the
Passeig de Gracia
store in
Barcelona
is affiliated with
Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo
(CNT).
[40]
United Kingdom
[
edit
]
In June 2022, after joining
GMB
Scotland, retail workers at the
Buchanan Street
Apple store,
[41]
one of two Apple's
Glasgow
stores filed paperwork to unionize, the first in the United Kingdom to do so.
[42]
In November, Apple voluntarily recognized the Glasgow Apple union.
[43]
On February 8, 2023, Apple signed a collective agreement with the store, the first Apple store to do so in the United Kingdom.
[41]
In July 2022,
United Tech and Allied Workers Union
(UTAW), affiliated with the
Communications Workers Union
organized a day of action in two London Apple stores on
Regent Street
and
Covent Garden
. UTAW claims to have members working in Apple stores in
Exeter
,
Manchester
,
Brighton
, and
Norwich
.
[44]
On December 12, 2022,
White City, London
Apple store workers unionized with UTAW.
[45]
[46]
United States
[
edit
]
As of 2019, Apple directly employs 90,000 employees in the United States,
[47]
including 25,000 corporate employees in
Apple Park
and across the west coast.
[6]
[7]
In 1990
Employees for One Apple
was the first organized worker initiative, in protest of changes to employee profit sharing. In 2011, an unsuccessful unionization effort was launched by Cory Moll in the San Francisco retail store. In 2021, #AppleToo initiative launched, publishing over 500 stories of worker experiences with harassment. One year later, #AppleToo evolved into Apple Together, a network of different Apple Unions.
The vast majority of the 270 Apple retail stores are not unionized. In 2022, for the first time ever, two stores unionized in
Towson Mall
,
Baltimore, Maryland
with the assistance of
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
(IAM) and
Penn Square
,
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
with the assistance of
Communications Workers of America
(CWA).
[48]
Additional unionization efforts are underway in New York, Kentucky and Ohio.
In 2022, CWA and IAM withdrew unionization efforts, alleging hostile organizing atmospheres in
Atlanta, Georgia
and
St. Louis, Missouri
.
[49]
Apple hired
Littler Mendelson
law firm, known for their "
anti-union
" stance, to represent Apple.
Employees for One Apple
[
edit
]
In January 1990, following an announcement to cut employee
profit sharing
, workers on an internal network
bulletin board system
who had previously organized around
affirmative action
, recycling, and smoking on campus, "literally swamped" the system in protest of the changes, resulting in management walking back the changes. One employee compiled a list of participants in the profit sharing revolt and wrote to each of them forming a small group that soon merged with another recently formed group: the "concerned employees' league."
The initial group of 50 workers using the name "Employees for One Apple" met in May 1990 and sought a restoration of the company's former "
corporate culture
," more direct communications with executives, a flattened hierarchy including distinctions and perks between management and employees, more influence over company decisions, and an "institutionalized voice" for employees. Management agreed to the formation of an "Employee-Executive Forum" consisting of 15 randomly selected employees, allowed to meet quarterly with management to discuss their concerns.
[50]
[51]
In June 1991, the group, which had grown to 500 members, organized a rally outside of one of the
Cupertino, California
offices in protest of forthcoming mass layoff as part of the company's cost-cutting plan. Workers demanded executives take pay-cuts as part of the cutbacks.
[52]
[53]
In the days following the rally, CEO
John Sculley
announced a 15 percent pay cut, along with other top executive pay cuts.
[53]
[54]
The group said they were considering unionization, a stance in contrast with their original opposition to unions.
[50]
[53]
[54]
In 1997, CEO
Gil Amelio
fired 4,100 workers with severance to cut costs. One fired worker said the company's biggest problem was mismanagement.
[55]
Unionization efforts
[
edit
]
In early 2022, employees reported that recent compensation adjustments from the company had backfired, with many reporting their raises were not enough to cover inflation. One worker told
The Post,
"I have a lot of co-workers and friends who I genuinely love and they do not make enough to get by." Others have criticized that while the company used to pay competitively, it has not been reflective of the record profits reported throughout the COVID-19 pandemic,
[56]
as described in a
Medium
post by an
Ohio
worker, Matt Herbst.
[57]
Organizers alleged that since they started union activity, managers had begun surveilling workers and giving anti-union speeches.
[57]
Rebecca Kolins Givan, an associate professor at
Rutgers University
warned that
union busting
activity by Apple against organizers could "tarnish" their brand.
[58]
In May 2022,
Vice
shared a leaked memo, allegedly proving that Apple is training Apple Store managers to persuade employees against unionization.
[59]
[60]
Apple hired
Littler Mendelson
law firm, known for their "
anti-union
" stance, to represent Apple.
[61]
Apple Retail Workers Union
[
edit
]
In May 2011, exactly one decade after the first
Apple store
opened,
[62]
Cory Moll launched the Apple Retail Workers Union in San Francisco, citing compensation, pay, benefits and hiring processes as motivations.
[63]
[64]
In November, Apple launched a private training for managers on how to "manage worker unions". A source contacted
CNET News
to clarify that the training was not related to retail employees.
[65]
In April 2013, according to a tweet Moll posted, Moll left the company on his own accord.
[66]
Apple Together
[
edit
]
Apple Together is a
solidarity union
, or a "global network of solidarity between [Apple] unions,"
[40]
made up of corporate and retail workers, founded by
Cher Scarlett
,
Janneke Parrish
, and other anonymous Apple workers.
[67]
The website states that it is the evolution of the
#AppleToo
movement using the phrase "From #AppleToo to Apple Together",
[68]
and the group has used the tagline "Think Equitable".
[69]
On December 24, 2021,
Christmas Eve
, the group staged a
walkout
in some retail stores and called for a consumer
boycott
, urging the public not to shop at the retailer on the busy holiday shopping day. The group set out a list of demands on
Twitter
, including
hazard pay
,
living wages
,
benefits
for
part-time
workers, and several specific requests due to the
COVID-19 pandemic
, such as
N95 masks
and
sanitization
stations, and more strict rules around customer interactions.
[69]
[57]
[70]
The walkout involved at least 50 retail employees across stores from three states,
[71]
and comes following news of retail conditions around
mental health
issues, subpar wages,
[72]
customer abuse,
[73]
and poor management of the COVID-19 pandemic.
[74]
The walkout started at the
Jacksonville, Florida
retail store, where recent aggression from customers had been ignored by the store's management.
[69]
On April 29, 2022, the group wrote an open letter to corporate management speaking out against the company's return-to-office plans asking for more flexibility around
working remotely
, pointing to what the group alleged would have an adverse impact on the company's diversity.
[75]
The corporate employees reportedly supported retail efforts to unionize, including by donating funds via
The Solidarity Fund
for organizing efforts.
[57]
Several union representatives "hang out" in the union's
Discord
server to assist in unionizing efforts. As of May 2022, Scarlett and Parrish were members of the union as advisors.
[67]
Apple Retail Union
[
edit
]
In 2022,
Communications Workers of America
(CWA) launched an effort to help Apple retail stores unionize.
[67]
[76]
The campaign is a part of
CODE-CWA
, CWA's effort to
unionize tech and gaming
.
[77]
On April 20, 2022, the first Apple store in the United States filed a petition for union recognition with the NLRB. The store is located in
Atlanta, Georgia
and of the 30% of authorization cards required for the 107-employee location in
Cumberland Mall
, the workers gathered 70%. The union, led by Derrick Bowles and Sydney Rhodes,
[78]
refers to themselves as "Apple Workers Union".
[79]
[77]
The vote was scheduled to take place on June 2, 2022,
[80]
but was later withdrawn after what workers alleged to be "intimidation".
[81]
In December, the NLRB corroborated that Apple violated federal labor law.
[82]
In May 2022, CWA filed an unfair labor practice report against Apple, claiming the company held
captive audience meetings
to counter unionization efforts.
[83]
The same month, CWA filed another complaint, alleging Apple interrogated workers about labor activity, prohibited the posting of pro-union flyers and held mandatory anti-union presentations at the
World Trade Center
store in
Manhattan, New York
.
[84]
In September, the NLRB issued a complaint against Apple alleging discrimination against union supporters and interrogating staff, which Apple denied.
[82]
On May 25, 2022, workers at
Oxmoor Center
in
Louisville, Kentucky
announced their union drive with CWA.
[85]
On February 21, 2022, retail workers at the Apple store in
Grand Central Terminal
, in
New York City
, voted to affiliate themselves with
Workers United
under the name "Fruit Stand Workers United".
[86]
An organizer had reached out to Cher Scarlett "distraught" after the union's prior partnership had unexpectedly dissolved. Scarlett, who had previously worked for
Starbucks
, was helping
unionize the coffee chain
and connected the organizers to her Workers United contact, reviving the effort.
[67]
In April 2022, the workers began gathering signatures to file a petition for union representation with the NLRB.
[86]
In June 2022, a press release by Workers United announced that CWA's Apple Retail Union will take over supporting Fruit Stand Workers United.
[87]
In September 2022, workers at Apple's
Penn Square
store in Oklahoma, filed a petition with the NLRB to hold a union election.
[88]
The following month, they became the second unionized Apple store in the country with workers voting 56?32 in favor of unionizing.
[89]
In
Columbus, Ohio
in the
Easton Town Center
store, Apple circulated fliers promoting "a dedicated working group that can be used as a formal means for employees and leaders to provide feedback on both local and retail organization-wide initiatives, policies and practices." In response, CWA filed a complaint with the NLRB on December 16, 2022, alleging that Apple interfered with unionization efforts by setting up its own
pseudo-union
controlled by the employer.
[82]
AppleCore
[
edit
]
On May 3, 2022, Apple employees working at the
Genius Bar
at
Towson Mall
in
Baltimore, Maryland
sent a letter to CEO
Tim Cook
notifying the company of their intention to file for union recognition with the NLRB called the Coalition of Organized Retail Employees, or AppleCore. The union is affiliated with
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
(IAM).
[90]
The workers filed a petition with the NLRB on May 4, 2022,
[91]
and voted 65?33 to join the union on June 18, 2022, becoming the first unionized Apple store in the nation.
[92]
On November 16, 2022, IAM petitioned the NLRB to represent 83 Apple employees at the Galleria Apple store in
St. Louis, Missouri
. On November 23, 2022, the IAM withdrew its unionization petition from the NLRB, citing a hostile environment,
[93]
while a published statement and union-withdrawal petition by Apple workers contradicted IAM stating they did not wish to work with IAM.
[94]
[95]
See also
[
edit
]
Further reading
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Siu, Phila (February 27, 2013).
"Activists push Apple over work conditions"
.
South China Morning Post
. Retrieved
2022-12-25
.
- ^
Gallagher, William (April 1, 2022).
"Apple was founded 46 years ago, on April 1, 1976"
.
AppleInsider
. Retrieved
2023-01-06
.
- ^
Klebnikov, Sergei (August 19, 2020).
"Apple Becomes First U.S. Company Worth More Than $2 Trillion"
.
Forbes
.
- ^
Yusuf, Shahid (2015).
"From Silicon Valley to Shenzhen: Global Production and Work in the IT Industry by Boy Luthje, Stefanie Hurtgen, Peter Pawlicki and Martina Sproll Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2013"
.
Economic Geography
.
91
(3): 389?391.
doi
:
10.1111/ecge.12091
.
ISSN
1944-8287
.
S2CID
152674254
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-08-29
. Retrieved
2021-08-29
.
- ^
Chan, Jenny; Selden, Mark; Pun, Ngai (2020).
Dying for an iPhone Apple, Foxconn and the Lives of Chinas Workers
. London:
Pluto Press
.
ISBN
978-1-78680-625-3
.
OCLC
1158219826
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-10-05
. Retrieved
2021-08-29
.
- ^
a
b
Downey, Rosellen "Rosie" (July 9, 2021).
"Two Big Tech rivals compete for top spot on largest employers list"
.
BizJournals
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-07-09
. Retrieved
2021-12-07
.
- ^
a
b
Leswing, Kif (April 26, 2021).
"Apple will spend $1 billion to open 3,000-employee campus in North Carolina"
.
NBC News
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-12-07
. Retrieved
2021-12-07
.
- ^
"Apple Retail Store - Store List"
.
Apple Inc.
Archived
from the original on 2011-02-15
. Retrieved
2021-09-09
.
- ^
Petrova, Magdalena (December 14, 2018).
"We traced what it takes to make an iPhone, from its initial design to the components and raw materials needed to make it a reality"
.
CNBC
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-07-15
. Retrieved
2021-07-15
.
- ^
Moorhead, Patrick (April 13, 2019).
"Who Are Apple's iPhone Contract Manufacturers?"
.
Forbes
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-07-15
. Retrieved
2021-07-15
.
- ^
"Apple's India and Brazil iPhone plants haven't reduced its dependence on China: Report"
.
Tech2 Firstpost
. August 29, 2019.
Archived
from the original on 2021-07-15
. Retrieved
2021-07-15
.
- ^
Phartiyal, Sankalp; Ahmed, Aftab; Blanchard, Ben (February 9, 2021).
"Apple supplier Wistron to restart India factory, still on probation"
.
Reuters
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-07-15
. Retrieved
2021-07-15
.
- ^
Gallagher, William (2022-10-18).
"Australia Apple Store workers go on strike"
.
Apple Insider
. Retrieved
2023-09-21
.
- ^
a
b
Zhuang, Yan (October 18, 2022).
"New Crack in Apple's Armor as Dozens Strike at Its Stores in Australia"
.
New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
2022-11-15
.
- ^
Kaye, Ron (October 11, 2022).
"Some Apple workers in Australia vote to strike over pay, benefits"
.
Reuters
. Retrieved
2022-11-15
.
- ^
Buckley, John (September 8, 2022).
"Australian Workers Are the Latest International Apple Staff to Unionise"
.
Vice News
. Retrieved
2022-11-15
.
- ^
Taylor, Josh (September 21, 2022).
"
'Bully in a cheap suit': Apple agrees to negotiate with Australian staff after union showdown"
.
Guardian News
. Retrieved
2022-11-15
.
- ^
Chen, Michelle (April 17, 2012).
"Apple's Two Faces: Power Gaps Between Brazil and China Foxconn Workers"
.
In These Times
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-08-29
. Retrieved
2021-08-29
.
- ^
"Victory for Foxconn workers in Brazil"
.
IndustriALL
. 2014-09-29.
Archived
from the original on 2021-08-29
. Retrieved
2021-08-29
.
- ^
Wu, Debby (February 4, 2020).
"Apple suppliers aim to resume full China production Monday"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Retrieved
2022-10-30
.
- ^
Jacobs, Harrison (May 7, 2018).
"Inside 'iPhone City,' the massive Chinese factory town where half of the world's iPhones are produced"
.
Business Insider
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-08-29
. Retrieved
2021-08-28
.
- ^
Something's Not Right Here: Poor Working Conditions Persist at Apple Supplier Pegatron
(Report).
Martin P. Catherwood Library
:
China Labor Watch
. October 22, 2015. p. 29.
- ^
Chan, Jenny (2013). "A Suicide Survivor: The Life of a Chinese Worker".
New Technology, Work and Employment
.
28
(2): 84?99.
doi
:
10.1111/NTWE.12007
.
S2CID
154463838
.
- ^
a
b
c
Hille, Kathrin; Jacob, Rahul (February 3, 2013).
"Foxconn plans Chinese union vote"
.
Financial Times
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-09-08
. Retrieved
2021-09-08
.
- ^
a
b
Chan, Jenny (September 2017).
"Betrayed: NO Democratic, Representative Trade Union for Foxconn Workers in China"
(PDF)
.
Students and Scholars Against Corporate Misbehaviour
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 2021-09-08
. Retrieved
2021-09-08
.
- ^
Nova, Scott; Shapiro, Isaac (November 8, 2012).
"Polishing Apple: Fair Labor Association gives Foxconn and Apple undue credit for labor rights progress"
.
Economic Policy Institute
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-08-29
. Retrieved
2021-08-28
.
- ^
De Clercq, Geert (2023-09-20).
"Apple France workers call strike ahead of iPhone 15 launch"
.
Reuters
. Retrieved
2023-09-21
.
- ^
a
b
Barzic, Gwenaelle (September 20, 2012).
"Some Apple Store France employees to strike on Friday"
.
Reuters
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-08-29
. Retrieved
2021-08-28
.
- ^
"Apple Employees Strike on day of iPhone 5 Debut - video Dailymotion"
.
Dailymotion
. 2012-09-21
. Retrieved
2023-09-21
.
- ^
a
b
c
Loehne, Niedrige (November 11, 2012).
"Alle deutschen Apple Stores bekommen Betriebsrat"
[All German Apple stores have a works council].
Golem.de
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-08-29
. Retrieved
2021-08-28
.
- ^
"Neuer Betriebsrat: Apple-Beschaftigte kritisieren miese Arbeitsbedingungen"
[Apple employees criticize lousy working conditions].
Der Spiegel
(in German). February 16, 2012.
Archived
from the original on 2021-08-29
. Retrieved
2021-08-28
.
- ^
Chandramouli, Rajesh (October 17, 2014).
"How trade unions drove away Apple from Chennai"
.
The Economic Times
. Retrieved
2022-12-20
.
- ^
Sivapriyan, ETB (November 4, 2022).
"Pegatron to assemble iPhone 14 at Chennai plant"
.
Deccan Herald
. Retrieved
2022-12-20
.
- ^
Khan, Danish (December 29, 2021).
"Apple places Foxconn's Sriperumbudur facility on probation; says plant doesn't meet required standards"
.
The Economic Times
. Retrieved
2022-12-20
.
- ^
"TN: Underpaid and Exploited Foxconn Workers Burst in Protest After Workers Fell ill"
.
NewsClick.in
. December 23, 2021
. Retrieved
2022-12-20
.
- ^
"India: arrests made after Foxconn food poisoning protest in Chennai"
.
South China Morning Post
. December 20, 2021
. Retrieved
2022-12-20
.
- ^
Martinelli, Nicole (October 28, 2011).
"Italian Apple Employees Strike Before iPhone 4S Launch"
.
Cult of Mac
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-08-29
. Retrieved
2021-08-28
.
- ^
"Italy: first company agreement for Apple Stores | EWCDB"
.
European Works Council Database
. 2013-11-06
. Retrieved
2023-01-07
.
- ^
"Apple Retail Workers Unionize in Japan"
.
Tokyo General Union
. 2014-12-18.
Archived
from the original on 2021-09-29
. Retrieved
2021-10-01
.
- ^
a
b
c
Corrales, Roberto; Aguiar, Alberto R. (November 3, 2022).
"Los sindicatos de Apple crean una red de solidaridad mundial, de Maryland a Tokio pasando por Barcelona: que demandan en Espana"
.
Business Insider Espana
(in Spanish)
. Retrieved
2022-11-15
.
- ^
a
b
Stewart, Catriona (February 8, 2023).
"Glasgow Apple store staff make history as the first in the UK to unionise"
.
Herald Scotland
. Retrieved
2023-02-08
.
- ^
Stewart, Catriona (June 10, 2022).
"Glasgow Apple store staff first branch in the UK to join a union"
.
The Glasgow Times
. Retrieved
2022-06-10
.
- ^
Stewart, Catriona (November 2, 2022).
"Scottish Apple store staff make history after becoming first in the UK to unionise"
.
Herald Scotland
. Retrieved
2023-01-06
.
- ^
Gall, Richard (October 4, 2022).
"How the Apple Store union movement came to the UK"
.
Huck Magazine
. Retrieved
2023-01-07
.
- ^
Hilliard, Wesley (15 December 2022).
"London Apple Store at White City unionizing with UTAW"
.
Apple Insider
. Retrieved
2023-01-06
.
- ^
Stokel?Walker, Chris (December 20, 2022).
"Inside the London Apple Store workers' unionization efforts"
.
Fast Company
.
- ^
"Apple's US job footprint grows to 2.4 million"
.
Apple Inc.
2019-08-15
. Retrieved
2023-01-06
.
- ^
Kullgren, Ian (October 17, 2022).
"Apple Union Win Shows Labor Gains in Organizing-Resistant South"
.
Bloomberg Law
. Retrieved
2023-01-06
.
- ^
"Apple Created a Pseudo-Union to Defeat Organizers in Ohio, Complaint Claims"
.
Bloomberg News
. December 16, 2022
. Retrieved
2023-01-06
.
- ^
a
b
Hyde, Alan (2002).
"Employee Organization in Silicon Valley: Networks, Ethnic Organization, and New Unions"
.
University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor and Employment Law
.
4
(3): 493.
- ^
Conger, Kate;
Scheiber, Noam
(February 19, 2020).
"The Great Google Revolt"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
2022-11-15
.
- ^
"Union Talk At Apple"
.
The New York Times
. June 20, 1991.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
2022-11-15
.
- ^
a
b
c
Myers, Laura (June 20, 1991).
"Apple Lays Off 900, Sculley, Top Executives Take Pay Cuts"
.
AP News
. Archived from
the original
on November 15, 2022
. Retrieved
2022-11-15
.
- ^
a
b
Honarvar, Roohollah (2015).
An institutional analysis of the formation of jobs in software work in the United States, 1945-2001
(PhD thesis).
London School of Economics and Political Science
.
- ^
Williams, Aaron (March 19, 1997). "Apple fires 4,100".
Spartan Daily
. pp. 1, 8.
- ^
"Apple Reports First Quarter Results"
.
Apple Inc.
January 27, 2022
. Retrieved
2022-04-27
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Albergotti, Reed (February 18, 2022).
"Some U.S. Apple Store employees are working to unionize, part of a growing worker backlash"
.
The Washington Post
.
Archived
from the original on 18 February 2022
. Retrieved
18 February
2022
.
- ^
Howley, Daniel (February 18, 2022).
"Apple store unions could jeopardize its 'caring' reputation"
.
Yahoo news
.
Archived
from the original on 2022-02-20
. Retrieved
2022-02-20
.
- ^
Gurley, Lauren Kaori (May 12, 2022).
"Leaked Memo Reveals Apple's Anti-Union Talking Points for Store Managers"
.
Vice
. Retrieved
2022-05-13
.
- ^
Clark, Mitchell (May 13, 2022).
"Apple reportedly gives retail managers anti-union scripts"
.
The Verge
. Retrieved
13 May
2022
.
- ^
Schiffer, Zoe (April 25, 2022).
"Apple hires anti-union lawyers in escalating union fight"
.
The Verge
. Retrieved
2022-04-26
.
- ^
Brownlee, John (May 19, 2011).
"Apple Store Employees Talk Of Unionizing On 10th Retail Anniversary"
.
Cult of Mac
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-10-02
. Retrieved
2021-10-02
.
- ^
Poornima, Gupta (June 13, 2011).
"Apple Store Employee Calls For Retail Workers Union"
.
Huffington Post
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-08-29
. Retrieved
2021-08-28
.
- ^
Eidelson, Josh (June 24, 2011).
"Apple Store Workers Share Why They Want to 'Work Different'
"
.
In These Times
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-10-02
. Retrieved
2021-10-02
.
- ^
Lowensohn, Josh (November 7, 2011).
"Apple to train managers on 'union awareness' (exclusive)"
.
CNET
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-08-29
. Retrieved
2021-08-28
.
- ^
Lowensohn, Josh (April 8, 2013).
"Head of unofficial Apple retail labor union departs"
.
CNET
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-08-29
. Retrieved
2021-08-28
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Harrington, Caitlin (May 13, 2022).
"Apple Together Brings Corporate Workers Into the Union Effort"
.
Wired
.
ISSN
1059-1028
. Retrieved
2022-05-13
.
- ^
"Apple Together"
.
Archived
from the original on 2022-02-18
. Retrieved
2022-02-25
.
- ^
a
b
c
Tan, Huileng; Kaplan, Juliana; Sundar, Sindhu (December 24, 2021).
"Apple employees plan to walk off their jobs on Christmas Eve, urge customers to not buy anything amid the last-minute shopping rush"
.
Business Insider
.
Archived
from the original on 2022-01-25
. Retrieved
2021-12-24
.
- ^
Rainey, Clint (February 18, 2022).
"Apple retail workers are reportedly trying to form a union"
.
Fast Company
.
Archived
from the original on 2022-02-25
. Retrieved
2022-02-25
.
- ^
Ruiz-Grossman, Sarah (December 24, 2021).
"Apple Workers Walk Out On Christmas Eve, Demanding Better Working Conditions"
.
HuffPost
.
Archived
from the original on 2022-01-14
. Retrieved
2021-12-24
.
- ^
Schiffer, Zoe (November 1, 2021).
"Apple's frontline employees are struggling to survive"
.
The Verge
.
Archived
from the original on 2022-02-24
. Retrieved
2021-12-24
.
- ^
Perez, Thalia (October 12, 2021).
"Caught On Video: Apple Store Melee Ends In Stabbing After Customer Refuses To Wear A Mask"
.
CBS
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-12-24
. Retrieved
2021-12-24
.
- ^
Schiffer, Zoe (December 9, 2021).
"
'I was symptomatic': Apple employees say store's Covid outbreak goes beyond managers"
.
NBC News
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-12-24
. Retrieved
2021-12-24
.
- ^
O'Brien, Sara Ashley (April 29, 2022).
"Apple employees demand more flexibility from company as three-day office return looms"
.
CNN
. Retrieved
2022-05-13
.
- ^
Archie, Ayana (April 21, 2022).
"Apple workers in Atlanta become company's 1st retail workers to file to unionize"
.
NPR
. Retrieved
2022-05-13
.
- ^
a
b
Gurley, Lauren Kaori (April 20, 2022).
"The First Apple Store in the United States Files for Union Election"
.
Vice News
. Retrieved
2022-04-20
.
- ^
Mickle, Tripp (May 29, 2022).
"Apple Store Showdown: Inside the Battle for Union Representation"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
2022-05-29
.
- ^
Kullgren, Ian (April 20, 2022).
"Apple Store Workers in Atlanta File for First Union Election"
.
Bloomberg Law
. Retrieved
2022-04-20
.
- ^
Leswing, Kif (May 3, 2022).
"First Apple store union vote set to start June 2 in Atlanta"
.
CNBC
. Retrieved
2022-05-03
.
- ^
Eidelson, Josh (May 27, 2022).
"Apple Atlanta Workers Drop Bid for Union Vote Next Week, Claiming Intimidation"
.
Bloomberg News
. Retrieved
2022-05-29
.
- ^
a
b
c
Eidelson, Josh (December 16, 2022).
"Apple Created a Pseudo-Union to Defeat Organizers in Ohio, Complaint Claims"
.
Bloomberg News
. Retrieved
2023-01-06
.
- ^
Schiffer, Zoe (May 17, 2022).
"Apple accused of union busting in new labor board filing"
.
The Verge
. Retrieved
17 May
2022
.
- ^
Vincent, James (May 19, 2022).
"Apple accused of union busting in its stores for the second time this week"
.
The Verge
. Retrieved
19 May
2022
.
- ^
Kullgren, Ian (May 25, 2022).
"Apple Store Workers in Kentucky Announce Organizing Campaign"
.
Bloomberg Law
. Retrieved
2022-05-29
.
- ^
a
b
Albergotti, Reed (April 16, 2022).
"Workers at Apple's Grand Central store move toward unionizing"
.
Washington Post
.
ISSN
0190-8286
. Retrieved
2022-04-18
.
- ^
Boxberger, Darryl (June 9, 2022).
"Communications Workers of America jumping in on Apple Grand Central unionization efforts"
.
Apple Insider
. Retrieved
2023-01-06
.
- ^
Clark, Mitchell (1 September 2022).
"Another Apple Store union election is brewing"
.
The Verge
. Retrieved
2 September
2022
.
- ^
Silberling, Amanda (October 15, 2022).
"An Apple Store in Oklahoma City votes to unionize"
.
Tech Crunch
. Retrieved
2023-01-06
.
- ^
Gregg, Aaron; Albergotti, Reed (May 3, 2022).
"Apple store in Maryland becomes third to launch union drive"
.
The Washington Post
.
ISSN
0190-8286
. Retrieved
2022-05-03
.
- ^
Clark, Mitchell (May 4, 2022).
"Second Apple Store officially files petition to hold union election"
.
The Verge
. Retrieved
2022-05-05
.
- ^
Leswing, Kif (June 18, 2022).
"Apple workers in Maryland vote for company's first unionized store in U.S."
CNBC
. Retrieved
June 18,
2022
.
- ^
Gurman, Mark (November 23, 2022).
"Apple Retail Store in St. Louis Drops Bid to Unionize"
.
Bloomberg News
. Retrieved
2022-12-20
.
- ^
Wituschek, Joe (December 6, 2022).
"St. Louis Apple Store employees blame union for organizing withdrawal"
.
iMore
. Retrieved
2022-12-20
.
- ^
Gurman, Mark (December 5, 2022).
"Apple Store Employees Chide Union in Rare Display of Pushback"
.
Bloomberg News
. Retrieved
2022-12-20
.
External links
[
edit
]
|
---|
Manufacturing
| |
---|
Internet and Telecommunication
| |
---|
Food and drinks
| |
---|
Aviation and transport
| |
---|
|
---|
People
| | |
---|
Subsidiaries
| |
---|
Products
| |
---|
Plants
| |
---|
Incidents
| |
---|
|
---|
|
Products
| |
---|
Services
| Financial
| |
---|
Media
| |
---|
Communication
| |
---|
Retail and
digital sales
| |
---|
Support
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|
|
---|
Companies
| |
---|
Related
| |
---|
People
| |
---|
- Italics
indicate discontinued products, services, or defunct companies.
- Category
|