Family of fishes
An
anchovy
is a small, common
forage fish
of the
family
Engraulidae
. Most species are found in marine waters, but several will enter
brackish water
, and some in South America are restricted to fresh water.
[2]
More than 140 species are placed in 17
genera
; they are found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, and in the
Black Sea
and the
Mediterranean Sea
. Anchovies are usually classified as
oily fish
.
[3]
Evolution
[
edit
]
Life restoration of the extinct "saber-toothed anchovy"
Monosmilus
The earliest known fossil records of anchovy relatives are of large predatory
stem
-anchovies (
Clupeopsis
and
Monosmilus
) from the early and middle Eocene of the
Tethys Ocean
, in Belgium and Pakistan.
[4]
The large fangs of these early anchovy relatives has led to the nickname "saber-toothed anchovies" (not to be confused with the extant
Lycengraulis
species).
[5]
The earliest record of a true anchovy is of the stem-engrauline
Eoengraulis
from the Early Eocene of
Monte Bolca
, Italy.
[6]
Taxonomy
[
edit
]
The following anchovy taxa are known:
- Superfamily
Engrauloidea
- Genus †
Clupeopsis
(fossil; Early Eocene of Belgium)
[4]
- Genus †
Monosmilus
(fossil; Middle Eocene of Pakistan)
[4]
- Family
Engraulidae
- Subfamily Coiliinae
- Subfamily Engraulinae
Genera
[
edit
]
Characteristics
[
edit
]
Anchovies are small, green fish with blue reflections due to a silver-colored
longitudinal
stripe that runs from the base of the
caudal (tail) fin
. They range from
2 to 40 centimetres (1 to
15
+
1
⁄
2
inches) in adult length,
[7]
and their body shapes are variable with more slender fish in northern populations.
The
snout
is blunt with tiny, sharp
teeth
in both jaws. The snout contains a unique
rostral organ
, believed to be electro-sensory in nature, although its exact function is unknown.
[8]
[9]
The mouth is larger than that of
herrings
and
silversides
, two fish which anchovies closely resemble in other respects. The anchovy eats
plankton
and
recently hatched fish
.
Distribution
[
edit
]
Anchovies are found in scattered areas throughout the world's oceans, but are concentrated in temperate waters, and are rare or absent in very cold or very warm seas. They are generally very accepting of a wide range of temperatures and
salinity
. Large schools can be found in shallow,
brackish
areas with muddy bottoms, as in estuaries and bays.
The European anchovy is abundant in the Mediterranean, particularly in the
Alboran Sea
,
[10]
Aegean Sea
and the
Black Sea
. This species is regularly caught along the coasts of
Crete
,
Greece
,
Sicily
,
Italy
,
France
,
Turkey
,
Northern Iran
,
Portugal
and
Spain
. They are also found on the coast of northern Africa. The range of the species also extends along the Atlantic coast of
Europe
to the south of Norway.
Spawning
occurs between October and March, but not in water colder than 12 °C (54 °F). The anchovy appears to spawn at least 100 kilometres (55 nautical miles) from the shore, near the surface of the water.
Ecology
[
edit
]
The anchovy is a significant food source for almost every predatory fish in its environment, including the
California halibut
,
rock fish
,
yellowtail
,
shark
,
chinook
, and
coho salmon
. It is also extremely important to
marine mammals
and birds; for example, breeding success of California
brown pelicans
[11]
and
elegant terns
is strongly connected to anchovy abundance.
Feeding behavior
[
edit
]
Anchovies, like most clupeoids (herrings, sardines and anchovies), are filter-feeders that open their mouths as they swim. As water passes through the mouth and out the gills, food particles are sieved by gill rakers and transferred into the esophagus.
[12]
Commercial species
[
edit
]
* Type species
Fisheries
[
edit
]
Capture of all anchovy reported by the FAO (green indicates Peruvian anchoveta)
[38]
↑ Peruvian anchoveta 1950?2010
[38]
↑ Other anchovy 1950?2010
[38]
Global commercial capture of anchovy in million tonnes 1950?2010
[38]
Black Sea
[
edit
]
On average, the Turkish commercial fishing fleet catches around 300,000 tons per year, mainly in winter. The largest catch is in November and December.
[39]
Peru
[
edit
]
Peruvian anchoveta
(
E. ringens
), one of the most commercially important fish species
The
Peruvian anchovy
fishery is
one of the largest in the world
, far exceeding catches of the other anchovy species.
In 1972, it collapsed catastrophically
due to the combined effects of
overfishing
and
El Nino
[40]
and did not fully recover for two decades.
As food
[
edit
]
Wikibooks
Cookbook
has a recipe/module on
Still Life with Anchovies
, 1972,
Antonio Sicurezza
A traditional method of
processing
and
preserving
anchovies is to gut and
salt
them in brine, allow them to
cure
, and then pack them in oil or salt. This results in a characteristic strong flavor and the flesh turning a deep grey. Pickled in vinegar, as with Spanish
boquerones
, anchovies are milder and the flesh retains a white color. In
Roman
times, anchovies were the base for the fermented fish sauce
garum
.
Garum
had a sufficiently long shelf life for long-distance commerce, and was produced in industrial quantities. Anchovies were also eaten raw as an
aphrodisiac
.
[41]
Today, they are used in small quantities to flavor many dishes. Because of the strong flavor, they are also an ingredient in several sauces and condiments, including
Worcestershire sauce
,
caesar salad
dressing,
remoulade
,
Gentleman's Relish
, many
fish sauces
, and in some versions of
Cafe de Paris butter
. For domestic use, anchovy fillets are packed in oil or salt in small tins or jars, sometimes rolled around
capers
.
Anchovy paste
is also available.
Fishermen
also use anchovies as bait for larger fish, such as
tuna
and
sea bass
.
[42]
The strong taste people associate with anchovies is due to the
curing
process. Fresh anchovies, known in
Italy
as
alici
, have a much milder flavor.
[43]
The anchovies from
Barcola
(in the local dialect:
sardoni barcolani
) are particularly popular. These white fleshy fish, which are only found at
Sirocco
in the
Gulf of Trieste
, achieve the highest prices.
[44]
In
Sweden
and
Finland
, the name "anchovies" is related strongly to a traditional seasoning, hence the product "anchovies" is normally made of
sprats
[45]
and
herring
can be sold as "anchovy-spiced". Fish from the family Engraulidae are instead known as
sardell
in Sweden and
sardelli
in
Finland
, leading to confusion when translating recipes.
In Southeast Asian countries like
Indonesia
,
Singapore
,
Malaysia
and the
Philippines
, they are deep-fried and eaten as a snack or a side dish. They are known as
ikan bilis
in Malay,
ikan teri
in Indonesian and
dilis
in Filipino.
[46]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016).
Fishes of the World
(5th ed.).
John Wiley & Sons
.
ISBN
978-1-118-34233-6
.
- ^
Loeb, M.V. (2012).
"A new species of Anchoviella Fowler, 1911 (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) from the Amazon basin, Brazil"
.
Neotropical Ichthyology
.
10
(1): 13?18.
doi
:
10.1590/s1679-62252012000100002
.
- ^
"What's an oily fish?"
.
Food Standards Agency
. 2004-06-24. Archived from
the original
on 2010-12-10
. Retrieved
2009-06-01
.
- ^
a
b
c
Capobianco, Alessio; Beckett, Hermione T.; Steurbaut, Etienne; Gingerich, Philip D.; Carnevale, Giorgio; Friedman, Matt (2020).
"Large-bodied sabre-toothed anchovies reveal unanticipated ecological diversity in early Palaeogene teleosts"
.
Royal Society Open Science
.
7
(5): 192260.
Bibcode
:
2020RSOS....792260C
.
doi
:
10.1098/rsos.192260
.
ISSN
2054-5703
.
PMC
7277248
.
PMID
32537214
.
- ^
"Meter-long saber-toothed anchovies roamed the seas around 50 million years ago | U-M LSA Museum of Paleontology"
.
lsa.umich.edu
. Retrieved
2024-04-19
.
- ^
a
b
Marrama, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2016).
"An Eocene anchovy from Monte Bolca, Italy: The earliest known record for the family Engraulidae"
.
Geological Magazine
.
153
(1): 84?94.
doi
:
10.1017/S0016756815000278
.
ISSN
0016-7568
.
- ^
Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2008).
"Engraulidae"
in
FishBase
. December 2008 version.
- ^
Bemis, William E.; Hetherington, Thomas E. (28 May 1982). "The Rostal Organ of Latimeria chalumnae: Morphological Evidence of an Electroreceptive Function".
Copeia
.
1982
(2): 467.
doi
:
10.2307/1444635
.
JSTOR
1444635
.
- ^
Nelson, Gareth (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
Encyclopedia of Fishes
. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 94?95.
ISBN
978-0-12-547665-2
.
- ^
C.Michael Hogan. 2011.
Alboran Sea
. eds. P.Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
- ^
Anderson, Daniel W.; Gress, Franklin; Mais, Kenneth F.; Kelly, Paul R. (1980). North, Nance (ed.).
"Brown pelicans as anchovy stock indicators and their relationships to commercial fishing"
(PDF)
.
CalCOFIs Reports
.
21
.
California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations
: 55. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2012-12-23
. Retrieved
2011-12-04
.
Pelican reproductive rate ... depends largely on levels of anchovy abundance and availability.
- ^
Bone, Q., & Marshall, N. (1982).
Biology of fishes
. Glasgow: Blackie.
- ^
Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) European anchovy
, In: Fishbase.se. 2021
- ^
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012).
"
Engraulis encrasicolus
"
in
FishBase
. April 2012 version.
- ^
Engraulis encrasicolus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^
"Engraulis encrasicolus"
.
Integrated Taxonomic Information System
.
- ^
Tous, P.; Sidibe, A.; Mbye, E.; de Morais, L.; Camara, Y.H.; Adeofe, T.A.; Monroe, T.; Camara, K.; Cissoko, K.; Djiman, R.; Sagna, A.; Sylla, M.; Carpenter, K.E. (2015).
"
Engraulis encrasicolus
"
.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
.
2015
: e.T198568A15546291.
doi
:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T198568A15546291.en
. Retrieved
12 November
2021
.
- ^
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012).
"
Engraulis anchoita
"
in
FishBase
. April 2012 version.
- ^
Engraulis anchoita
(Hubbs & Marini, 1935)
FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^
"Engraulis anchoita"
.
Integrated Taxonomic Information System
.
- ^
Buratti, C.; Diaz de Astarloa, J.; Hune, M.; Irigoyen, A.; Landaeta, M.; Riestra, C.; Vieira, J.P.; Di Dario, F. (2020).
"
Engraulis anchoita
"
.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
.
2020
: e.T195023A159405500.
doi
:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T195023A159405500.en
. Retrieved
20 November
2021
.
- ^
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012).
"
Engraulis mordax
"
in
FishBase
. April 2012 version.
- ^
Engraulis mordax
(Girard, 1856)
FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^
"Engraulis mordax"
.
Integrated Taxonomic Information System
.
- ^
Iwamoto, T.; Eschmeyer, W. & Alvarado, J. (2010).
"
Engraulis mordax
"
.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
.
2010
: e.T183856A8189272.
doi
:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183856A8189272.en
.
- ^
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012).
"
Engraulis japonicus
"
in
FishBase
. April 2012 version.
- ^
Engraulis japonicus
(Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)
FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^
"Engraulis japonicus"
.
Integrated Taxonomic Information System
.
- ^
Di Dario, F. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment].
"
Engraulis japonicus
"
.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
.
2018
: e.T98969433A143841777.
doi
:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T98969433A143841777.en
.
- ^
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012).
"
Engraulis ringens
"
in
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. April 2012 version.
- ^
Engraulis ringens
(Jenyns, 1842)
FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^
"Engraulis ringens"
.
Integrated Taxonomic Information System
.
- ^
Di Dario, F.; Hune, M.; Perez-Matus, A. & Vega, R. (2021).
"
Engraulis ringens
"
.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
.
2021
: e.T183775A102904317.
doi
:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T183775A102904317.en
.
- ^
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012).
"
Engraulis capensis
"
in
FishBase
. April 2012 version.
- ^
Engraulis capensis
(Gilchrist, 1913)
FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^
"Engraulis capensis"
.
Integrated Taxonomic Information System
.
- ^
Di Dario, F. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment].
"
Engraulis capensis
"
.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
.
2018
: e.T98962403A143841628.
doi
:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T98962403A143841628.en
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Based on data sourced from the relevant
FAO Species Fact Sheets
- ^
"Turkish Black Sea Acoustic Surveys: Winter distribution of anchovy along the Turkish coast"
(PDF)
. Middle East Technical University Institute of Marine Sciences.
- ^
"Archived copy"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2011-12-03
. Retrieved
2015-11-17
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link
)
- ^
"Tacitus: Germania"
.
thelatinlibrary.com
.
- ^
Walford L. A. (1945)
Fishery Resources of the United States of America
, page 26, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
- ^
"White Anchovy Fillets (Boquerones)"
.
marxfoods.com
.
- ^
Georges Desrues "Eine Lange Nacht am Meer", In: Triest - Servus Magazin (2020), p 73.
- ^
"Food: First catch your anchovies"
.
The Independent
. 22 November 1997.
Archived
from the original on 2009-07-14.
- ^
Benayoun, Mike (2017-07-03).
"Dilis"
.
196 flavors
. Retrieved
2022-08-19
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Chavez, F. P.; Ryan, J.; Lluch-Cota, S. E.; Niquen, C. M. (2003). "From Anchovies to Sardines and Back: Multidecadal Change in the Pacific Ocean".
Science
.
229
(5604): 217?221.
Bibcode
:
2003Sci...299..217C
.
doi
:
10.1126/science.1075880
.
PMID
12522241
.
S2CID
37990897
.
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006).
"Engraulidae"
in
FishBase
. January 2006 version.
- Miller DJ (1956)
"Anchovy"
Archived
2020-07-16 at the
Wayback Machine
CalCOFI Reports
,
5
: 20?26.
- Nizinski MS and Munroe TA (1988) FAO species catalogue, volume 2:
Clupeoid Fishes of the World
,
Engraulidae
, Anchovies
[
permanent dead link
]
Pages 764?780, FAO Fisheries Synopsis
125
, Rome.
ISBN
92-5-102340-9
.
- Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission
[1]
Northern Anchovy
- Crane, Leah.
"Ancient anchovies were huge and used sabre teeth to eat other fish"
.
New Scientist
. Retrieved
2020-05-14
.
External links
[
edit
]
Look up
anchovy
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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Genera
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Main commercial
species
| |
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Culinary use
| |
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