From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Genus of birds
Anas
is a
genus
of
dabbling ducks
. It includes the pintails, most teals, and the
mallard
and its close relatives. It formerly included additional species but following the publication of a
molecular phylogenetic
study in 2009 the genus was split into four separate genera.
[2]
The genus now contains 31 living species. The name
Anas
is the
Latin
for "duck".
Systematics
[
edit
]
The
genus
Anas
was introduced by the Swedish naturalist
Carl Linnaeus
in 1758 in the
tenth edition
of his
Systema Naturae
.
[3]
[4]
Anas
is the Latin word for a duck.
[5]
The genus formerly included additional species. In 2009 a large
molecular phylogenetic
study was published that compared
mitochondrial DNA
sequences from ducks, geese and swans in the family
Anatidae
. The results confirmed some of the conclusions of earlier smaller studies and indicated that the genus as then defined was
non-monophyletic
.
[2]
Based on the results of this study,
Anas
was split into four proposed monophyletic genera with five species including the wigeons transferred to the resurrected genus
Mareca
, ten species including the shovelers and some teals transferred to the resurrected genus
Spatula
and the
Baikal teal
placed in the
monotypic
genus
Sibirionetta
.
[6]
Species
[
edit
]
There are 31 extant species recognised in the genus:
[6]
Image
|
Common Name
|
Scientific name
|
Distribution
|
|
African black duck
|
Anas sparsa
|
eastern and southern sub-Saharan Africa from South Africa n north to South Sudan and Ethiopia with outlying populations in western equatorial Africa, in south east Nigeria, Cameroon and Gabon.
|
|
Yellow-billed duck
|
Anas undulata
|
southern and eastern Africa.
|
|
Meller's duck
|
Anas melleri
|
eastern Madagascar.
|
|
Pacific black duck
|
Anas superciliosa
|
Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and many islands in the southwestern Pacific, reaching to the Caroline Islands in the north and French Polynesia in the east
|
|
Laysan duck
|
Anas laysanensis
|
Hawaiian Islands
|
|
Hawaiian duck
|
Anas wyvilliana
|
Hawaiian islands
|
|
Philippine duck
|
Anas luzonica
|
the Philippines
|
|
Indian spot-billed duck
|
Anas poecilorhyncha
|
Pakistan and India
|
|
Eastern spot-billed duck
|
Anas zonorhyncha
|
Southeast Asia
|
|
Mallard
|
Anas platyrhynchos
|
Alaska to Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, across Eurasia, from Iceland and southern Greenland and parts of Morocco (North Africa) in the west, Scandinavia and Britain to the north, and to Siberia, Japan, and South Korea, in the east, south-eastern and south-western Australia and New Zealand
|
|
Mottled duck
|
Anas fulvigula
|
Gulf of Mexico coast between Alabama and Tamaulipas (Mexico) and Florida
|
|
American black duck
|
Anas rubripes
|
Saskatchewan to the Atlantic in Canada and the Great Lakes and the Adirondacks in the United States
|
|
Mexican duck
|
Anas diazi
|
Mexico and the southern United States.
|
|
Cape teal
|
Anas capensis
|
sub-Saharan Africa
|
|
White-cheeked pintail
|
Anas bahamensis
|
Caribbean, South America, and the Galapagos Islands
|
|
Red-billed teal
|
Anas erythrorhyncha
|
southern and eastern Africa
|
|
Yellow-billed pintail
|
Anas georgica
|
South America, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia
|
|
Eaton's pintail
|
Anas eatoni
|
island groups of Kerguelen and Crozet in the southern Indian Ocean
|
|
Northern pintail
|
Anas acuta
|
Europe, Asia and North America
|
|
Eurasian teal
|
Anas crecca
|
northern Eurasia
|
|
Green-winged teal
|
Anas carolinensis
|
North America except on the Aleutian Islands
|
|
Yellow-billed teal
|
Anas flavirostris
|
Argentina, the Falkland Islands, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Brazil.
|
|
Andean teal
|
Anas andium
(formerly included in
A. flavirostris
)
|
Andean highlands of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador
|
|
Sunda teal
|
Anas gibberifrons
|
Indonesia.
|
|
Andaman teal
|
Anas albogularis
(formerly included in
A. gibberifrons
)
|
Andaman Islands (India) and Great Coco Island (Burma)
|
|
Grey teal
|
Anas gracilis
|
Australia and New Zealand
|
|
Chestnut teal
|
Anas castanea
|
Tasmania and southern Victoria, New Guinea and Lord Howe Island
|
|
Bernier's teal
|
Anas bernieri
|
Madagascar
|
|
Brown teal
|
Anas chlorotis
|
New Zealand
|
|
Auckland teal
|
Anas aucklandica
|
Auckland Islands south of New Zealand
|
|
Campbell teal
|
Anas nesiotis
(formerly included in
A. aucklandica
)
|
New Zealand
|
Extinct Species
Formerly placed in
Anas
:
Phylogeny
[
edit
]
Cladogram based on the analysis of Gonzalez and colleagues published in 2009.
[2]
Fossil record
[
edit
]
A number of
fossil
species of
Anas
have been described. Their relationships are often undetermined:
- †
Anas
sp. (Late Miocene of China)
- †
Anas
sp. (mid-sized species from the Late Miocene of Rudabanya, Hungary)
[7]
- †
Anas amotape
(Campbell 1979)
(Talara Tar Seeps Late Pleistocene of Peru)
- †
Anas bunkeri
(Wetmore 1944)
(Early -? Middle Pliocene ? Early Pleistocene of WC USA) ?
Nettion
red-and-green head clade?
[8]
- †
Anas cheuen
Agnolin 2006
(Early-Middle Pleistocene of Argentina) ?
Dafila
?
- †
Anas elapsum
(Chinchilla Late Pleistocene of Condamine River, Australia) ("Nettion")
- †
Anas ganii
(Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene of Tchichmiknaia, Moldavia)
- †
Anas gracilipes
(Late Pleistocene of Australia) (likely junior synonym of
Anas castanea
)
- †
Anas greeni
(Brodkorb 1964)
(Ash Hollow Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of South Dakota, USA) ?
Nettion
red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?
- †
Anas itchtucknee
McCoy 1963
- †
Anas kisatibiensis
[
Anser kisatibiensis
] (Early Pliocene of Kisatibi, Georgia)
- †
Anas kurochkini
Zelenkov & Panteleyev 2015
- †
Anas lambrechti
[
Archaeoquerquedula lambrechti
Stephens
;
Querquedula lambrechti
;
Archeoquerquedula
Spillman 1942
]
- †
Anas ogallalae
(Brodkorb 1962)
(Ogallala Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of Kansas, USA) ?
Nettion
red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?
[9]
- Bermuda Islands flightless duck
†
Anas pachyscelus
Wetmore 1960
(Shore Hills Late Pleistocene of Bermuda, W Atlantic)
- †
Anas pullulans
(Juntura Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of
Juntura
,
Malheur County
,
Oregon
, USA) ?
Punanetta
?
- †
Anas schneideri
Emslie 1985
(Late Pleistocene of Little Box Elder Cave, USA)
[10]
- †
Anas sansaniensis
Milne-Edwards 1868
[
Dendrocygna sansaniensis
(Milne-Edwards 1868) Mlikovsky 1988
]
- †
Anas strenuum
(Late Pleistocene of Patteramordu, Australia) ("Nettion")
Several prehistoric waterfowl supposedly part of the
Anas
assemblage are nowadays not placed in this genus anymore, at least not with certainty:
- †
"Anas" basaltica
(Late Oligocene of "Warnsdorf", Czech Republic) is apparently an indeterminate
heron
.
[11]
- †
"Anas" blanchardi
,
"A." consobrina
,
"A." natator
are now in
Mionetta
- †
"Anas" creccoides
(Early-mid Oligocene of Belgium),
"A." risgoviensis
(Late Miocene of Bavaria, Germany) and
"A." skalicensis
(Early Miocene of "Skalitz", Czech Republic), though possibly anseriform, cannot be placed with any certainty among modern birds at all.
[11]
[12]
- †
"Anas" albae
(Late Miocene of Polgardi, Hungary),
"A." eppelsheimensis
(Early Pliocene of Eppelsheim, Germany),
[8]
"A." isarensis
(Late Miocene of Aumeister, Germany) and
"A." luederitzensis
(Kalahari Early Miocene of Luderitzbucht, Namibia) are apparently
Anatidae
of unclear affiliations; the first might be a
seaduck
.
[11]
- †
"Anas" integra
and
"A." oligocaena
are now in
Dendrochen
.
- †
"Anas" lignitifila
from the Late Miocene of
Tuscana
has been moved to its own genus,
Bambolinetta
, being a highly unusual marine waterfowl.
- †
"Anas" robusta
is now tentatively placed in
Anserobranta
.
- †
"Anas" velox
(Middle ? Late? Miocene of C Europe) and
"A." meyerii
(Middle Miocene of Ohningen, Germany; possibly the same species) do not seem to belong
Anas
, and they may be ancestral dabbling ducks.
[11]
Highly problematic, albeit in a theoretical sense, is the placement of the
moa-nalos
. These may be descended from a common ancestor of dabbling ducks such as the
Pacific black duck
,
Laysan duck
, and
mallard
. Phylogenetically, they may even form a
clade
within the traditional genus
Anas
.
[13]
However, when compared to these species ? which are representative of dabbling ducks in general ? the moa-nalos are a radical departure from the Anseriforme
bauplan
. This illustrates that in a truly evolutionary sense, a strictly
phylogenetic taxonomy
may be difficult to apply.
[
citation needed
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Anatidae"
.
aviansystematics.org
. The Trust for Avian Systematics
. Retrieved
2023-08-05
.
- ^
a
b
c
Gonzalez, J.; Duttmann, H.; Wink, M. (2009). "Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae".
Journal of Zoology
.
279
(3): 310?318.
doi
:
10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00622.x
.
- ^
Linnaeus, C.
(1758).
Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1
(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 122.
- ^
Mayr, Ernst
; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
Check-list of Birds of the World
. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 460.
- ^
Jobling, James A. (2010).
The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
. London: Christopher Helm. p. 46.
ISBN
978-1-4081-2501-4
.
- ^
a
b
Gill, Frank
; Donsker, David, eds. (2017).
"Screamers, ducks, geese & swans"
.
World Bird List Version 7.3
. International Ornithologists' Union
. Retrieved
24 July
2017
.
- ^
Bernor, R.L.; Kordos, L.; Rook, L.
"Recent Advances on Multidisciplinary Research at Rudabanya, Late Miocene (MN9), Hungary: A compendium"
(PDF)
.
Paleontographica Italiana
.
89
: 3?36. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2007-06-28.
- ^
a
b
Brodkorb, Pierce (1958).
"Birds From the Middle Pliocene of Mckay, Oregon"
.
Condor
.
60
(4): 252?255.
doi
:
10.2307/1365194
.
JSTOR
1365194
.
- ^
Wilson, R. L. (1968). "Systematics and faunal analysis of a Lower Pliocene vertebrate assemblage from Trego County, Kansas".
Contrib. Mus. Paleontol. Univ. Mich
.
22
(7): 75?126.
- ^
Emslie, Steven D. (1985).
"A New Species of Teal From the Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) of Wyoming"
.
Auk
.
102
(1): 201?205.
doi
:
10.2307/4086849
.
JSTOR
4086849
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Worthy, T. H.; Tennyson, A. J. D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J. A.; Douglas, B. J. (2007).
"Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand"
(PDF)
.
J. Syst. Palaeontol
.
5
(1): 1?39.
Bibcode
:
2007JSPal...5....1W
.
doi
:
10.1017/S1477201906001957
.
hdl
:
2440/43360
.
S2CID
85230857
.
- ^
Brodkorb, Pierce (1962).
"The Systematic Position of Two Oligocene Birds From Belgium"
.
Auk
.
79
(4): 706?707.
doi
:
10.2307/4082652
.
JSTOR
4082652
.
- ^
Sorenson, M. D.; Cooper, A.; Paxinos, E. E.; Quinn, T. W.; James, H. F.; Olson, S. L.; Fleischer, R. C. (1999).
"Relationships of the extinct moa-nalos, flightless Hawaiian waterfowl, based on ancient DNA"
.
Proceedings: Biological Sciences
.
266
(1434): 2187?93.
doi
:
10.1098/rspb.1999.0907
.
PMC
1690346
.
PMID
10649633
.
External links
[
edit
]
- Media related to
Anas
at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to
Anas
at Wikispecies