Army-led formation of the U.S. Armed Forces on the Western Front of World War I
Military unit
The
American Expeditionary Forces
(
AEF
)
[a]
was a formation of the
United States Armed Forces
on the
Western Front
during
World War I
, composed mostly of units from the
U.S. Army
. The AEF was established on July 5, 1917, in
France
under the command of then-Major General
John J. Pershing
. It fought alongside
French Army
,
British Army
,
Canadian Army
,
British Indian Army
,
New Zealand Army
and
Australian Army
units against the
Imperial German Army
. A small number of AEF troops also fought alongside
Italian Army
units in 1918 against the
Austro-Hungarian Army
. The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the
Aisne Offensive
(at the
Battle of Chateau-Thierry
and
Battle of Belleau Wood
) in the summer of 1918, and fought its major actions in the
Battle of Saint-Mihiel
and the
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
in the latter part of 1918.
Formation
[
edit
]
American Expeditionary Forces Commander in Chief, General
John J. Pershing
in 1917.
President
Woodrow Wilson
initially planned to give command of the AEF to Gen.
Frederick Funston
, but after Funston's sudden death, Wilson appointed Major General
John J. Pershing
in May 1917, and Pershing remained in command for the rest of the war. Pershing insisted that American soldiers be well-trained before going to Europe. As a result, few troops arrived before January 1918. In addition, Pershing insisted that the American force would not be used merely to fill gaps in the French and British armies, and he resisted European efforts to have U.S. troops deployed as individual replacements in depleted
Allied
units.
This approach was not always well received by the western Allied leaders who distrusted the potential of an army lacking experience in large-scale warfare.
[2]
In addition, the British government tried to use its spare shipping as leverage to bring US soldiers under British operational control.
Map, Port of Embarkation Hoboken (1917?18).
By June 1917, only 14,000 American soldiers had arrived in France, and the AEF had only a minor participation at the front up to late October 1917, but by May 1918 over one million American troops were stationed in France, though only half of them made it to the front lines.
[3]
Since the
transport ships
needed to bring American troops to Europe were scarce at the beginning, the U.S. Army pressed into service passenger liners, seized German ships, and borrowed Allied ships to transport American soldiers from the
Hoboken Port of Embarkation
with facilities in
New York City
and
New Jersey
, and the
Newport News Port of Embarkation
in
Virginia
. The mobilization effort taxed the American military to the limit and required new organizational strategies and command structures to transport great numbers of troops and supplies quickly and efficiently. The French harbors of
Bordeaux
,
La Pallice
,
Saint Nazaire
, and
Brest
became the entry points into the French railway system that brought the American troops and their supplies to the Western Front. American engineers in France also built 82 new ship berths, nearly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of additional standard-gauge tracks, and over 100,000 miles (160,000 km) of telephone and telegraph lines.
[2]
Column of American troops passing Buckingham Palace, London, 1917.
The first American troops, who were often called "
Doughboys
," landed in Europe in June 1917. However the AEF did not participate at the front until October 23, 1917, when the
1st Division
fired the first American shell of the war toward German lines, although they participated only on a small scale. A group of regular soldiers and the first American division to arrive in France, entered the trenches near
Nancy, France
, in
Lorraine
.
[2]
With America's first convoy. The troop ships are
Henderson
,
Antilles
,
Momus
, and
Lenape
.
I Corps was officially activated in France, under the AEF, from 15 January 1918. It include the 1st, 2nd, 26th, 32nd, 41st and 42nd Divisions. (4th Brigade, US Marine Corps, was included as part of 2nd Division.) II Corps was activated on 24 February,
[4]
by which time troop numbers justified it. Initially II Corps consisted of the 27th, 30th, 33rd, 78th and 80th Divisions.
In June 1918, many component infantry units from II Corps ? commanded by Maj.-Gen.
George W. Read
? were attached to veteran
British Army
or
Australian Army
units. This served two purposes: familiarizing the Americans with actual battlefield conditions in France, and temporarily reinforcing the British Empire units that were often severely-depleted in numbers, after more than three years of fighting. In fact, the first major operation in World War I to involve US troops concerned individual infantry platoons of the 33rd Division, which were attached to battalions of the
Australian Corps
for the
Battle of Hamel
on the 4th of July. Their involvement was voluntary and occurred despite last-minute orders from AEF headquarters, that its troops should not take part in offensive operations led by non-US generals. Thus Hamel was historically significant as the first major offensive operation during the war to involve US infantry and the first occasion on which US units had fought alongside British Empire forces.
Men of the 18th Machine Gun Battalion passing through St. Baussant in advance upon St. Mihiel, September 13, 1918.
The AEF used French and British equipment. Particularly appreciated were the French
canon de 75 modele 1897
, the
canon de 155 C modele 1917 Schneider
, and the
canon de 155mm GPF
. American aviation units received the
SPAD XIII
and
Nieuport 28
fighters, and the U.S. Army tank corps used French
Renault FT
light tanks. Pershing established facilities in France to train new arrivals with their new weapons.
[5]
By the end of 1917, four divisions were deployed in a large training area near
Verdun
: the 1st Division, a regular army formation; the
26th Division
, a
National Guard
division; the
2nd Division
, a combination of regular troops and
U.S. Marines
; and the
42nd "Rainbow" Division
, a National Guard division made up of soldiers from nearly every state in the United States. The fifth division, the
41st Division
, was converted into a depot division near
Tours
.
Logistics
[
edit
]
AEF officer's identity card belonging to
Edwin Hubble
, 1918
Logistic operations were under the direction of Chicago banker
Charles G. Dawes
, with the rank first of colonel and then brigadier general. Dawes reported directly to Gen. Pershing. Dawes recommended in May 1918 that the allies set up a joint logistics planning board, which was approved by the Allies in the form of the
Military Board of Allied Supply
(MBAS), which coordinated logistics and transportation on the Western and Italian fronts.
[6]
Supporting the two million soldiers across the Atlantic Ocean was a massive logistical enterprise. In order to be successful, the Americans needed to create a coherent support structure with very little institutional knowledge. The AEF developed support network appropriate for the huge size of the American force. It rested upon the
Services of Supply
in the rear areas, with ports, railroads, depots, schools, maintenance facilities, bakeries, clothing repair shops (termed salvage), replacement depots, ice plants, and a wide variety of other activities.
The Services of Supply initiated support techniques that would last well into the Cold War including forward maintenance, field cooking, graves registration (mortuary affairs), host nation support, motor transport, and morale services. The work of the logisticians enabled the success of the AEF and contributed to the emergence of the American Army as a modern fighting force.
[7]
African Americans
[
edit
]
Officers of the
366th Infantry
, 1919
African Americans
were drafted on the same basis as
whites
and made up 13 percent of the draftees. By the end of the war, over 350,000 African-Americans had served in AEF units on the Western Front.
[8]
However, they were assigned to segregated units commanded by white officers. One fifth of the black soldiers sent to France saw combat, compared to two-thirds of the whites. They were three percent of AEF combat forces, and under two percent of battlefield fatalities.
[9]
"The mass of the colored drafted men cannot be used for combatant troops", said a General Staff report in 1918, and it recommended that "these colored drafted men be organized in reserve labor battalions." They handled unskilled labor tasks as
stevedores
in the Atlantic ports and common laborers at the camps and in the Services of the Rear in France.
[10]
The French, whose front-line troops were resisting combat duties to the point of mutiny, requested and received control of several regiments of black combat troops.
[11]
Kennedy reports "Units of the black
92nd Division
particularly suffered from poor preparation and the breakdown in command control. As the only black combat division, the 92nd Division entered the line with unique liabilities. It had been deliberately dispersed throughout several camps during its stateside training; some of its artillery units were summoned to France before they had completed their courses of instruction, and were never fully equipped until after the Armistice; nearly all its senior white officers scorned the men under their command and repeatedly asked to be transferred. The black enlisted men were frequently diverted from their already attenuated training opportunities in France in the summer of 1918 and put to work as stevedores and common laborers."
[12]
The
369th
,
370th
,
371st
, and
372nd Infantry Regiments
(nominally the
93d Division
, but never consolidated as such) served with distinction under French command with French colonial units in front-line combat. The French did not harbor the same levels of disdain based on skin color and for many Americans of African descent it was a liberating and refreshing experience.
[
citation needed
]
These African-American soldiers wore American uniforms, some dating from the time of the Union Army, with
French helmets
and were armed with French
Model 1907/15 Berthier rifle
manufactured by
Remington Arms
, rather than the
M1903 Springfield
or
M1917 Enfield
rifles issued to most American soldiers.
[13]
One of the most distinguished units was the 369th Infantry Regiment, known as the
Harlem Hellfighters
. The 369th was on the front lines for six months, longer than any other African-American regiment in the war. One hundred seventy-one members of the 369th were awarded the
Legion of Merit
.
[14]
One member of the 369th,
Sergeant
Henry Johnson
, was awarded the
French
Croix de guerre
,
[15]
and posthumously the
Medal of Honor
.
[16]
Actions during World War I
[
edit
]
Allies gain overwhelming superiority in front-line rifle strength as American soldiers arrive in the summer
[18]
At the beginning, during the spring of 1918, the four battle-ready U.S. divisions were deployed under French and British command to gain combat experience by defending relatively quiet sectors of their lines. After the first offensive action and American-led AEF victory on 28 May 1918 at the
Battle of Cantigny
,
[19]
by the
U.S. 1st Division
, and a similar local action by the
2nd Division
at
Belleau Wood
beginning 6 June, both while assigned under French Corps command, Pershing worked towards the deployment of an independent US field Army. The rest followed at an accelerating pace during the spring and summer of 1918. By June Americans were arriving in-theater at the rate of 10,000 a day; most of which entered training by British, Canadian and Australian battle-experienced officers and senior non-commissioned ranks. The training took a minimum of six weeks due to the inexperience of the servicemen.
The first offensive action by AEF units serving under non-American command was 1,000 men (four companies from the
33d Division
), with the
Australian Corps
during the
Battle of Hamel
on 4 July 1918. (
Corporal
Thomas A. Pope
was awarded the
Medal of Honor
for this battle.) This battle took place under the overall command of the Australian Corps commander, Lt. Gen. Sir
John Monash
. The Allied force in this battle combined artillery, armor, infantry, and air support (
combined arms
), which served as a blueprint for all subsequent Allied attacks, using "
tanks
".
[20]
Army field hospital in France, 1918
U.S. Army and
Marine Corps
troops played a key role in helping stop the German thrust towards Paris, during the
Second Battle of the Marne
in June 1918 (at the
Battle of Chateau-Thierry (1918)
and the
Battle of Belleau Wood
). The first major and distinctly American offensive was the reduction of the Saint Mihiel salient during September 1918. During the
Battle of Saint-Mihiel
, Pershing commanded the
U.S. First Army
, composed of seven
divisions
and more than 500,000 men, in the largest offensive operation ever undertaken by United States armed forces. This successful offensive was followed by the
Meuse-Argonne offensive
, lasting from September 26 to November 11, 1918, during which Pershing commanded more than one million American and French combatants. In these two military operations, Allied forces recovered more than 200 sq mi (488 km
2
) of French territory from the German army. By the time the
World War I Armistice
had suspended all combat on November 11, 1918, the American Expeditionary Forces had evolved into a modern, combat-tested army.
[2]
Late in the war, American units ultimately fought in two other theaters at the request of the European powers. Pershing sent troops of the
332d Infantry Regiment
to Italy, and President Wilson agreed to send some troops, the
27th
and
339th Infantry Regiments
, to Russia.
[21]
These latter two were known as the
American Expeditionary Force Siberia
,
[22]
and the
American Expeditionary Force North Russia
.
[23]
Commanders and Senior Staff
[
edit
]
Name
|
Photo
|
Date
|
Commander-in-Chief
|
General of the Armies
John J. Pershing
|
|
May 26, 1917 - Aug 31, 1920
|
Chief of Staff
|
Brigadier General
James Harbord
|
|
May 26, 1917 - May 6, 1918
|
Major General
James W. McAndrew
|
|
May 6, 1918 - May 27, 1919
|
Major General
James Harbord
|
|
May 27, 1919 - August 12, 1919
|
Brigadier General
Fox Conner
|
|
August 12, 1919 - August 31, 1920
|
Deputy Chief of Staff
|
Brigadier General
LeRoy Eltinge
|
|
May 1, 1918 - June 30, 1919
|
Assistant Chief of Staff, G1 (Administration)
|
Colonel
James A. Logan Jr.
|
|
July 5, 1917 - August 19, 1918
|
Brigadier General
Avery D. Andrews
|
|
August 19, 1918 - April 23, 1919
|
Colonel
Charles S. Lincoln
|
|
April 23, 1919 - June 1, 1919
|
Assistant Chief of Staff, G2 (Intelligence)
|
Brigadier General
Dennis E. Nolan
|
|
July 5, 1917 - July 6, 1919
|
Colonel
Aristides Moreno
|
|
July 6, 1919 - August 15, 1920
|
Assistant Chief of Staff, G3 (Operations)
|
Colonel
John McAuley Palmer
|
|
July 5, 1917 - December 19, 1917
|
Brigadier General
Fox Conner
|
|
December 19, 1917 - August 12, 1919
|
Lieutenant Colonel
Albert S. Keugle
|
|
August 12, 1919 - August 15, 1920
|
Assistant Chief of Staff, G4 (Supply)
|
Colonel
William D. Connor
|
|
August 11, 1917 - April 30, 1918
|
Brigadier General
George Van Horn Moseley
|
|
April 30, 1918 - June 5, 1919
|
Assistant Chief of Staff, G5 (Training)
|
Colonel
Paul B. Malone
|
|
August 11, 1917 - February 14, 1918
|
Brigadier General
Harold B. Fiske
|
|
February 14, 1918 - July 10, 1919
|
Secretary of the General Staff
|
Colonel
Frank R. McCoy
|
|
September 3, 1917 - May 1, 1918
|
Lieutenant Colonel
James Lawton Collins
|
|
May 1, 1918 - October 23, 1918
|
Lieutenant Colonel
Thomas W. Hammond
|
|
October 23, 1918 - November 2, 1918
|
Lieutenant Colonel
Albert S. Keugle
|
|
November 2, 1918 - December 10, 1918
|
Lieutenant Colonel
Thomas W. Hammond
|
|
December 10, 1918 - December 28, 1918
|
Colonel
James Lawton Collins
|
|
December 28, 1918 - July 25, 1919
|
Adjutant General
|
Brigadier General
Benjamin Alvord Jr.
|
|
May 26, 1917 - May 1, 1918
|
Brigadier General
Robert C. Davis
|
|
May 1, 1918 - August 31, 1920
|
Judge Advocate
|
Brigadier General
Walter Augustus Bethel
|
|
May 26, 1917 - August 15, 1920
|
Inspector General
|
Major General
Andre W. Brewster
|
|
May 26, 1917 - August 15, 1920
|
Chief Quartermaster
|
Colonel
Daniel E. McCarthy
|
|
May 26, 1917 - August 13, 1917
|
Major General
Harry L. Rogers
|
|
August 13, 1917 - January 22, 1919
|
Brigadier General
John M. Carson Jr.
|
|
January 22, 1919 - April 10, 1919
|
Colonel
John T. Knight
|
|
April 10, 1919 - August 31, 1919
|
Chief Surgeon
|
Brigadier General
Alfred E. Bradley
|
|
May 26, 1917 - May 1, 1918
|
Major General
Merritte W. Ireland
|
|
May 1, 1918 - October 10, 1918
|
Brigadier General
Walter McCaw
|
|
October 10, 1918 - July 16, 1919
|
Colonel
Clarence J. Manly
|
|
July 16, 1919 - August 31, 1919
|
Chief Ordnance Officer
|
Brigadier General
Clarence C. Williams
|
|
May 26, 1917 - May 5, 1918
|
Brigadier General
Charles B. Wheeler
|
|
May 5, 1918 - October 9, 1918
|
Brigadier General
John H. Rice
|
|
October 9, 1918 - August 13, 1919
|
Colonel
Edwin D. Bricker
|
|
August 13, 1919 - August 31, 1919
|
Chief Engineer Officer
|
Brigadier General
Harry Taylor
|
|
May 26, 1917 - July 11, 1918
|
Major General
William C. Langfitt
|
|
July 11, 1918 - July 16, 1919
|
Colonel
Thomas H. Jackson
|
|
July 16, 1919 - August 31, 1919
|
Chief Signal Officer
|
Brigadier General
Edgar Russel
|
|
May 26, 1917 - July 11, 1919
|
Colonel
Roy H. Coles
|
|
July 11, 1919 - August 31, 1919
|
Chief of Air Service
|
Major
Townsend F. Dodd
|
|
May 26, 1917 - June 30, 1917
|
Lieutenant Colonel
William L. Mitchell
|
|
June 30, 1917 - August 26, 1917
|
Brigadier General
William L. Kenly
|
|
August 26, 1917 - November 27, 1917
|
Brigadier General
Benjamin Foulois
|
|
November 27, 1917 - May 29, 1918
|
Major General
Mason Patrick
|
|
May 29, 1918 - August 31, 1919
|
Provost Marshal General
|
Lieutenant Colonel
Hanson E. Ely
|
|
July 20, 1917 - August 26, 1917
|
Brigadier General
William H. Allaire Jr.
|
|
August 26, 1917 - September 25, 1918
|
Brigadier General
Harry H. Bandholtz
|
|
September 25, 1918 - August 31, 1919
|
General Purchasing Agent
|
Brigadier General
Charles G. Dawes
|
|
August 30, 1917 - June 30, 1919
|
Chief of Chemical Warfare Service
|
Brigadier General
Amos Fries
|
|
September 3, 1917 - November 29, 1918
|
Colonel
Edward N. Johnston
|
|
November 29, 1918 - July 5, 1919
|
Director General of Transportation
|
Brigadier General
William W. Atterbury
|
|
September 14, 1917 - May 16, 1919
|
Brigadier General
Frank R. McCoy
|
|
May 16, 1919 - August 4, 1919
|
Brigadier General
Sherwood Cheney
|
|
August 4, 1919 - August 31, 1919
|
Director of Motor Transportation
|
Colonel
Francis H. Pope
|
|
December 8, 1917 - July 9, 1918
|
Brigadier General
Meriwether L. Walker
|
|
July 9, 1918 - August 13, 1919
|
Colonel
Edgar S. Stayer
|
|
August 13, 1919 - August 31, 1919
|
Chief of Tank Corps
|
Brigadier General
Samuel Rockenbach
|
|
December 23, 1917 - May 24, 1919
|
Chief of Artillery
|
Major General
Ernest Hinds
|
|
April 29, 1918 - June 12, 1919
|
Casualties
[
edit
]
The AEF sustained about 320,000 casualties: 53,402 battle deaths, 63,114 noncombat deaths and 204,000 wounded.
[24]
Relatively few men suffered actual injury from poison gas, although much larger numbers mistakenly thought that they had been exposed.
[21]
The
1918 influenza pandemic
during the fall of 1918 took the lives of more than 25,000 men from the AEF, while another 360,000 became gravely ill.
Demobilization
[
edit
]
After the
Armistice of November 11, 1918
thousands of Americans were sent home and demobilized. On July 27, 1919, the number of soldiers discharged amounted to 3,028,487 members
of the military, and only 745,845 left in the American Expeditionary Forces.
American Expeditionary Forces University at Beaune
[
edit
]
The AEF established the American Expeditionary Forces University at
Beaune
, complete with its own chapter of
Phi Beta Kappa
.
[27]
Faculty included
Walter M. Chandler
, a
Progressive Party
member and, later, a
Republican Party
member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from the
State of New York
. Botanist
Edwin Blake Payson
was also an instructor there.
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
'The military units sent overseas by the U.S. government were designated as the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in 1917. The AEF is often cited incorrectly as the "American Expeditionary Force." The AEF consisted of American troops not only on the Western Front but also in Great Britain, Italy, Poland, and Russia, hence the use of the word "Forces."
[1]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Yockelson, p. 241.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Coffman,
The War to End All Wars
(1998)
- ^
Pershing,
My Experiences in the World War
(1931)
- ^
Yockelson, p. 34.
- ^
Wilson,
Treat 'Em Rough: The Birth of American Armor, 1917?1920
(1989)
- ^
Edward A. Goedeken, "Charles Dawes and the Military Board of Allied Supply."
Journal of Military History
50.1 (1986): 1-6.
- ^
Leo P. Hirrel, "
Supporting the Doughboys: US Army Logistics and Personnel During World War I
" Ft. Leavenworth: Combat Studies Institute, 2017. Available at no cost.
- ^
African-Americans Continue Tradition of Distinguished Service
;
U.S. Army
; Gerry J. Gilmore; February 2, 2007
- ^
Jennifer D. Keene, "Americans as Warriors: 'Doughboys' in Battle during the First World War",
OAH Magazine of History
, Vol. 17, No. 1, World War I (Oct., 2002), p. 17.
- ^
Kennedy (1982) 162.
- ^
Barbeau and Henri (1974);
[1]
.
- ^
Kennedy (1982) p. 199.
- ^
Canfield, Bruce N.
American Rifleman
(April 2009) p. 40
- ^
"Archived copy"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on June 21, 2007
. Retrieved
October 28,
2006
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link
)
- ^
"3dpublishing.com"
. Archived from
the original
on May 24, 2019
. Retrieved
October 28,
2006
.
- ^
"timesunion.com"
. May 14, 2015.
- ^
Leonard P. Ayers,
online The war with Germany: a statistical summary
(1919) p. 105
- ^
Matthew Davenport, "First Over There", 2015, Thomas Dunne Books
- ^
Roland Perry,
Monash ? The Outsider Who Won a War
, 2007, Random House, Sydney, pp. 349?352
- ^
a
b
Venzon, ed.
The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
(1995)
- ^
Robert L. Willett,
Russian Sideshow
, pp. 166?167, 170
- ^
E.M. Halliday,
When Hell Froze Over
(New York City, ibooks, inc., 2000), p. 44
- ^
"Congressional Research Service, American War and Military Operations Casualties:Lists and Statistics"
(PDF)
.
fas.org
.
- ^
Voorhees, Oscar M. (May 1919). "The American Expeditionary Forces University at Beaune: An American University in France".
The Phi Beta Kappa Key
.
3
(12): 580?583.
JSTOR
42913340
.
Sources
[
edit
]
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Awards and Decorations: World War I Statistics
Archived
September 25, 2012, at the
Wayback Machine
- Ayres, Leonard P
,
The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary
Government Printing Office, 1919
full text online
- Barbeau, Arthur E. and Florette Henri,
The Unknown Soldiers: Black American Troops in World War I
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974),
- Beaver, Daniel R.
Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort, 1917?1919
(1966)
- CMH Pub 24-1: "Learning Lessons in the American Expeditionary Forces"
Archived
May 21, 2015, at the
Wayback Machine
- Chambers, John W., II.
To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America
(1987)
- Chapter 17: "World War I: The First Three Years"
Archived
June 22, 2015, at the
Wayback Machine
- Chapter 18: "World War I: The U.S. Army Overseas"
Archived
May 7, 2010, at the
Wayback Machine
- Coffman, Edward M.
(1998).
The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War
. University Press of Kentucky.
ISBN
978-0-8131-0955-8
.
- Cooke, James J.
,
The Rainbow Division in the Great War, 1917?1919
Praeger Publishers, (1994)
- Dalessandro, Robert J. & Dalessandro, Rebecca S.
American Lions: The 332nd Infantry Regiment in World War I
(Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2009)
- Dalessandro, Robert J.
, & Knapp, Michael G., "Organization and Insignia of the American Expeditionary Forces, 1917?1923" (Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2008) The best single volume on AEF unit organization.
- Dalessandro, Robert J. & Gerald Torrence, "Willing Patriots: Men of Color in the First World War" (Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2009)
- Davenport, Matthew J. "First Over There: The Attack on Cantigny America's First Battle of World War I" (New York, Thomas Dunne: 2015)
- Faulkner, Richard S.
Pershing's Crusaders: The American Soldier in World War I
(U Press of Kansas, 2017). xiv, 758 pp
- Freidel, Frank.
Over There
(1964), well illustrated
- Grotelueschen; Mark E.
Doctrine under Trial: American Artillery Employment in World War I
(2001)
ISBN
0-313-31171-4
(
full text version at Google Books
)
- Hallas, James H.
Doughboy War: The American Expeditionary Force in World War I
(2000)
- Heller Charles E.
Chemical Warfare in World War I. The American Experience, 1917?1918
. Fort Leavenworth, Kan.: Combat Studies Institute, 1984.
- Hirrel, Leo P. "Supporting the Doughboys: US Army Logistics and Personnel During World War I." Ft. Leavenworth, KS Combat Studies Institute, 2017.
online at no charge
- Holley, I. B.
Ideas and Weapons: Exploitation of the Aerial Weapon by the United States During World War I
(1983)
- Howarth, Stephen.
To Shining Sea: A History of the United States Navy, 1775?1991
(1991)
- Hurley, Alfred F.
Billy Mitchell, Crusader for Air Power
(1975)
- James, D. Clayton.
The Years of MacArthur, I, 1880?1941.
(1970)
- Johnson; Herbert A.
Wingless Eagle: U.S. Army Aviation through World War I
University of North Carolina Press, (2001)
- Kennedy, David M.
Over Here: The First World War and American Society
(1982)
- Koistinen, Paul.
Mobilizing for Modern War: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1865?1919
(2004)
- Lengel, Edward G. (2008).
To Conquer Hell
. New York: Henry Holt.
ISBN
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- Lengel, Edward G., ed.
A Companion to the Meuse-Argonne Campaign
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- Millett, Allan Reed.
Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps
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- Pershing, John J. Pershing
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My Experiences in the World War
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- Smythe, Donald.
Pershing: General of the Armies
(1986)
- Trask, David F.
The United States in the Supreme War Council: American War Aims and Inter-Allied Strategy, 1917?1918
(1961)
- Trask, David F.
The AEF and Coalition Warmaking, 1917?1918
(1993)
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- Van Ells, Mark D.
America and World War I: A Traveler's Guide
. (Interlink, 2014)
- Venzon, Anne ed.
The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
(1995)
- Wilson Dale E.
Treat 'Em Rough: The Birth of American Armor, 1917?1920
Presidio Press, 1989.
- Woodward, David R.
Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations, 1917?1918
(1993)
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- Woodward, David R.
The American Army and the First World War
(Armies of the Great War) Cambridge University Press, 2014. 484 pp.
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- Yockelson, Mitchell A.
(2008).
Borrowed Soldiers: Americans under British Command, 1918
. Foreword by John S. D. Eisenhower. University of Oklahoma Press.
ISBN
978-0-8061-3919-7
.
- Yockelson, Mitchell
. Forty-Seven Days: How Pershing's Warriors Came of Age to Defeat at the German Army in World War I (New York: NAL, Caliber, 2016)
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- Zeiger; Susan.
In Uncle Sam's Service: Women Workers with the American Expeditionary Force, 1917?1919
(1999)
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