Coalition made between two or more parties to secure common interests
An
alliance
is a relationship among
people
, groups, or
states
that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not an explicit agreement has been worked out among them.
[1]
Members of an alliance are called
allies
. Alliances form in many settings, including
political alliances
,
military alliances
, and
business alliances
. When the term is used in the context of
war
or armed struggle, such associations may also be called
allied powers
, especially when discussing
World War I
or
World War II
.
A formal
military alliance
is not required for being perceived as an ally?
co-belligerence
, fighting alongside someone, is enough. According to this usage, allies become so not when concluding an alliance treaty but when struck by war.
When spelled with a capital "A", "Allies" usually denotes the countries who fought together against the
Central Powers
in World War I (the
Allies of World War I
), or those who fought against the
Axis Powers
in World War II (the
Allies of World War II
). The term has also been used by the
United States Army
to describe the countries that gave assistance to
South Vietnam
during the
Vietnam War
.
[2]
The Allied Powers in World War I (also known as the
Entente Powers
) were initially the
United Kingdom
,
France
, the
Russian Empire
,
Belgium
,
Serbia
,
Montenegro
and
Japan
, joined later by
Italy
,
Portugal
,
Romania
, the
United States
,
Greece
and
Brazil
. Some, such as the Russian Empire, withdrew from the war before the armistice due to revolution or defeat.
After the end of World War II and during the
Cold War
, the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) was formed as a political and military alliance that promotes anti-communist values.
[3]
More recently, the term "Allied forces" has also been used to describe the
coalition of the Gulf War
, as opposed to forces the
Multi-National Forces in Iraq
which are commonly referred to as "Coalition forces" or, as by the
George W. Bush
administration,
"the coalition of the willing"
.
Effects
[
edit
]
Scholars are divided as to the impact of alliances. Several studies find that defensive alliances deter conflict.
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
One study questions these findings, showing that alliance commitments deterred conflict in the prenuclear era but has no statistically meaningful impact on war in the postnuclear era.
[8]
[9]
Another study finds that while alliance commitments deter conflict between sides with a recent history of conflict, alliances tend to provoke conflicts between states without such a history.
[10]
A 2000 study in the
Journal of Conflict Resolution
found that allies fulfill their alliance commitments approximately 75% of the time.
[11]
Most research suggests that democracies are more reliable allies than non-democracies.
[12]
[13]
[14]
A 2004 study did however question whether alliance commitments by democracies are more durable.
[15]
A 2018 study updated and extended the data from the 2000
Journal of Conflict Resolution
study and found that allies only fulfill their commitments about 50% of the time from 1816 to 2003.
[16]
According to the study, "States honored their alliance commitments 66% of the time prior to 1945 but the compliance rate drops to 22% from 1945 to 2003. Moreover, the rates of fulfillment for defense pacts (41%) and nonaggression pacts (37%) are dramatically lower than offensive alliances (74%) and neutrality agreements (78%)."
[16]
One of the most profound effects of alliances can be seen in technological innovation, due to conduits of knowledge flows that are open between allies but closed between rivals.
[17]
International opinion
[
edit
]
According to a 2017 poll by
WIN/GIA
, the United States was the most preferred ally internationally.
Russia
and
China
, who preferred one another, both trailed America globally. Four countries,
Bulgaria
,
Greece
,
Slovenia
and
Turkey
, preferred Russia, despite being members of
NATO
.
[18]
In
Pakistan
, 72% of respondents preferred ties to China, the largest margin of any country surveyed, while 46% of
Bangladesh
preferred
India
. A total of 22 countries indicated a preference for the United Kingdom at a rate of 10% or more, but the United States was the only country to prefer Britain over any other, at a rate of 43%. Five countries preferred France at a rate of 10% or more, led by
Belgium
at a rate of 25%. A single country,
Iraq
, expressed no preference, while three other countries,
Lebanon
,
Palestine
, and
Slovenia
, expressed no preference at a rate of 11% or more, although at a smaller rate than their preference for Russia on the part of Lebanon and Slovenia, and China on the part of Palestine.
Kosovo
reported the most unified opinion, preferring the United States at a rate of 92%, while Russia's most unified supporters were
Mongolia
(71%),
Armenia
(67%) and
Serbia
(56%). In total, 21 countries expressed a preference for America at a rate of 50% or more.
[18]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Define Alliance"
.
Dictionary.com
.
- ^
Larsen, Stanley; Collins, James (1975).
Allied Participation in Vietnam
. Vietnam Studies. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army.
OCLC
1119579
. Archived from
the original
on January 27, 2013
. Retrieved
January 15,
2013
.
- ^
"What is NATO?"
.
NATO
.
- ^
Fang, Songying; Johnson, Jesse C.;
Leeds, Brett Ashley
(2014-10-01). "To Concede or to Resist? The Restraining Effect of Military Alliances".
International Organization
.
68
(4): 775?809.
doi
:
10.1017/S0020818314000137
.
ISSN
0020-8183
.
S2CID
49250140
.
- ^
Leeds, Brett Ashley; Johnson, Jesse C. (2016-11-10).
"Theory, Data, and Deterrence: A Response to Kenwick, Vasquez, and Powers"
.
The Journal of Politics
.
79
: 335?340.
doi
:
10.1086/687285
.
ISSN
0022-3816
.
S2CID
55385304
.
- ^
Johnson, Jesse C.; Leeds, Brett Ashley (2011-01-01). "Defense Pacts: A Prescription for Peace?1".
Foreign Policy Analysis
.
7
(1): 45?65.
doi
:
10.1111/j.1743-8594.2010.00122.x
.
ISSN
1743-8594
.
- ^
Leeds, Brett Ashley (2003-07-01). "Do Alliances Deter Aggression? The Influence of Military Alliances on the Initiation of Militarized Interstate Disputes".
American Journal of Political Science
.
47
(3): 427?439.
doi
:
10.1111/1540-5907.00031
.
ISSN
1540-5907
.
- ^
Kenwick, Michael R.; Vasquez, John A.; Powers, Matthew A. (2015-10-01). "Do Alliances Really Deter?".
The Journal of Politics
.
77
(4): 943?954.
doi
:
10.1086/681958
.
ISSN
0022-3816
.
S2CID
9921552
.
- ^
Kenwick, Michael R.; Vasquez, John A. (2016-11-10). "Defense Pacts and Deterrence: Caveat Emptor".
The Journal of Politics
.
79
: 329?334.
doi
:
10.1086/686700
.
ISSN
0022-3816
.
S2CID
157263860
.
- ^
Morrow, James D. (2016-11-10). "When Do Defensive Alliances Provoke Rather than Deter?".
The Journal of Politics
.
79
: 341?345.
doi
:
10.1086/686973
.
ISSN
0022-3816
.
S2CID
157788422
.
- ^
Leeds, Brett Ashley (2003-01-01). "Alliance Reliability in Times of War: Explaining State Decisions to Violate Treaties".
International Organization
.
57
(4): 801?827.
doi
:
10.1017/s0020818303574057
.
JSTOR
3594847
.
S2CID
154260997
.
- ^
"Analysis | Allies can't rely on America like they used to. And not just because of Trump"
.
Washington Post
. Retrieved
2017-05-31
.
- ^
Gaubatz, Kurt Taylor (1996-01-01). "Democratic states and commitment in international relations".
International Organization
.
50
(1): 109?139.
doi
:
10.1017/S0020818300001685
.
ISSN
1531-5088
.
S2CID
154562172
.
- ^
Leeds, Brett Ashley; Mattes, Michaela; Vogel, Jeremy S. (2009-04-01). "Interests, Institutions, and the Reliability of International Commitments".
American Journal of Political Science
.
53
(2): 461?476.
doi
:
10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00381.x
.
ISSN
1540-5907
.
- ^
Gartzke, Erik; Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede (2004-10-01). "Why Democracies May Actually Be Less Reliable Allies".
American Journal of Political Science
.
48
(4): 775?795.
doi
:
10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00101.x
.
ISSN
1540-5907
.
- ^
a
b
Berkemeier, Molly; Fuhrmann, Matthew (2018).
"Reassessing the fulfillment of alliance commitments in war"
.
Research & Politics
.
5
(2): 205316801877969.
doi
:
10.1177/2053168018779697
.
- ^
Schmid, Jon; Brummer, Matthew; Taylor, Mark Zachary (2017). "Innovation and Alliances".
Review of Policy Research
.
34
(5): 588?616.
doi
:
10.1111/ropr.12244
.
ISSN
1541-1338
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Four NATO Nations Would Pick Russia to Defend Them If Threatened"
.
Bloomberg.com
. 17 February 2017.
- ^
"42% от българите искат Русия да ги защитава, 17% - САЩ"
.
www.24chasa.bg
.
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Beer, Francis A. (1970).
Alliances: Latent War Communities in the Contemporary World
. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
External links
[
edit
]
Look up
Alliance
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.