Italian automotive manufacturer
Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A.
(
Italian:
[?alfa
ro?m?ːo]
) is an Italian luxury
car manufacturer
and a subsidiary of
Stellantis Europe
. It was founded on 24 June 1910 in
Milan
, Italy, as
A.L.F.A.
, an acronym for
Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili
.
[a]
The brand is known for sport-oriented vehicles and has been involved in car racing since 1911. As of 2023 it is a subsidiary of the multinational automotive manufacturing corporation
Stellantis
.
Alfa Romeo began with the purchase of the main
factory building
of French carmaker
Darracq
in Milan, which was closing up and selling all its assets.
[3]
Its first car was the 1910
24 HP
, designed by
Giuseppe Merosi
. Alfa ventured into
motor racing
, with drivers Franchini and Ronzoni competing in the 1911
Targa Florio
with two 24-hp models. In August 1915, the company came under the direction of Neapolitan entrepreneur
Nicola Romeo
, who converted the factory to produce military hardware for the Italian and Allied war efforts. In 1920, the name of the company was changed to Alfa Romeo with the
Torpedo 20?30 HP
the first car to be so badged.
In 1921, the
Banca Italiana di Sconto
, which backed the Ing. Nicola Romeo & Co., went bankrupt, and the government needed to support the industrial companies involved, of which Alfa Romeo was among, through the "Consorzio per Sovvenzioni sui Valori Industriali". In 1925, the railway activities were separated from the Romeo company, and in 1928 Nicola Romeo left. In 1933, the state ownership was reorganized under the banner of the Italian state industrial organization
Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale
(IRI), which then had effective control. The company struggled to return to profitability after World War II and turned to mass-producing small vehicles rather than hand-building luxury models. In 1954, it developed the
Alfa Romeo Twin Cam engine
, which would remain in production until 1994. The Istituto per la Ricostruzione (IRI), the state conglomerate that controls Finmeccanica, sold the marque to the Fiat Group in 1986 due to the marque being unprofitable.
[4]
Alfa Romeo has competed successfully in
Grand Prix motor racing
,
Formula One
,
sportscar racing
,
touring car racing
, and
rallies
. It has competed both as a constructor and an engine supplier, via works entries (usually under the name
Alfa Corse
or
Autodelta
), and private entries. The first racing car was made in 1913, three years after the foundation of the company, and Alfa Romeo won the inaugural world championship for Grand Prix cars in 1925. The race victories gave a sporty image to the marque, and
Enzo Ferrari
founded the
Scuderia Ferrari
racing team in 1929 as an Alfa Romeo racing team, before becoming independent in 1939. Ferrari has had the most wins of any marque in the world.
[5]
History
[
edit
]
Name
[
edit
]
The company's name is a combination of the original name, "A.L.F.A." ("Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili" - “Anonymous Lombardy Automobile Factory”), and the last name of entrepreneur Nicola Romeo, who took control of the company in 1915.
Foundation and early years
[
edit
]
The first factory building of A.L.F.A. was in the first-place property of
Societa Anonima Italiana Darracq
(SAID), founded in 1906 by the French automobile firm of
Alexandre Darracq
, with some Italian investors. One of them, Cavaliere Ugo Stella, an aristocrat from
Milan
, became chairman of the SAID in 1909.
[6]
The firm's initial location was in
Naples
, but even before the construction of the planned factory had started, Darracq decided late in 1906 that Milan would be more suitable and accordingly a tract of land was acquired in the Milan suburb of
Portello
, where a new factory of 6,700 square metres (8,000 sq yd) was constructed. In late 1909, the Italian Darracq cars were selling slowly and the company was wound up.
[7]
Ugo Stella, with the other Italian co-investors, founded a new company named
A.L.F.A.
(Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili), buying the assets of Italian Darracq that was up to dissolution.
[7]
The first car produced by the company was the 1910
24 HP
, designed by
Giuseppe Merosi
, hired in 1909 for designing new cars more suited to the Italian market. Merosi would go on to design a series of new A.L.F.A. cars, with more powerful engines such as the
40?60 HP
. A.L.F.A. ventured into
motor racing
, with drivers Franchini and Ronzoni competing in the 1911
Targa Florio
with two 24-hp models. In 1914, an advanced Grand Prix car was designed and built, the
GP1914
, with a four-cylinder engine, double overhead camshafts, four valves per cylinder, and twin ignition.
[8]
However, the onset of the
First World War
halted automobile production at A.L.F.A. for three years.
In August 1915, the company came under the direction of Neapolitan entrepreneur
Nicola Romeo
, who converted the factory to produce military hardware for the Italian and Allied war efforts. Munitions, aircraft engines and other components, compressors, and generators based on the company's existing car engines were produced in a vastly enlarged factory during the war. After the war, Romeo invested his war profits in acquiring locomotive and railway carriage plants in Saronno (
Costruzioni Meccaniche di Saronno
), Rome (Officine Meccaniche di Roma), and Naples (Officine Ferroviarie Meridionali), which were added to his A.L.F.A. ownership.
Alfa Romeo production between 1934 and 1939
[9]
Year
|
Cars
|
Industrial
vehicles
|
1934
|
699
|
0
|
1935
|
91
|
211
|
1936
|
20
|
671
|
1937
|
270
|
851
|
1938
|
542
|
729
|
1939
|
372
|
562
|
Car production had not been considered at first, but resumed in 1919 since parts for the completion of 105 cars had remained at the A.L.F.A. factory since 1915.
[6]
In 1920, the name of the company was changed to Alfa Romeo with the
Torpedo 20?30 HP
the first car to be so badged.
[10]
Their first success came in 1920 when
Giuseppe Campari
won at
Mugello
and continued with second place in the
Targa Florio
driven by
Enzo Ferrari
. Giuseppe Merosi continued as head designer, and the company continued to produce solid road cars as well as successful race cars (including the 40?60 HP and the
RL Targa Florio
).
In 1923,
Vittorio Jano
was lured from
Fiat
, partly due to the persuasion of a young Alfa racing driver named Enzo Ferrari, to replace Merosi as chief designer at Alfa Romeo. The first Alfa Romeo under Jano was the
P2 Grand Prix car
, which won Alfa Romeo the inaugural world championship for Grand Prix cars in 1925. For road cars, Jano developed a series of small-to-medium-displacement 4-, 6-, and 8-cylinder inline engines based on the P2 unit that established the architecture of the company's engines, with light alloy construction,
hemispherical
combustion chambers, centrally located plugs, two rows of overhead valves per cylinder bank and dual overhead cams. Jano's designs proved both reliable and powerful.
Enzo Ferrari proved a better team manager than a driver, and when the factory team was privatised, it became
Scuderia Ferrari
. When Ferrari left Alfa Romeo, he went on to build his own cars.
Tazio Nuvolari
often drove for Alfa, winning many races before the
Second World War
.
In 1928, Nicola Romeo left, and in 1933 Alfa Romeo was rescued by the government, which then had effective control. Alfa Romeo became an instrument of Mussolini's Italy, a national emblem. During this period it built bespoke vehicles for the wealthy, with bodies normally by
Carrozzeria Touring
or
Pininfarina
. This era peaked with the
Alfa Romeo 2900B Type 35
racers.
The Alfa factory (converted during wartime to the production of
Macchi C.202 Folgore
engines: the Daimler-Benz 600 series built under license) was bombed during the Second World War and struggled to return to profitability after the war. The luxury vehicles were out. Smaller, mass-produced vehicles began to be produced beginning with the 1954 model year, with the introduction of the
Giulietta
series of
berline
(saloons/sedans), coupes and open two-seaters. All three varieties shared what would become the
Alfa Romeo overhead Twin Cam
four-cylinder engine, initially displacing 1300 cc. This engine would eventually be enlarged to 2000 cc and would remain in production until 1995.
When I see an Alfa Romeo go by, I tip my hat.
Post war
[
edit
]
Once motorsports resumed after the Second World War, Alfa Romeo proved to be the car to beat in Grand Prix events. The introduction of the new formula (
Formula One
) for single seat racing cars provided an ideal setting for Alfa Romeo's Tipo
158 Alfetta
, adapted from a pre-war voiturette, and
Giuseppe Farina
won the first Formula One World Championship in 1950 in the 158.
Juan Manuel Fangio
secured Alfa's second consecutive championship in 1951.
In 1952, Alfa Romeo experimented with its first front-wheel-drive compact car, "Project 13?61".
[12]
It had the same transverse-mounted, forward-motor layout as the modern front-wheel-drive automobile. Alfa Romeo made a second attempt in the late 1950s based on Project 13?61. It was to be called Tipo 103 and resembled the smaller version of its popular Alfa Romeo Giulia. However, due to the financial difficulties in post-war Italy, the Tipo 103 never saw production. Had Alfa Romeo produced it, it would have preceded the Mini as the first "modern" front-wheel-drive compact car. In the mid-1950s, Alfa Romeo entered into an agreement with
Brazil
's Matarazzo Group to create a company called Fabral (
Fabrica Brasileira de Automoveis Alfa
, "the Brazilian Alfa automobile factory") to build the
Alfa Romeo 2000
there. After having received government approval, Matarazzo pulled out under pressure from Brazil's President
Juscelino Kubitschek
with the state-owned
FNM
company instead commenced building the car as the "FNM 2000" there in 1960.
[13]
During the 1960s, Alfa Romeo concentrated on motorsports using production-based cars, including the
GTA
(standing for Gran Turismo Allegerita), an aluminium-bodied version of the
Bertone
-designed coupe with a powerful twin-plug engine. Among other victories, the GTA won the inaugural
Sports Car Club of America
's
Trans-Am
championship in 1966. In the 1970s, Alfa Romeo concentrated on prototype sports car racing with the
Tipo 33
, with early victories in 1971. Eventually the Tipo 33TT12 gained the
World Championship for Makes
for Alfa Romeo in 1975 and the Tipo 33SC12 won the
World Championship for Sports Cars
in 1977.
[14]
[15]
As Alfa Romeo was a state-controlled company, they were often subject to political pressure. To help industrialize Italy's underdeveloped south, Alfa Romeo's new compact car was to be built at a new factory at
Pomigliano d'Arco
in
Campania
. Even the car's name,
Alfa Sud
(Alfa South), reflected where it was built. 18 January 1968, saw a new company named "Industria Napoletana Costruzioni Autoveicoli Alfa Romeo-Alfasud S.p.A." being formed, 90% of which belonged to Alfa Romeo and 10% to Government controlled holding company
Finmeccanica
.
[16]
This plant was built in the wake of France's
1968 protests
and Italy's
Hot Autumn
and was never "properly started."
[17]
The employees had mainly construction backgrounds and were not trained for factory work, while industrial relations were troublesome throughout. Absenteeism rates in the Pomigliano factory ran at 16.5 percent through the 1970s,
[18]
reaching as high as 28 percent.
[19]
By the 1970s, Alfa Romeo was again in financial trouble, with the company running at about sixty percent of capacity in 1980.
[17]
Since Alfa Romeo was controlled by the Italian government owned Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI), a deal was made where about a quarter of worker's salaries were paid through state unemployment agencies to allow Alfa's plants to idle for two weeks every two months. An aging product lineup and very low productivity combined with near-permanent industrial unrest and Italy's high inflation rates kept Alfa Romeo firmly in the red.
[17]
[20]
[19]
Other creative measures were attempted to shore up Alfa, including an ultimately unsuccessful
joint venture with Nissan
endorsed by Alfa's then-president, Ettore Massacesi, and Prime Minister
Francesco Cossiga
. By 1986, IRI was suffering heavy losses?with Alfa Romeo having not been profitable for the last 13 years
[21]
?and IRI president
Romano Prodi
put Alfa Romeo up for sale. Finmeccanica, the mechanical holdings arm of IRI and its predecessors owned Alfa Romeo since 1932. Prodi first approached fellow Italian manufacturer Fiat, which offered to start a joint venture with Alfa.
Fiat takeover
[
edit
]
Fiat withdrew its plan for a joint venture with Alfa Romeo when
Ford
put in an offer to acquire part of Alfa Romeo and restructure the company, while increasing its stake over time. However, Fiat chose to put in a bid to acquire the entirety of Alfa Romeo and offer job guarantees to Italian workers, an offer that Ford was unwilling to match. It also did not hurt any of the parties involved that an acquisition by Fiat would keep Alfa Romeo in Italian hands. In 1986, the deal was concluded with Alfa Romeo merged with traditional rival
Lancia
into Fiat's Alfa Lancia Industriale S.p.A.
[21]
[20]
Already in 1981, Alfa Romeo's then-President Ettore Massacesi had stated that Alfa would never use Fiat engines?the engines being, to a large extent, Alfa Romeo's identity?but would be happy to cooperate fully with everything else.
[22]
Models produced from the 1990 onwards combined Alfa's traditional virtues of avant-garde styling and sporting panache with the economic benefits of product rationalisation, and include a "GTA" version of the
147
hatchback, the
Giugiaro
-designed
Brera
, and a high-performance exotic called the
8C Competizione
(named after one of Alfa's most successful prewar sports and racing cars, the
8C
of the 1930s).
In 2005,
Maserati
was bought back from
Ferrari
and was now under Fiat's full control. The Fiat Group then created a sports and luxury division from Maserati and Alfa Romeo.
[23]
There is a planned strategic relationship between these two; engines, platforms and possibly dealers are shared.
[24]
In the beginning of 2007, Fiat Auto S.p.A. was reorganized and four new automobile companies were created; Fiat Automobiles S.p.A., Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A., Lancia Automobiles S.p.A. and Fiat Light Commercial Vehicles S.p.A. These companies were fully owned by Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. (from 2007 FCA Italy S.p.A.).
[25]
On 24 June 2010, Alfa Romeo celebrated 100 years from its foundation.
[26]
Alfa Romeo production between 1998 and 2020
[27]
Year
|
Cars
|
1998
|
197,680
|
1999
|
208,336
|
2000
|
206,836
|
2001
|
213,638
|
2002
|
187,437
|
2003
|
182,469
|
2004
|
162,179
|
2005
|
130,815
|
2006
|
157,794
|
2007
|
151,898
|
2008
|
103,097
|
2009
|
103,687
|
2010
|
119,451
|
2011
|
130,535
|
2012
|
101,000
[28]
|
2013
|
74,000
|
2014
|
59,067
|
2015
|
57,351
|
2016
|
93,117
[29]
|
2017
|
150,722
[29]
|
2018
|
107,238
|
2019
|
72,657
|
2020
|
54,304
|
2021
|
44,115
|
Recent developments
[
edit
]
Alfa Romeo has been suffering from falling sales. In 2010, it sold a total of about 112,000 units, which was significantly lower than Fiat CEO Marchionne's global sales target of 300,000. The company set about to achieve a sales target of 170,000 units in 2011, including 100,000
Giulietta
and 60,000
MiTo
models, but it actually sold 130,000 units that year.
[30]
Its medium-term target was 500,000 units by 2014 including 85,000 from the North American market.
[31]
In 2017 Alfa Romeo increased production by 62 percent, building a total of 150,722 vehicles at the company's three factories.
[32]
On January 16, 2021, the operations of
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
and
Groupe PSA
were merged to form
Stellantis
and the company was renamed Stellantis Italy.
[33]
In spite of falling sales, Alfa Romeo CEO Jean-Philippe Imparato announced in 2021 that a new model would be launched every year between 2022 and 2026, starting with the much-delayed
Tonale
, with full electrification of new models from 2027.
[34]
Return to North America
[
edit
]
Alfa Romeo was imported to the United States by
Max Hoffman
from the mid-1950s.
[35]
The Giulietta Spider was developed on the request of Max Hoffman, who proposed an open top version of the Giulietta.
[36]
In 1961 Alfa Romeo started exporting cars to the United States through its own dealer network.
[37]
In 1995, Alfa Romeo ceased exporting cars to the United States,
[38]
the last model sold in that market being the 164 sedan.
On 5 May 2006, Alfa Romeo made its return to the US Market as announced by Fiat CEO
Sergio Marchionne
after a series of rumours. North American sales resumed in October 2008, with the launch of the limited production 8C Competizione coupe with Alfa Romeo models being imported by Fiat's US subsidiary Chrysler.
[39]
Also in 2008, Alfa Romeo and Chrysler were reported to be in discussions over the possibility of producing Alfa Romeo cars in some Chrysler manufacturing plants that had shut down due to the company group's restructure and cost cutting. Instead, as reported by
The Wall Street Journal
in November 2009, Chrysler discontinued several Dodge and Jeep models while phasing in Alfa Romeo ones and the new Fiat 500.
[40]
The next significant milestones in Alfa Romeo's North American return occurred in 2014, with the launch of the more affordable two-seater
4C coupe
. That year, Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. confirmed that its original agreement with Mazda Motor Corporation, for the speculated manufacturing of a new Alfa Romeo Spider based on the
Mazda MX-5
had been terminated mutually in December 2014. The proposed model for this joint-venture became the
Fiat 124 Spider
convertible launched in 2015. In 2015, Alfa Romeo's return to this market was further bolstered by the automaker's display of the new
Giulia
at the Los Angeles Auto Show. In February 2017, Chrysler featured its Alfa Romeo brand exclusively in three ads during
Super Bowl LI
.
[41]
Alfa Romeo's US importer,
FCA US LLC
, imports the 4C, Giulia and Stelvio.
Design and technology
[
edit
]
Technological development
[
edit
]
Alfa Romeo has introduced many technological innovations over the years, and the company has often been among the first users of new technologies. Its trademark
double overhead cam
engine was used for the first time in the 1914
Grand Prix
car,
[42]
the first road car with such an engine, the
6C 1500 Sport
, appeared in 1928.
Alfa Romeo tested one of the first electronic fuel injection systems (
Caproni
-Fuscaldo) in the
Alfa Romeo 6C
2500 with "Ala spessa" body in 1940
Mille Miglia
. The engine had six electrically operated injectors, fed by a semi-high pressure circulating fuel pump system.
[43]
1969 models for the
North American
market had
SPICA
(Societa Pompe Iniezione Cassani & Affini, a subsidiary of Alfa Romeo)
mechanical fuel injection
. According to Alfa Romeo, the engine's power output and performance were unchanged from the carburetted version. The SPICA system continued until the 1982 model year with the introduction of 2.0 liter
Bosch
electronic fuel injection
. Many examples of SPICA powered Alfa's are found still running,
Mechanical
variable valve timing
was introduced in the
Alfa Romeo Spider
, sold in the U.S. in 1980.
[44]
All Alfa Romeo Spider models from 1983 onward used electronic VVT.
[45]
The 105 series
Giulia
was quite an advanced car, using technologies such as all-wheel
disc brakes
,
[46]
and a plastic radiator header tank.
[
citation needed
]
It had also the lowest
drag coefficient
(Cd) in its class
[47]
The same trend continued with the Alfetta 2000 and GTV, which had quirks such as 50:50
weight distribution
,
[48]
[49]
standard fit
alloy wheels
[
citation needed
]
and
transaxle
.
[50]
Newer innovations include complete
CAD
design process used in designing the
Alfa Romeo 164
[51]
and an
automated/paddle-shift transmission
called
Selespeed
used in the
156
;
[52]
the 156 was also the world's first passenger car to use
Common rail
diesel engine.
[53]
The
Multiair
-an electro-hydraulic variable valve actuation technology used in
MiTo
was introduced in 2009.
[54]
In 2016, the Alfa Romeo Giulia came with electrical brakes.
[55]
Body design
[
edit
]
Many famous automotive design houses in Italy have accepted commissions to produce concepts and production vehicle shapes for Alfa Romeo. These include:
Construction techniques used by Alfa Romeo has been imitated by other carmakers, and in this way, the Alfa Romeo body designs have often been very influential. The following is a list of innovations, and where appropriate, examples of imitation by other car manufacturers:
- 1960s: Aerodynamics: The 116-series Giulia had a very low Cd. Toyota, in particular, sought to produce a similarly shaped series of vehicles at this time.
- 1970s: Fairing of bumpers: In order to meet American crash standards, Alfa Romeo formulated a design technique to incorporate bumpers into the overall bodywork design of vehicles so as to not ruin their design lines. The culmination of this design technique was the 1980s
Alfa Romeo 75
. The process was widely copied, particularly in Germany and Japan.
- 1980s: The Alfa Romeo 164: The design process and influence of this car is almost completely out of all proportion to previous Alfa Romeos. The 164 introduced complete CAD/CAM in the manufacturing cycle, with very little directly made by hand. In addition, the 164's styling influence continues into the present-day line of modern Alfa Romeos. Most manufacturers incorporated design ideas first expressed in the 164 into their own designs, including greater reliance on on-board computers.
[
citation needed
]
- 1990s: The pseudo-coupe: The Alfa Romeo 156 and 147, while four-door vehicles, represented themselves as two-doors with prominent front door handles, and less visible rear door-handle flaps. Honda has used this design style in the latest Civic hatchback, and a somewhat similar idea is also seen in the
Mazda RX-8
four-seat coupe and
Renault Clio V
.
- 2000s: The Brera and 159: These vehicles' design, by Giorgetto Giugiaro, have proven influential in sedan and coupe styling, demonstrating that concept vehicles are often immediately translatable into road car form, providing that initial design takes place using CAD systems.
Concept cars
[
edit
]
Several concept cars have been made by Alfa Romeo:
- 1950s ? The B.A.T. cars
The
Berlina Aerodinamica Tecnica
prototype cars were designed by Bertone as an exercise in determining whether streamlining and wind-tunnel driven designs would result in high performance on a standard chassis and whether the resulting vehicles would be palatable to the public. Alfa 1900 Sprint were the basis of the B.A.T. 5, 7 and 9.
[56]
The later B.A.T. 11 was based on the 8C Competizione.
- 1960s and 1970s ? Descendants of the Tipo 33
The Tipo 33 racing car, with its high-revving 2000 cc V8 engine became the basis for a number of different concept cars during the 1960s and 1970s, two of which ultimately resulted in production vehicles. Most made their appearances at the Auto Salon Geneve. Here is a brief list:
- Gandini/Bertone Carabo (1968) ? Marcello Gandini expressed ideas that would come to fruition in the Lamborghini Countach.
- Tipo 33.2 (1969) ? Designed by Pininfarina using a design already known from a Ferrari concept car.
- Gandini/Bertone Montreal Concept (1967) ? making its appearance at the 1967 Montreal Expo, this Giulia-based concept resulted in the production
Alfa Romeo Montreal
road car with a variant of the Tipo 33's V8 engine.
- Bertone/Giugiaro Navajo (1976) ? A fully fibreglassed vehicle, and in some ways the epitome of Giugiaro's 'Origami' style of flat planes.
- 1980s-today ? Modern ideas
In general, concept cars for Alfa Romeo have generally become production vehicles, after some modification to make them suitable for manufacture, and to provide driver and passenger safety. The Zagato SZ, GTV, and Spider, Brera, and 159 are all good examples of Alfa Romeo's stylistic commitment in this direction.
Logos
[
edit
]
Original logo
[
edit
]
Alfa Romeo's logo incorporates two
heraldic devices
traditionally associated with its birthplace, the city of
Milan
: A red cross, from the
emblem of Milan
, and the
biscione
, a big
grass snake
swallowing a child?emblem of the
House of Visconti
, rulers of the city in the 14th century.
[57]
[58]
[59]
The logo was originally designed in 1910 by a young Italian
draughtsman
from the A.L.F.A. technical office, Romano Cattaneo.
Origin
[
edit
]
In June 1910, the Societa Anonima Darracq became Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili, and was readying its first model, the
24 HP
. The board asked chief engineer
Giuseppe Merosi
to devise a badge for the radiator shell of the new car; Merosi turned to his collaborators.
One of them, Cattaneo, was inspired by the
coat of arms
he had seen on the gates of
Castello Sforzesco
to include the
biscione
in the logo.
Merosi liked the idea, and together with Cattaneo came up with a sketch, then approved by managing director Ugo Stella; Cattaneo was entrusted with doing the final design.
The original badge was round, of enamelled
brass
, measuring 65 mm (2.6 in) in diameter, and carried already all the present day accoutrements: the red cross on a white field of Milan on the left, a green
biscione
on a light blue field on the right, all surrounded by a blue ring inscribed with the words "ALFA" at the top and "MILANO" at the bottom.
In honour of the
King of Italy
, the two words were separated by two
figure-eight knots
?named Savoy knots in Italian, and symbols of the then-reigning
House of Savoy
. Originally solid brass, the lettering was changed to white enamel in 1913.
In 1918, after the company had been bought by
Nicola Romeo
, the wording "ALFA" was replaced with "ALFA-ROMEO".
In 1925, to commemorate the victory of the
Alfa Romeo P2
in the inaugural
World Manufacturers' Championship
of
1925
, a silver metal
laurel wreath
was added around the badge, used (in varying form) until 1982.
[58]
The addition of the wreath had enlarged the badge to 75 mm (3.0 in) diameter; in 1930 it was reduced back to 60 mm (2.4 in).
Post-war evolution
[
edit
]
In 1946, after the
abolition of the monarchy
and proclamation of the
Italian Republic
, the figure-eight knots of the Savoy were replaced with two curvy lines.
Concurrently the badge was completely redesigned, and further reduced in size to 54 mm (2.1 in), a diameter unchanged ever since.
Made of stamped steel, the new badge bore the traditional elements?the scripts, the cross, a newly stylized
biscione
and a thin laurel wreath?embossed in antique silver, over a uniform
Alfa Red
background, which had replaced the blue, white and light blue fields. This red-and-metal badge was used until 1950, when the company switched back to a traditionally enamelled and coloured one; in 1960 the badge was changed from brass to plastic, without substantial differences in design.
At the beginning of the 1970s the all-new
Alfa Romeo Pomigliano d'Arco plant
(near
Naples
) was completed. When in 1972 the
Alfasud
produced there became the first Alfa Romeo passenger car manufactured outside Milan, the word "Milano", the curved lines and the hyphen between "Alfa" and "Romeo" were eliminated from the badge on all Alfa Romeos.
At the same time it was redesigned, most notably acquiring a modernised
biscione
and
type face
.
After a mild restyling in 1982, which deleted the wreath and changed lettering and all chrome details to gold, this iteration of the badge remained in use until 2015.
[65]
2015 redesign
[
edit
]
On 24 June 2015, 105th anniversary of the company, a new logo was unveiled at a press event at the
Alfa Romeo Museum
; together with the
Alfa Romeo Giulia
as part of the brand's relaunch plan.
[66]
The redesign was carried out by Robilant Associati, who had previously reworked several other
Fiat Group
logos?including
Fiat Automobiles
' and
Lancia
's.
[67]
The logo colors have been reduced from four to three: the green of the
biscione
, the red of the cross, and the dark blue of the surrounding ring. Other changes are a new serif type face, and the absence of the split white and light blue fields, replaced by a single silver textured background.
The Quadrifoglio logo
[
edit
]
Since 1923, the
quadrifoglio
logo (also called the 'cloverleaf') has been the symbol of Alfa Romeo racing cars and since WWII, it has also been used to designate the higher trim models of the range. The
quadrifoglio
is usually placed on the side panels of the car, above or behind the front wheels?on the
front wings
in the case of modern vehicles. The logo consists of a green
cloverleaf
with four leaves, contained with a white triangle. There is "two Quadrifolio"
- Quadrifolio Verde
- Quadrifolio Oro
History of the emblem
[
edit
]
The
quadrifoglio
has been used on Alfa Romeo cars since the death of
Ugo Sivocci
in 1923. As a friend of
Enzo Ferrari
, Sivocci was hired by Alfa Romeo in 1920 to drive in the four-man works team?
Alfa Corse
?with
Antonio Ascari
, Giuseppe Campari, and Enzo Ferrari. Sivocci was thought to have enormous experience, but often hampered by bad luck and considered the eternal second-placer. To banish his bad luck, when the
Targa Florio
came around, the driver painted a white square with a green four-leaf clover (the
quadrifoglio
) in the centre of the grille of his car. Sivocci had immediate success, crossing the finish line first. The
quadrifoglio
subsequently became the symbol of the racing Alfa Romeos with the victory at the Targa Florio. Almost as if to prove the magic effects of this symbol, Sivocci was killed while testing
Merosi
's new
P1
at
Monza
, a few months after winning the Targa Florio. The
Salerno
driver's P1, which went off the track on a bend, did not have the
quadrifoglio
. Since this period in 1923, the bodies of Alfa Romeo racing cars have been adorned with the
quadrifoglio
as a lucky charm. The white square was replaced with a triangle in memory of Ugo Sivocci.
[68]
Modern usage
[
edit
]
The first road car to bear the
quadrifoglio
was the 1963
Alfa Romeo Giulia
TI Super, a variant of the Giulia saloon car devised for competition but put regularly on sale; it had green four-leaf clovers on its front wings, without the triangle.
In the 1970s "Quadrifoglio Verde" or "Green Cloverleaf" became the trim level for each model's sportiest variant, equipped with the most powerful engine. The
Alfasud
,
Sprint
,
33
,
75
,
164
and
145
all had Quadrifoglio Verde versions.
Also in the 1970s and through the 1980s golden four-leaf clover badges were used to denote the most luxurious and well-equipped variants of Alfa Romeo cars, named "Quadrifoglio Oro" or "Gold Cloverleaf".
The
Alfasud
,
Alfetta
,
Alfa 6
,
90
and
33
had Quadrifoglio Oro versions.
In recent times the
quadrifoglio
was revived on the 2007
Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione
and Spider sports cars. With the current
Alfa Romeo MiTo
and
Giulietta
the Quadrifoglio Verde was reinstated as the sportiest trim level in the range, and green four-leaf clovers on the front wings are once again the hallmark of high-performance Alfa Romeos.
Alfa Romeo's 2016 sport sedan, the all-new
Giulia
, was launched first in Quadrifoglio trim before the release of the base models. Starting with the high-end model wearing that historic signature emblem.
Motorsport
[
edit
]
Alfa Romeo has been involved with motor racing since 1911, when it entered two
24 HP
models in Targa Florio competition. Alfa Romeo won the first
World Manufacturers' Championship
in 1925 and the first
AIACR European Championship
in 1931 and it scored wins at many races and motoring events such as
Targa Florio
,
Mille Miglia
and
Le Mans
. Great success continued with
Formula One
, when Alfa Romeo won the first World
Formula One
Championship in 1950 and won the second
Formula One
Championship in 1951. The company also won international championships in
Prototypes
, Touring and Fast Touring categories in the 1960s and 1970s. Private drivers also entered some
rally
competitions, with good results. Alfa Romeo has competed both as a constructor and an engine supplier, via works entries
Alfa Corse
,
Autodelta
and private entries. Alfa Romeo's factory racing team was outsourced to Enzo Ferrari's
Scuderia Ferrari
between 1933 and 1938. Drivers included Tazio Nuvolari, who won the 1935
German Grand Prix
at the Nurburgring.
Alfa Romeo have been in a technical partnership with the
Sauber F1 Team
since 2018.
[69]
In February 2019, Sauber announced that it would compete as
Alfa Romeo Racing
although the ownership, racing licence and management structure would remain unchanged.
[70]
Alfa Romeo will end their partnership with Sauber and exit Formula One after the 2023 season.
[71]
Alfa Romeo has won five
FIA European Formula 3 Championships
and five
FIA European Formula 3 Cups
with the support from the Alfa Romeo stable Euroracing, who created the motor for the Formula 3 championship and with the support of Italian motor company Novamotor which work in the Formula 3 competition.
Production
[
edit
]
In the 1960s, the main Alfa Romeo factory was moved from inside Milan to a very large and nearby area extending over the municipalities of
Arese
,
Lainate
and
Garbagnate Milanese
. However, since then the factory was moved to Arese, as the offices and the main entrance of the area were located there.
In the late 1960s, a number of European automobile manufacturers established facilities in South Africa to assemble right hand drive vehicles.
Fiat
and other Italian manufacturers established factories along with these other manufacturers, Alfa-Romeos were assembled in
Brits
, outside
Pretoria
in the
Transvaal Province
of South Africa. With the imposition of sanctions by Western powers in the 1970s and 1980s, South Africa became self-sufficient, and in car production came to rely more and more on the products from local factories. This led to a set of circumstances where between 1972 and 1989, South Africa had the greatest number of Alfa Romeos on the road outside of Italy. The Alfa Romeos Brits plant was used from March 1983
[72]
until late 1985 to build
Daihatsu Charades
for local consumption, but also for export to Italy in order to skirt Italian limits on Japanese imports.
[73]
For the last year the company was operating, the Daihatsu represented close to half of Alfa Romeo S.A. Ltd.'s total production.
[74]
In late 1985, with the impending Fiat takeover and an
international boycott
of the South African
Apartheid
government, Alfa Romeo withdrew from the market and closed the plant.
During the 1990s, Alfa Romeo moved car production to other districts in Italy. The
Pomigliano d’Arco plant
produced the 155, followed by the 145 and the 146, while the
Arese plant
manufactured the SZ and RZ sports cars, the 164, the new Spider and the GTV. The 156 was launched in 1997 and in 1998 was voted "Car of the Year". The same year a new flagship, the 166 (assembled in Rivalta, near Turin) was launched. At the beginning of the third millennium, the 147 was released, which won the title of "Car of the Year 2001". In 2003 the Arese factory was closed while only having some offices and the
Alfa Romeo Historical Museum
.
Automobiles
[
edit
]
Alfa Romeos
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
BAT
5, 7 og 9 (1952?1955)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Current models
[
edit
]
- Alfa Romeo Giulia
The new
Giulia
was unveiled to the press at the Museo Storico Alfa Romeo in Arese, on 24 June 2015. This coincided with the company's 105th anniversary and saw the introduction of a revised logo. Sales were about 34,000 examples per year (2018), then fell to 20,000 per year (2019).
- Alfa Romeo Stelvio
The
Stelvio
was unveiled at the 2016
Los Angeles Auto Show
. The Stelvio is Alfa Romeo's first production SUV that competes in the same category as the
Porsche Macan
,
Jaguar F-Pace
,
Audi Q5
,
Mercedes-Benz GLC
and
BMW X3
. It is current top Alfa sales with less than 40,000 examples per year (2019).
- Alfa Romeo Tonale
The
Tonale
is a compact crossover SUV (C-segment) introduced in March 2022 and the first new model introduced by the brand in six years and the first model introduced under the brand of Stellantis.
- Alfa Romeo 33 Stradale (2023)
The Alfa Romeo 33 Stradale is an upcoming sports car.
- Alfa Romeo Junior
The
Junior
(previously Milano) is a subcompact crossover SUV (
B-segment
) introduced in April 2024. It is the brand's first B-segment SUV, and its first battery electric car.
Historic models
[
edit
]
Carabinieri and Italian government
[
edit
]
In the 1960s, Alfa Romeo became famous for its small cars and models specifically designed for the
Italian police
and
Carabinieri
(arm of the Italian armed forces seconded only partly for civilian policing purposes); among them the "Giulia Super" and the 2600 Sprint GT. The colours of the Alfa Romeos used by the Polizia were/are green/blue with white stripes and writing, known as "Pantera" (Panther), enhancing the aggressive look of the cars (particularly the Giulia series), while the Carabinieri Alfas are dark blue with white roofs and red stripes, known as the "Gazzella" (Gazelle) denoting the speed and agility of these "Pattuglie" (patrol cars). However, the term "Pantera" became used interchangeably and the image helped create a no-nonsense, determined and respected perception by the general public of the men that drove these cars, true to their history.
Since then, Alfa Romeos remain the chosen mount of the Carabinieri, Polizia Autostradale (highway police),
Guardia di Finanza
(fiscal law enforcement) and the conventional police service (Polizia). Successively, the following Alfa Romeo cars have found favour for Italian police and government employment
[76]
- ?
Alfa Romeo AR51
- ?
Alfa Romeo Giulia
- ?
Alfa Romeo Alfetta
- ?
Alfa Romeo Giulietta
- ?
Alfa Romeo 33
(
Polizia di Stato
only)
- ?
Alfa Romeo 75
- ?
Alfa Romeo 164
(official vehicles)
- ?
Alfa Romeo 155
- ?
Alfa Romeo 156
- ?
Alfa Romeo 166
(official vehicles)
- ?
Alfa Romeo 159
- ?
Alfa Romeo Giulia
(
Carabinieri
, 2 Giulia Quadrifoglio -
Polizia di Stato
, 2 Giulia Veloce Q4
[77]
)
Since the 1960s, the Italian Prime Minister has used Alfa Romeos (and lately the new
Maserati Quattroporte
) as preferred government limousines. The 164 and 166 have found particular employment in the last two decades.
Trucks and light commercial vehicles
[
edit
]
In 1930, Alfa Romeo presented a light truck in addition to heavy LCVs based on
Bussing
constructions.
[78]
In the Second World War Alfa Romeo also built trucks for the Italian army ("35 tons anywhere") and later also for the German
Wehrmacht
. After the war, commercial motor vehicle production was resumed.
In co-operation with
FIAT
and
Saviem
starting from the 1960s different light truck models were developed.
The production of heavy LCVs in Italy was terminated in 1967. Heavy trucks continued to be built for a few years in
Brazil
by Alfa Romeo subsidiary
Fabrica Nacional de Motores
under the name FNM. The last Alfa Romeo vans were the Alfa Romeo AR6 and AR8, rebadged versions of Iveco Daily and Fiat Ducato. The company also produced
trolleybuses
for many systems in Italy, Latin America,
[79]
Sweden,
[80]
Greece,
[81]
Germany, Turkey and South Africa. Later, Alfa Romeo concentrated only on passenger car manufacturing.
- LCVs
- Trucks
- Buses
- Trolleybuses
Other production
[
edit
]
Although Alfa Romeo is best known as automobile manufacturer it has also produced commercial vehicles of various size, railway locomotives,
[6]
tractors, buses, trams, compressors, generators, an electric cooker,
[84]
marine and aircraft engines.
Aircraft engines
[
edit
]
An Alfa engine was first used on an aircraft in 1910 on the Santoni-Franchini biplane.
[85]
In 1932 Alfa Romeo built its first real aircraft engine, the D2 (240 bhp), fitted to
Caproni 101 D2
. In the 1930s when Alfa Romeo engines were used for aircraft on a larger scale; the
Savoia Marchetti SM.74
,
Savoia-Marchetti SM.75
,
Savoia-Marchetti SM.79
,
Savoia Marchetti SM.81
and
Cant Z506B Airone
all used Alfa Romeo manufactured engines.
[86]
In 1931, a competition was arranged where
Tazio Nuvolari
drove his
Alfa Romeo 8C
3000 Monza against a
Caproni Ca.100
airplane.
[87]
Alfa Romeo built various aircraft engines during the
Second World War
; the best known was the RA.1000 RC 41-I Monsone, a licensed version of the
Daimler-Benz DB 601
. This engine made it possible to build efficient fighter aircraft like the
Macchi C.202 Folgore
for the Italian army. After the Second World War Alfa Romeo produced engines for Fiat,
Aerfer
and
Ambrosini
. In the 1960s Alfa Romeo mainly focused upgrading and maintaining
Curtiss-Wright
,
Pratt & Whitney
,
Rolls-Royce
and
General Electric
aircraft engines.
Alfa Romeo also built Italy's first
turbine engine
, installed to the
Beechcraft King Air
. Alfa Romeo's Avio division was sold to
Aeritalia
in 1988,
[88]
from 1996 it was part of Fiat Avio.
[89]
Alfa Avio was also part of developing team to the new T700-T6E1 engine to the
NHI NH90
helicopter.
[90]
Marine engines
[
edit
]
Alfa Romeo also produced marine engines. The first marine engine was produced in 1929. Later, for three consecutive years: 1937-1938-1939 with remarkable affirmations, Alfa Romeo demonstrated its constructive efficiency by contributing to the development of marine engines.
- (1938) 12 cyl (4.500) 121,710 km/h
Aero-engines
[
edit
]
Marketing and sponsorship
[
edit
]
During the years Alfa Romeo has been marketed with different slogans like: "The family car that wins races" used in the 1950s in Alfa Romeo 1900 marketing campaign, "racing since 1911" used on most 1960s Alfa advertisements.
[91]
In the 1970s the Alfa Romeo 1750 GTV was marketed as "if this kind of handling is good enough for our racing cars, it's good enough for you."
[92]
The Giulia Sprint GTA was marketed as "The car you drive to work is a champion".
[93]
More recent slogans used are "Mediocrity is a sin", "Driven by Passion", "Cuore Sportivo", "Beauty is not enough" and present day "Without heart we would be mere machines". Also other more recent ones are: "It's not a car, it's an Alfa Romeo.", one of them after a couple argue in Italian.
As part of its marketing policy, Alfa Romeo sponsors a number of sporting events, such as the
Mille Miglia
rally.
[94]
It has sponsored the SBK
Superbike World Championship
and
Ducati
Corse since 2007, and the
Goodwood Festival of Speed
for many years, and was one of the featured brands in 2010 when Alfa Romeo celebrated its 100th anniversary.
[95]
[96]
The
Alfa Romeo Giulietta
has been used since Monza 2010 race as the safety car in Superbike World Championship events.
[97]
Alfa Romeo has been also shirt sponsor of
Eintracht Frankfurt
football club in period between 2013 and 2016.
In 2002,
Alfa Romeo I
, the first Alfa Romeo super
maxi yacht
was launched. It finished first in at least 74 races including the 2002
Sydney?Hobart Race
.
[98]
Alfa Romeo II
, commissioned in 2005, measures 30 metres (98 ft)
LOA
. It set a new elapsed-time record for monohulls in the 2009 Transpac race, of 5 days, 14 hours, 36 minutes, 20 seconds.
[99]
It finished first in at least 140 races. In mid-2008
Alfa Romeo III
was launched for competitive fleet racing under the
IRC
rule.
Alfa Romeo III
measures 21.4 metres (70 ft) LOA and features interior design styled after the
Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione
.
[100]
The
BBC
motoring show
Top Gear
repeatedly argued the significance of owning an Alfa Romeo car as a car enthusiast, stating that "You can't be a true petrolhead if you have never owned/or wanted to own an Alfa Romeo". Presenters
Jeremy Clarkson
,
Richard Hammond
and
James May
continuously praised Alfas for their beauty and driving characteristics even though Italian cars had a long-term bad reputation for unreliability. They argued that the owner build a personal relationship with the car despite all of its mechanical faults. Both Clarkson and May have previously owned Alfas (a
GTV6
for Clarkson and an
Alfa 164
for May) and both have stated that they regretted selling their Alfas the most.
As part of its U.S. relaunch, Alfa Romeo ran three
commercials
during
Super Bowl LI
; the brand was the sole marque advertised by FCA during the game, after exclusively focusing on its
Jeep
brand at
Super Bowl 50
.
[41]
[101]
In February 2013, Alfa Romeo sponsored
University of St Andrews
FS fashion show
[102]
which saw luxury fashion designer Luke Archer and milliner George Jenkins win with their Alfa Romeo inspired garments.
Alfa Romeo announced
Zhou Guanyu
as China's first Formula One racing driver for the 2022 season, hailed by both the team and the sport as a historic breakthrough in a key growth market.
[103]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Anonima refers to the legal structure of the company at the time,
Societa anonima
.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
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(PDF)
. 2008. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 17 July 2011
. Retrieved
18 June
2009
.
- ^
"Explore Alfa Romeo Models"
.
alfaromeousa.com
. Retrieved
20 July
2022
.
- ^
"Alfa Romeo Celebrates 90 Years of Success"
.
autoweb.com
. 2000. Archived from
the original
on 11 May 2009
. Retrieved
9 January
2009
.
- ^
Schanche, Don A. (7 November 1986).
"Fiat Will Buy Alfa Romeo, Besting Ford's Bid"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Retrieved
30 June
2018
.
- ^
Henry, Alan
(1989).
Ferrari: The Grand Prix Cars
(2nd ed.). Hazleton. p. 12.
- ^
a
b
c
"P. Italiano: 'Story of the Alfa Romeo factory and plants: Part 1, The early Portello'
"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 11 November 2007
. Retrieved
19 October
2009
.
- ^
a
b
Sannia, Alessandro (2010).
Alfa Romeo - 100 anni di leggenda
. Milano: Gribaudo.
ISBN
978-88-7906-972-4
.
- ^
Fusi, Luigi,
Le Alfa di Romeo e Merosi
, Edizione Dimensione S, Milan, 1985
- ^
Patrick Italiano.
"Story of the Alfa Romeo factory and plants: Part 2, Alfa Romeo under a khaki uniform"
(PDF)
.
enzociliberto.it/aisastoryauto
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 29 September 2007
. Retrieved
19 October
2009
.
- ^
"Alfa Romeo History/The Company"
.
alfaromeo.com
. Archived from
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on 15 January 2013
. Retrieved
7 June
2012
.
- ^
Griffith, Borgeson (1990).
Alfa Romeo. I creatori della Leggenda
. Nada Edizioni.
ISBN
88-7911-045-4
.
- ^
Tim Rauen.
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. Alfasud.alfisti.net. Archived from
the original
on 23 October 2009
. Retrieved
29 November
2009
.
- ^
Shapiro, Helen (Winter 1991). "Determinants of Firm Entry into the Brazilian Automobile Manufacturing Industry, 1956?1968".
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(4, The Automobile Industry): 897, 907.
doi
:
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.
JSTOR
3117267
.
S2CID
153363903
.
- ^
"1975 World Championship for Makes"
.
wspr-racing.com
. Retrieved
17 August
2010
.
- ^
"1977 ? SP World Sports Car Championship"
.
wspr-racing.com
. Retrieved
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2010
.
- ^
Bulmer, Charles (17 February 1968). "News".
Motor
: 91.
- ^
a
b
c
Seidler, Edouard (5 June 1982). "Alfa's Rising Sun".
Autocar
. Vol. 156, no. 4459. IPC Business Press Ltd. p. 18.
- ^
Seidler
, p. 20
- ^
a
b
Henry Tanner (15 August 1979).
"Alfa Romeo Is Seeking Partners to Cut Losses"
.
New York Times
.
- ^
a
b
"89/661/EEC: Commission Decision of 31 May 1989 concerning aid provided by the Italian Government to Alfa Romeo, an undertaking in the motor vehicle sector"
. EUR-Lex. 30 December 1989.
- ^
a
b
Roberto Suro (7 November 1986).
"Company News; Fiat Best Ford In Bid For ALFA"
.
The New York Times
.
- ^
Seidler
, p. 19
- ^
"News 12.07.2005"
.
italiaspeed.com
. Retrieved
11 June
2012
.
- ^
"Press release 1 April 2005"
(PDF)
.
fiatgroup.com
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 9 October 2022
. Retrieved
11 June
2012
.
- ^
"Press release 23 January 2007"
(PDF)
.
fiatautopress.com
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 9 October 2022
. Retrieved
11 June
2012
.
- ^
"Goodwood 2010: Celebrating 100 years of Alfa Romeo"
.
Autoblog
. Retrieved
28 August
2019
.
- ^
"Alfa Romeo production between 1998 and 2012"
.
oica.net
.
Archived
from the original on 4 November 2010
. Retrieved
14 October
2010
.
- ^
"How Alfa Romeo plans to triple sales in 3 years"
.
Automotive News Europe
. 29 March 2013.
- ^
a
b
"Alfa Romeo 2018 forecast: better, but won't make profit - paultan.org"
. 30 January 2018.
- ^
"FIAT S.p.A. Annual Report 2011"
(PDF)
. 27 March 2012.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^
Luca Ciferri (10 April 2011).
"Alfa's N. America return pushed to 2013"
.
Automotive News
.
- ^
"Giulia, Stelvio Helped Alfa Romeo Boost Production By 62% In 2017"
. 14 January 2018.
- ^
"FCA and PSA Operations Merge, Founding Stellantis"
.
Stellantis
. 16 January 2021
. Retrieved
25 May
2021
.
- ^
"Stellantis' Alfa Romeo to launch new model every year to 2026"
. Reuters. 7 October 2021.
- ^
"Alfa Romeo, The First 100 Years, Part Two: Mass Production"
.
automotivetraveler.com
. Archived from
the original
on 15 September 2010
. Retrieved
1 January
2011
.
- ^
"Giulietta Spider"
.
autoviva.com
. Retrieved
1 January
2011
.
- ^
"Alfa Romeo advertising: the 1960s"
.
alfabb.com
.
Archived
from the original on 24 December 2010
. Retrieved
9 January
2011
.
- ^
"U.S. Sales Halt By Alfa Romeo"
.
The New York Times
. 25 January 1995
. Retrieved
9 January
2011
.
- ^
"Welcome Back! Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione Launches in America"
.
www.motortrend.com
. 11 December 2008.
Archived
from the original on 5 August 2020
. Retrieved
24 November
2008
.
- ^
Linebaugh, Kate (27 October 2009).
"Fiat Models to Drive Chrysler New Lineup Will See Return of Alfa Romeo, End of Many Chryslers, Dodges and Jeeps"
.
The Wall Street Journal
.
Archived
from the original on 30 October 2009
. Retrieved
27 October
2009
.
- ^
a
b
"Fiat Chrysler Avoids Politics in Super Bowl Ads, Plugs Alfa Romeo"
.
Advertising Age
. 5 February 2017
. Retrieved
6 February
2017
.
- ^
"Tech Analysis: An Echo of the Past: The history and evolution of twin-cam engines"
.
europeancarweb.com
. Archived from
the original
on 3 March 2012
. Retrieved
17 August
2010
.
- ^
"1940 6C 2500 Touring 'Ala Spessa'
"
.
digilander.libero.it
(in Italian)
. Retrieved
11 April
2009
.
- ^
"Alfa Romeo Spider FAQ"
(PDF)
.
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.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 17 September 2010
. Retrieved
17 August
2010
.
- ^
Rees, Chris (2001).
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. MBI Publishing 2001. p.
102
.
ISBN
0-7603-1162-5
.
- ^
"Alfa Romeo Giulia"
.
conceptcarz.com
. Retrieved
17 August
2010
.
- ^
"Alfa Romeo Giulia Ti"
.
sportscarmarket.com
. Archived from
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on 2 March 2012
. Retrieved
17 August
2010
.
- ^
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.
hagertyinsurance.co.uk
. Retrieved
19 June
2018
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- Borgeson, Griffith
(1990).
The Alfa Romeo Tradition.
Haynes (Foulis) Publishing Group. Somerset, UK.
ISBN
0-85429-875-4
.
- Braden, Pat (1994).
Alfa Romeo Owner's Bible
Cambridge: Bentley Publishers.
ISBN
0-8376-0707-8
.
- Stefano d' Amico and Maurizio Tabuchi (2004).
Alfa Romeo Production Cars.
Giorgio NADA Editore.
ISBN
88-7911-322-4
.
- Hull and Slater (1982).
Alfa Romeo: a History.
Transport Bookman Publications.
ISBN
0-85184-041-8
.
- Venables, David (2000).
First among Champions.
Osceola: Motorbooks International.
ISBN
1-85960-631-8
.
- Owen, David.
Great Marques, Alfa Romeo.
London: Octopus Books, 1985.
ISBN
0-7064-2219-8
- Owen, David.
Alfa Romeo: Always with Passion.
Haynes Publications, 1999.
ISBN
1-85960-628-8
- Moore, Simon (1987).
Immortal 2.9.
Parkside Pubns.
ISBN
978-0-9617266-0-7
.
- Mcdonough, E., & Collins, P. (2005).
Alfa Romeo Tipo 33
. Veloce Publishing.
ISBN
1-904788-71-8
- Tipler, John
.
Alfa Romeo Spider, The complete history.
Crowood Press (UK), 1998.
ISBN
1-86126-122-5
- Tipler, John.
Alfa Romeo Giulia Coupe Gt & Gta.
Veloce Publishing, 2003.
ISBN
1-903706-47-5
- Styles, David G. "Alfa Romeo ? The Legend Revived", Dalton Watson 1989.
ISBN
978-0-901564-75-7
- Styles, David G. "Alfa Romeo ? Spider, Alfasud & Alfetta GT", Crowood Press 1992.
ISBN
1-85223-636-1
- Styles, David G. "Alfa Romeo ? The Spirit of Milan", Sutton Publishing 1999.
ISBN
0-7509-1924-8
External links
[
edit
]
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