Swiss chemist (1906?2008)
Albert Hofmann
|
---|
Hofmann in 1993
|
Born
| (
1906-01-11
)
11 January 1906
|
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Died
| 29 April 2008
(2008-04-29)
(aged 102)
|
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Alma mater
| University of Zurich
(
PhD
)
|
---|
Occupations
| |
---|
Employer
| Sandoz
|
---|
Known for
| Discovery of
LSD-25
. Isolating, naming and synthesizing
psilocybin
and
psilocin
, as well as synthesizing various analogs thereof.
|
---|
Spouse
| Anita Hofmann (died 2007)
|
---|
Children
| 4
|
---|
Relatives
| Gustav Guanella
(brother-in-law)
|
---|
Awards
| Scheele Award
|
---|
Albert Hofmann
(11 January 1906 ? 29 April 2008) was a Swiss chemist known for being the first to
synthesize
,
ingest
, and learn of the
psychedelic effects
of
lysergic acid diethylamide
(LSD). Hofmann's team also isolated, named and synthesized the principal
psychedelic mushroom
compounds
psilocybin
and
psilocin
.
[1]
He authored more than 100 scientific articles and numerous books, including
LSD: Mein Sorgenkind
(
LSD: My Problem Child
).
[2]
In 2007, he shared first place with
Tim Berners-Lee
on a list of the 100 greatest living geniuses published by
The Daily Telegraph
newspaper.
[3]
Early life and education
[
edit
]
Albert Hofmann was born in
Baden
, Switzerland, on 11 January 1906.
[4]
[2]
He was the first of four children to factory toolmaker Adolf Hofmann and Elisabeth (
nee
Schenk) and was baptized Protestant.
[5]
When his father became ill, Hofmann obtained a position as a commercial apprentice in concurrence with his studies. At age 20, Hofmann began his chemistry degree at the
University of Zurich
, finishing three years later, in 1929. Owing to his father's low income, Albert's godfather paid for his education. Hofmann's main interest was the chemistry of plants and animals, and he later conducted important research on the chemical structure of the common animal substance
chitin
, for which he received his doctorate with distinction in 1929.
[6]
Career
[
edit
]
Of his decision to pursue a career as a chemist, Hofmann provided insight during a speech he delivered to the 1996 Worlds of Consciousness Conference in Heidelberg, Germany:
One often asks oneself what roles planning and chance play in the realization of the most important events in our lives. [...] This [career] decision was not easy for me. I had already taken a Latin matricular exam, and therefore a career in the humanities stood out most prominently in the foreground. Moreover, an artistic career was tempting. In the end, however, it was a problem of theoretical knowledge which induced me to study chemistry, which was a great surprise to all who knew me. Mystical experiences in childhood, in which Nature was altered in magical ways, had provoked questions concerning the essence of the external, material world, and chemistry was the scientific field which might afford insights into this.
[7]
Discovery of LSD
[
edit
]
In 1929, Hofmann became an employee of the pharmaceutical/chemical department of
Sandoz
Laboratories (now a subsidiary of
Novartis
) as a coworker of
Arthur Stoll
, founder and director of the pharmaceutical department.
[8]
He began studying the
medicinal plant
Drimia maritima
(squill) and the fungus
ergot
as part of a program to purify and synthesize active constituents for use as
pharmaceuticals
. His main contribution was to elucidate the chemical structure of the common nucleus of the
Scilla
glycosides
(an active principle of Mediterranean squill).
[8]
While researching
lysergic acid
derivatives, Hofmann first synthesized LSD on 16 November 1938.
[9]
The main intention of the synthesis was to obtain a respiratory and circulatory stimulant (
analeptic
) with no effects on the
uterus
in analogy to
nikethamide
(which is also a diethylamide) by introducing this
functional group
to lysergic acid. It was set aside for five years, until 16 April 1943, when Hofmann reexamined it and discovered its powerful effects.
[10]
He described what he felt as being:
... affected by a remarkable restlessness, combined with a slight dizziness. At home I lay down and sank into a not unpleasant intoxicated[-]like condition, characterized by an extremely stimulated imagination. In a dreamlike state, with eyes closed (I found the daylight to be unpleasantly glaring), I perceived an uninterrupted stream of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of colors. After some two hours this condition faded away.
[11]
Three days later, on 19 April 1943, Hofmann intentionally ingested 250 micrograms of LSD, which he thought would represent a prudently safe, small amount, but was in fact a strong dose. At first, his trip was not pleasant, as people appeared to morph into fantastic creatures, office furniture moved and shifted like living entities, and he felt possessed by otherworldly forces.
April 19 is now widely known as "Bicycle Day", because as Hofmann began to feel LSD's effects, he tried to ride to the safety of his home on his bike. This was the first intentional LSD trip in history.
Hofmann's research with LSD influenced several psychiatrists, including
Ronald A. Sandison
, who developed its use in psychotherapy. Sandison's treatment at
Powick Hospital
in England received international acclaim.
[12]
Hofmann continued to take small doses of LSD throughout his life, and always hoped to find a use for it. In his memoir, he emphasized it as a "sacred drug": "I see the true importance of LSD in the possibility of providing material aid to meditation aimed at the mystical experience of a deeper, comprehensive reality."
[13]
Further research
[
edit
]
It gave me an inner joy, an open mindedness, a gratefulness, open eyes and an internal sensitivity for the miracles of creation. ... I think that in human evolution it has never been as necessary to have this substance LSD. It is just a tool to turn us into what we are supposed to be.
?
Albert Hofmann, Speech on 100th birthday
[14]
Hofmann later discovered
4-Acetoxy-DET
, a
hallucinogenic
tryptamine
. He first synthesized 4-AcO-DET in 1958 in the Sandoz lab. Hofmann became director of Sandoz's natural products department and continued studying hallucinogenic substances found in Mexican
mushrooms
and other plants used by aboriginal people there. This led to the isolation and synthesis of
psilocybin
, the active agent of many "
magic mushrooms
".
[15]
Hofmann also became interested in the seeds of the Mexican
morning glory
species
Turbina corymbosa
, called
ololiuqui
by natives. He was surprised to find the active compound of
ololiuqui
,
ergine
(LSA, lysergic acid amide), to be closely related to LSD.
In 1962, Hofmann and his wife Anita Hofmann traveled to Mexico at the invitation of the ethnomycologist
R. Gordon Wasson
to search for the psychoactive plant "Ska Maria Pastora" (Leaves of Mary the Shepherdess), later known as
Salvia divinorum
. He was able to obtain samples of it, but never succeeded in identifying its active compound, which has since been identified as
salvinorin A
.
[16]
In 1963, Hofmann attended the annual convention of the
World Academy of Arts and Sciences
(WAAS) in
Stockholm
.
Later years
[
edit
]
Interviewed shortly before his 100th birthday, Hofmann called LSD "medicine for the soul" and was frustrated by its worldwide prohibition. "It was used very successfully for ten years in psychoanalysis," he said, adding that the drug was misused by the
counterculture of the 1960s
, and then criticized unfairly by the political establishment of the day. He conceded that it could be dangerous if misused, because a relatively high dose of 500 micrograms has an extremely powerful psychoactive effect, especially if administered to a first-time user without adequate supervision.
[17]
In December 2007, Swiss medical authorities allowed psychotherapist Peter Gasser to perform psychotherapeutic experiments on patients with terminal-stage cancer and other terminal diseases. Completed in 2011, these represent the first study of the therapeutic effects of LSD on humans in 35 years; other studies had examined the drug's effects on consciousness and body.
[18]
Hofmann acclaimed the study and reiterated his belief in LSD's therapeutic benefits.
[19]
In 2008, he wrote to
Steve Jobs
, asking him to support this research; it is not known whether Jobs responded.
[20]
The
Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
(MAPS) has supported psychoanalytic research using LSD, carrying on Hofmann's legacy and setting the groundwork for future studies.
[21]
Hofmann was a longtime friend and correspondent of German author and entomologist
Ernst Junger
, whom he met in 1949. Junger experimented with LSD with Hofmann; in 1970, Junger published a book of his experiences taking several types of drugs,
Approaches: Drugs and Intoxication
(German:
Annaherungen. Drogen und Rausch
).
[22]
Archives
[
edit
]
After retiring from Sandoz in 1971, Hofmann was allowed to take his papers and research home. He gave his archive to the Albert Hofmann Foundation, a
Los Angeles
?based nonprofit, but the documents mostly sat in storage for years. The archives were sent to the
San Francisco area
in 2002 to be digitized, but that process was never completed. In 2013, the archive was sent to the
Institute of Medical History
in
Bern
,
Switzerland
, where it is being organized. According to Beat Bachi, who has been researching the estate at the Institute as part of a Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) research project, LSD, as a drug, was something for the cultural elite in Hofmann's opinion.
[23]
[24]
Death
[
edit
]
Hofmann died at the age of 102 from a heart attack, on 29 April, 2008, in
Switzerland
.
[25]
Honors and awards
[
edit
]
The
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
(
ETH Zurich
) honored him with the title DSc (honoris causa) in 1969 together with
Gustav Guanella
, his brother-in-law. In 1971 the
Swedish Pharmaceutical Association
granted him the
Scheele Award
, which commemorates the skills and achievements of the
Swedish Pomerania
chemist and pharmacist
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
.
[26]
Publications
[
edit
]
Books
[
edit
]
- Hofmann, Albert (1964).
Die Mutterkornalkaloide
(in German). Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag.
- Hofmann, Albert (2020).
LSD - mein Sorgenkind
[
LSD ? My Problem Child
]
(PDF)
(in German) (11th ed.). Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
ISBN
978-3-608-94618-5
.
- Einsichten und Ausblicke (Essays)
. Basel: Sphinx Verlag (1986); ISBN 3-85914-633-5.
Public speaking
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Hofmann, A. "Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen." Helvetica Chemica Acta 42: 1557?1572 (1959).
- ^
a
b
"Obituary: Albert Hofmann, LSD inventor"
.
Daily Telegraph
. London. 29 April 2008. Archived from
the original
on 1 May 2008
. Retrieved
29 April
2008
.
- ^
"Top 100 living geniuses"
.
The Daily Telegraph
. London. 30 October 2007.
Archived
from the original on 29 June 2011
. Retrieved
3 April
2018
.
- ^
"Albert Hofmann"
. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies.
Archived
from the original on 30 April 2008
. Retrieved
29 April
2008
.
- ^
"Download PDF - Mystic Chemist: The Life of Albert Hofmann and His Discovery of LSD [PDF] [3cjmhe4iqfb0]"
.
Archived
from the original on 26 January 2022
. Retrieved
26 January
2022
.
- ^
Dieter Hagenbach; Lucius Werthmuller; Stanislav Grof (2013).
Mystic Chemist: The Life of Albert Hofmann and His Discovery of LSD
(First English ed.). Santa Fe, NM: Synergetic Press. p. 16.
ISBN
978-0-907791-46-1
.
- ^
Hoffman, Albert; J. Ott (1996).
"LSD: Completely Personal"
.
Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
.
6
(3).
Archived
from the original on 6 December 2013
. Retrieved
7 November
2013
.
- ^
a
b
Hofmann, Albert (1980).
LSD ? My Problem Child
(PDF)
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 28 January 2022
. Retrieved
2 August
2021
.
- ^
Dr. Albert Hofmann; translated from the original German
(LSD Ganz personlich)
by J. Ott.
MAPS-Vol. 6, No. 69 (Summer 1969)
Archived
6 December 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"LSD inventor Albert Hofmann dies"
.
BBC News
. 30 April 2008.
Archived
from the original on 10 April 2023
. Retrieved
30 April
2008
.
- ^
Hofmann 1980, p. 15
- ^
Sessa, Ben (November 2010).
"Dr Ronald Arthur Sandison"
.
The Psychiatrist
.
34
(11). Cambridge University Press: 503.
doi
:
10.1192/pb.bp.110.032540
.
ISSN
1758-3209
.
- ^
Roberts, Jacob (2017).
"High Times"
.
Distillations
.
2
(4): 36?39.
Archived
from the original on 8 April 2023
. Retrieved
22 March
2018
.
- ^
"LSD: The Geek's Wonder Drug?"
.
Wired
. 16 January 2006
. Retrieved
29 April
2008
.
- ^
Bleidt, Barry; Michael Montagne (1996).
Clinical Research in Pharmaceutical Development
.
Informa Health Care
. pp.
36, 42?43
.
ISBN
978-0-8247-9745-4
.
- ^
Hofmann, Albert (2013).
LSD: My Problem Child
. OUP Oxford. pp. 94?103, 108.
ISBN
978-0-19-963941-0
.
- ^
Smith, Craig S. (7 January 2006).
"New York Times article"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on 13 April 2016
. Retrieved
21 February
2017
.
- ^
"LSD-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anxiety"
.
Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
. 21 October 2011. Archived from
the original
on 14 April 2012
. Retrieved
2 June
2013
.
- ^
Leybold-Johnson, Gaby Ochsenbein, Isobel (21 March 2008).
"Das Comeback von LSD"
.
SWI swissinfo.ch
.
Archived
from the original on 28 January 2020
. Retrieved
28 January
2020
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
Weldon, Carolyne (17 August 2012).
"Meet the Lab Coat-Clad Granddaddies of LSD"
.
NFB.ca blog
.
National Film Board of Canada
.
Archived
from the original on 17 August 2012
. Retrieved
17 August
2012
.
- ^
"LSD-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anxiety"
.
Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
. 7 September 2011. Archived from
the original
on 14 April 2012
. Retrieved
2 June
2013
.
- ^
Hofmann, Albert (1980). "7 Radiance from Ernst Junger".
LSD ? My Problem Child
(PDF)
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 28 January 2022
. Retrieved
2 August
2021
.
- ^
Schmucki, Ivo.
"Der Nachlass von Albert Hofmann: Auf den Spuren von LSD"
.
Online-Magazin der Universitat Bern
.
Archived
from the original on 11 December 2019
. Retrieved
11 December
2019
.
- ^
Letzing, John.
"LSD Archive Has Been on a Long, Strange Trip"
.
Wall Street Journal
.
ISSN
0099-9660
.
Archived
from the original on 20 October 2015
. Retrieved
20 October
2015
.
- ^
Craig S Smith (30 April 2008).
"Albert Hofmann, the Father of LSD, Dies at 102"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on 11 June 2017
. Retrieved
2 May
2013
.
- ^
"The Scheele Award"
(PDF)
. Swedish Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2005. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 15 August 2010
. Retrieved
15 December
2013
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Horowitz, Michael.
"Interview with Albert Hofmann"
,
High Times
(1976)
- Nathaniel S. Finney, Jay S. Siegel:
In Memoriam
? Albert Hofmann (1906?2008).
Chimia
62 (2008), 444?447,
doi
:
10.2533/chimia.2008.444
- Roberts, Andy.
Albion Dreaming: A Popular History of LSD in Britain
(2008), Marshall Cavendish, U.K,
ISBN
978-1905736270
- Hagenbach, Dieter and Lucius Werthmuller.
Mystic Chemist: The Life of Albert Hofmann and His Discovery of LSD
(Synergetic Press, 2013).
ISBN
978-0-907791-46-1
External links
[
edit
]
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Artists
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