Historic mosque in Medina, Saudi Arabia
The
Prophet's Mosque
(
Arabic
:
?????????? ??????????
,
romanized
:
al-Masjid an-Nabaw?
,
lit.
'Mosque of the Prophet') is the
second mosque
built by the
Islamic prophet
Muhammad
in
Medina
, after
that of Quba
, as well as the second
largest mosque
and
holiest site in Islam
, after the
Masjid al-Haram
in
Mecca
, in the
Saudi
region of the
Hejaz
.
[2]
The mosque is located at the heart of Medina, and is a major site of
pilgrimage
that falls under the purview of the
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
.
Muhammad
himself was involved in the construction of the mosque. At the time, the mosque's land belonged to two young orphans, Sahl and Suhayl, and when they learned that Muhammad wished to acquire their land to erect a mosque, they went to Muhammad and offered the land to him as a gift; Muhammad insisted on paying a price for the land because they were orphaned children. The price agreed upon was paid by
Abu Ayyub al-Ansari
, who thus became the endower or donor (
Arabic
:
??????
,
romanized
:
w?qif
) of the mosque, on behalf or in favor of Muhammad.
[3]
al-Ansari also accommodated Muhammad upon
his arrival at Medina
in 622.
Originally an open-air building, the mosque served as a
community center
, a court of law, and a religious school. It contained a raised platform or pulpit (
minbar
) for the people who taught the
Quran
and for Muhammad to give the Friday sermon (
khutbah
). Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated the mosque,
naming its walls, doors and minarets after themselves
and their forefathers. After an expansion during the reign of the
Umayyad
caliph
al-Walid I
(
r.
705?715
), it now incorporates the final resting place of Muhammad and the first two
Rashidun caliphs
Abu Bakr
(
r.
632?634
) and
Umar
(
r.
634?644
).
[4]
One of the most notable features of the site is the
Green Dome
in the south-east corner of the mosque,
[5]
originally
Aisha
's house,
[4]
where the tomb of Muhammad is located. Many pilgrims who perform the
Hajj
also go to Medina to
visit
the Green Dome.
In 1909, under the reign of
Ottoman
Sultan
Abdul Hamid II
, it became the first place in the
Arabian Peninsula
to be provided with
electrical lights
.
[6]
From the 14th century, the mosque was guarded by
eunuchs
, the last remaining guardians were photographed at the request of then-
Prince
Faisal bin Salman Al Saud
, and in 2015, only five were left.
[7]
[8]
It is generally open regardless of date or time, and has only been closed to visitors once in modern times, as Ramadan approached during the
COVID-19 pandemic
in 2020.
[9]
History
[
edit
]
Under Muhammad and the Rashidun (622?660 AD)
[
edit
]
The mosque was built by Muhammad in 622 AD after his arrival in Medina.
[10]
Riding a camel called Qaswa, he arrived at the place where this mosque was built, which was being used as a burial ground.
Refusing to accept the land as a gift from the two orphans, Sahl and Suhayl, who owned the land, he bought the land which was paid for by Abu Ayyub
al-Ansari
, and it took seven months to complete the construction of the mosque. It measured 30.5 m × 35.62 m (100.1 ft × 116.9 ft).
The roof which was supported by palm trunks was made of beaten clay and palm leaves. It was at a height of 3.60 m (11.8 ft). The three doors of the mosque were the
B?b ar-Ra?mah
(
???? ??????????
, "Gate of the Mercy") to the south,
B?b Jibr?l
(
???? ?????????
, "Gate of
Gabriel
") to the west, and
B?b an-Nis??
(
???? ?????????
, "Gate of the Women") to the east.
At this time point in the history of the mosque, the wall of the
qiblah
was facing north to
Jerusalem
, and the
Suffah
was along the northern wall. In the year 7 AH, after the
Battle of Khaybar
, the mosque was expanded
to 47.32 m (155.2 ft) on each side, and three rows of columns were built beside the west wall, which became the place of praying.
The mosque remained unaltered during the reign of Abu Bakr.
Umar demolished all the houses around the mosque, except those of
Muhammad's wives
, to expand it.
[14]
The new mosque's dimensions became 57.49 m × 66.14 m (188.6 ft × 217.0 ft). Sun-dried mud bricks were used to construct the walls of the enclosure. Besides strewing pebbles on the floor, the roof's height was increased to 5.6 m (18 ft). Umar constructed three more gates for entrance. He also added
Al-Bu?ay?ah
(
????????????
) for people to recite poetry.
The third Rashidun caliph
Uthman
demolished the mosque in 649. Ten months were spent in building the new rectangular shaped mosque whose face was turned towards the
Kaaba
in Mecca. The new mosque measured 81.40 m × 62.58 m (267.1 ft × 205.3 ft). The number of gates as well as their names remained the same.
The enclosure was made of stones laid in mortar. The palm trunk columns were replaced by stone columns which were joined by iron clamps.
Teakwood
was used in reconstructing the ceiling filza.
Under subsequent Islamic states (660?1517)
[
edit
]
In 706 or 707, the
Umayyad
caliph
Al-Walid I
(
r.
705?715
) instructed his governor of Medina, the future caliph
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
, to significantly enlarge the mosque.
[18]
According to the architectural historian Robert Hillenbrand, the building of a large scale mosque in Medina, the original center of the caliphate, was an "acknowledgement" by Al-Walid of "his own roots and those of Islam itself" and possibly an attempt to appease Medinan resentment at the loss of the city's political importance to
Syria
under the Umayyads.
[18]
It took three years for the work to be completed. Raw materials were procured from the
Byzantine Empire
.
[20]
Al-Walid lavished large sums for the mosque's reconstruction and supplied mosaics and Greek and
Coptic
craftsmen.
The area of the mosque was increased from the area 5,094 square metres (54,830 sq ft) of Uthman's time, to 8,672 square metres (93,340 sq ft).
Its redevelopment entailed the demolition of the living quarters of
Muhammad's wives
and the expansion of the structure to incorporate the graves of Muhammad, Abu Bakr and Umar.
The vocal opposition to the demolition of Muhammad's home from local religious circles was dismissed by Al-Walid.
[18]
A wall was built to segregate the mosque and the houses of the wives of Muhammad. The mosque was reconstructed in a trapezoid shape with the length of the longer side being 101.76 metres (333.9 ft). For the first time,
porticoes
were built in the mosque connecting the northern part of the structure to the sanctuary.
Minarets
were also built for the first time as Al-Walid constructed four minarets around it.
The
Abbasid caliph
Al-Mahdi
(
r.
775?785
) extended the mosque to the north by 50 metres (160 ft). His name was also inscribed on the walls of the mosque. He also planned to remove six steps to the
minbar
, but abandoned this idea, fearing damage to the wooden platforms on which they were built.
According to an inscription of
Ibn Qutaybah
, the caliph
Al-Ma'mun
(
r.
813?833
) did "unspecified work" on the mosque.
Al-Mutawakkil
(
r.
847?861
) lined the enclosure of Muhammad's tomb with marble.
In 1269, the
Mamluk Sultan
Baibars
sent dozens of artisans led by the eunuch Emir Jamal al-Din Muhsin al-Salihi to rebuild the sanctuary, including enclosures around the tombs of Muhammad and of Fatima.
[27]
The
Mamluk
Sultan
Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri
(
r.
1501?1516
) built a dome of stone over his grave in 1476.
[28]
Ottoman period (1517?1805 and 1840?1919)
[
edit
]
Sultan
Suleiman the Magnificent
(r. 1520?1566) rebuilt the east and west walls of the mosque, and added the northeastern minaret known as
Suleymaniyye
. He added a new altar called Ahnaf next to Muhammad's altar, Shafi'iyya, and placed a new steel-covered dome on the tomb of Muhammad. Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent wrote the names of the
Ottoman sultans
from
Osman Ghazi
to himself (
Kanuni
) and revived the "Gate of Mercy" (
Bab ur-Rahme
) or the west gate. The pulpit that is used today was built under Sultan
Murad III
(r. 1574?1595).
In 1817, Sultan
Mahmud II
(r. 1808?1839) completed the construction of "the Purified Residence" (
Ar-Rawdah Al-Mu?ahharah
(
?????????? ?????????????
) in
Arabic
, and
Ravza-i Mutahhara
in
Turkish
) on the southeast side of the mosque, and covered with a new dome. The dome was painted green in 1837, and has been known as the "
Green Dome
" (
Kubbe-i Khadra
) ever since.
[4]
Sultan Mahmud II's successor, Sultan
Abdulmecid I
(
r.
1839?1861
), took thirteen years to rebuild the mosque, beginning in 1849.
Red stone bricks were used as the main material in reconstruction of the mosque. The floor area of the mosque was increased by 1,293 square metres (13,920 sq ft).
The entire mosque was reorganized except for the tomb of Muhammad, the three altars, the pulpit and the Suleymaniye minaret. On the walls, verses from the
Quran
were inscribed in
Islamic calligraphy
. On the northern side of the mosque, a
madrasah
was built for teaching the Qur'an.
An
ablution
site was added to the north side. The prayer place on the south side was doubled in width, and covered with small domes. The interiors of the domes were decorated with verses from the Qur'an and couplets from the poem
Kaside-i Burde
. The
qibli
wall was covered with polished tiles with lines inscribed from the Qur'an. The places of prayer and courtyard were paved with marble and red stone. The fifth minaret,
Mecidiyye
, was built to the west of the surrounded area. Following the "Desert Tiger"
Fakhri Pasha
's arrest by his own officers having resisted for 72 days after the end of the
Siege of Medina
on 10 January 1919, 550 years of Ottoman rule in the region came to an end.
Saudi insurgency (1805?1811)
[
edit
]
When
Saud bin Abdul-Aziz
took Medina in 1805, his followers, the Wahhabis,
demolished nearly every tomb
and dome in Medina to prevent their veneration,
[31]
except the Green Dome.
[32]
As per the sahih hadiths, they considered the veneration of tombs and places, which were thought to possess supernatural powers, as an offence against
tawhid
, and an act of
shirk
.
[33]
Muhammad's tomb was stripped of its gold and jewel ornaments, but the dome was preserved either because of an unsuccessful attempt to demolish its complex and hardened structure, or because some time ago,
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
, founder of the
Wahhabi
movement, wrote that he did not wish to see the dome destroyed.
[31]
Saudi rule and modern history (1925?present)
[
edit
]
The Saudi takeover was characterized by events similar to those that took place in 1805, when the Prince Mohammed ibn Abdulaziz retook the city on 5 December 1925.
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
After the foundation of the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia
in 1932, the mosque underwent several major modifications. In 1951,
King Abdulaziz
(1932?1953) ordered demolitions around the mosque to make way for new wings to the east and west of the prayer hall, which consisted of concrete columns with pointed arches. Older columns were reinforced with concrete and braced with copper rings at the top. The
Suleymaniyya
and
Mecidiyye
minarets were replaced with two minarets in
Mamluk revival
style. Two additional minarets were erected to the northeast and northwest of the mosque. A library was built along the western wall to house historic Qurans and other religious texts.
[38]
In 1974,
King Faisal
added 40,440 m
2
(435,300 sq ft) to the mosque.
[39]
The area of the mosque was also expanded during the reign of
King Fahd
in 1985.
Bulldozers
were used to demolish buildings around the mosque.
[40]
In 1992, when it was completed, the mosque took over 160,000 m
2
(1,700,000 sq ft) of space. Escalators and 27 courtyards were among the additions to the mosque.
[41]
A$6 billion project to increase the area of the mosque was announced in September 2012. After completion, the mosque should accommodate between 1.6 million to 2 million worshippers.
[39]
In March of the following year, the
Saudi Gazette
reported that demolition work had been mostly complete, including the demolition of ten hotels on the eastern side, in addition to houses and other utilities.
[42]
Architecture
[
edit
]
The modern-day mosque is situated on a rectangular plot and is two stories tall. The
Ottoman
prayer hall, which is the oldest part of the mosque, lies towards the south. It has a
flat paved roof
topped with 27 sliding
domes
on square bases.
[43]
Holes pierced into the base of each dome illuminate the interior when the domes are closed. The sliding roof is closed during the afternoon prayer (
Dhuhr
) to protect the visitors. When the domes slide out on metal tracks to shade areas of the roof, they create light wells for the prayer hall. At these times, the courtyard of the Ottoman mosque is also shaded with umbrellas affixed to freestanding
columns
.
[44]
The roof is accessed by stairs and
escalators
. The paved area around the mosque is also used for prayer, equipped with umbrella tents.
[45]
The sliding domes and
retractable umbrella-like canopies
were designed by the German Muslim architect
Mahmoud Bodo Rasch
, his firm
SL Rasch GmbH
, and
Buro Happold
.
[46]
The Green Dome
[
edit
]
The chamber adjacent to the
Rawdah
holds the tombs of Muhammad and two of
his companions
and
father-in-laws
, Abu Bakr and Umar. A fourth grave is reserved for
??s?
(Jesus), as Muslims believe that
he will return
and will be buried at the site. The site is covered by the Green Dome. It was constructed in 1817 CE during the reign of the Ottoman sultan
Mahmud II
and painted green in 1837 CE.
[4]
The Rawdah
[
edit
]
Ar-Raw?ah ash-Shar?fah
(
Arabic
:
?????????? ????????????
,
lit.
'The Noble Garden') is an area between the
minbar
and the burial-chamber of Muhammad. It is regarded as one of the
Riy?? al-
Jannah
(
Arabic
:
?????? ?????????
,
lit.
'Gardens of the Paradise').
[47]
[4]
A green carpet was used to distinguish the area from the red carpet used in the rest of the mosque, though it is now also green.
Mihrabs
[
edit
]
There are two
mihrabs
or niches indicating the
qiblah
in the mosque, one was built by Muhammad and another was built by Uthman. The one built by the latter was larger than that of Muhammad's, and it acts as the functional mihrab, whereas Muhammad's mihrab is a "commemorative" mihrab.
Besides the
mihrab
, the mosque also has other niches which act as indicators for praying. This includes the
Mi?r?b F??imah
(
Arabic
:
???????? ????????
) or
Mi?r?b at-
Tahajjud
(
Arabic
:
???????? ???????????
), which was built by Muhammad for the late-night prayer.
[49]
[
better source needed
]
Minbars
[
edit
]
The original
minbar
(
????????
) used by Muhammad was a block of
date palm
wood. This was replaced by him with a
tamarisk
one, which had dimensions of 50 cm × 125 cm (20 in × 49 in). In 629 CE, a three staired ladder was added to it. Abu Bakr and Umar did not use the third step as a sign of respect to Muhammad, but Uthman placed a fabric dome over it, and the rest of the stairs were covered with
ebony
. The
minbar
was replaced by
Baybars I
, by
Shaykh al-Mahmudi
in 1417, and by
Qaitbay
in 1483. In 1590 it was replaced by the Ottoman sultan
Murad III
with a marble
minbar
, while Qaytbay's minbar was moved to the Quba Mosque. As of 2013, the Ottoman minbar is still used in the mosque.
[49]
[
better source needed
]
Minarets
[
edit
]
The first
minarets
(four in number) of 26 feet (7.9 m) high were constructed by Umar. In 1307, a minaret titled
B?b as-Sal?m
(
???? ?????????
, "Gate of the
Peace
") was added by
al-Nasir Muhammad
which was renovated by
Mehmed IV
. After the renovation project of 1994, there were ten minarets which were 104 metres (341 ft) high. The minarets' upper, middle, and bottom portions are cylindrical, octagonal, and square shaped respectively.
[49]
[
better source needed
]
Imams
[
edit
]
The following is a list of the Prophet's mosque imams as of April 2024:
[50]
Gallery
[
edit
]
Pictures related to al-Masjid an-Nabawi
-
An 18th century bronze token depicting the original
Mamluk era
dome, where the Green Dome stands today.
-
The mosque on the reverse side of a 1993 100-
riyal
paper bill. The Masjid an-Nabawi is used on the reverse of all 100-
riyal
notes in Saudi Arabia, with the
Green Dome
on the obverse side.
-
The
Green Dome
over Muhammad's tomb, and the smaller silver dome next to it.
-
Interior of the new section
-
Inner courtyard
-
Courtyard
-
The umbrellas protect pilgrims from the harsh summer temperatures of Medina. Fans spraying water are also attached to each umbrella pillar, to keep the square and pilgrims alike cool.
-
"Muhammad the Messenger of God" inscribed on the gates of the mosque.
-
The library at the mosque houses several old manuscripts, books and specializes in the preservation of
Islamic history
.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
]
- ^
"WMN"
. Retrieved
26 November
2020
.
- ^
Trofimov, Yaroslav (2008),
The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine
, New York, p. 79,
ISBN
978-0-307-47290-8
{{
citation
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- ^
"Masjid-e-Nabwi - IslamicLandmarks.com"
.
IslamicLandmarks.com
. 29 March 2014
. Retrieved
26 June
2020
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Ariffin 2005
, pp. 88?89, 109
- ^
Petersen, Andrew (11 March 2002).
Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
. Routledge. p.
183
.
ISBN
978-0-203-20387-3
.
- ^
"The History of Electrical lights in the Arabian Peninsula"
. Archived from
the original
on 1 October 2015
. Retrieved
15 June
2020
.
- ^
"Portrait of Saeed Adam Omar"
.
The British Museum
. 2014
. Retrieved
2022-04-29
.
- ^
"
'The Guardians' at Leighton House Museum"
.
The Park Gallery
. 2015-10-12
. Retrieved
2022-04-29
.
- ^
Farrell, Marwa Rashad, Stephen (24 April 2020).
"Islam's holiest sites emptied by coronavirus crisis as Ramadan begins"
.
Reuters
. Retrieved
12 September
2020
.
{{
cite news
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
"The Prophet's Mosque [Al-Masjid An-Nabawi]"
. Islam Web
. Retrieved
17 June
2015
.
- ^
Atiqur Rahman (2003).
Umar Bin Khattab: The Man of Distinction
. Adam Publishers. p. 53.
ISBN
978-81-7435-329-0
.
- ^
a
b
c
Hillenbrand 1994
, p. 73.
- ^
NE McMillan (18 June 2013).
Fathers and Sons: The Rise and Fall of Political Dynasty in the Middle East
. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 33.
ISBN
978-1-137-29789-1
.
- ^
Marmon, Shaun Elizabeth (1995).
"Madina: Sultan and Prophet"
.
Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society
. Oxford University Press. p. 51.
ISBN
978-0-19-507101-6
.
- ^
Wahbi Hariri-Rifai, Mokhless Hariri-Rifai (1990).
The Heritage of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
. GDG Exhibits Trust. p. 161.
ISBN
978-0-9624483-0-0
.
- ^
a
b
Mark Weston (2008).
Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present
. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 102?103.
ISBN
978-0-470-18257-4
.
- ^
Doris Behrens-Abouseif; Stephen Vernoit (2006).
Islamic art in the 19th century: tradition, innovation, and eclecticism
. BRILL. p. 22.
ISBN
978-90-04-14442-2
.
- ^
Peskes, Esther (2000). "Wahh?biyya".
Encyclopaedia of Islam
. Vol. 11 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 40, 42.
ISBN
90-04-12756-9
.
- ^
"History of the Cemetery Of Jannat Al-Baqi"
.
Al-Islam.org
. 23 December 2013.
- ^
Mark Weston (2008).
Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present
. John Wiley and Sons. p. 136.
ISBN
978-0-470-18257-4
.
- ^
Vincent J. Cornell (2007).
Voices of Islam: Voices of the spirit
. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 84.
ISBN
978-0-275-98734-3
.
- ^
Carl W. Ernst (2004).
Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World
. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 173?174.
ISBN
978-0-8078-5577-5
.
- ^
"New expansion of Prophet's Mosque ordered by king"
. Arab News. 30 June 2012
. Retrieved
19 June
2015
.
- ^
a
b
"Prophet's Mosque to accommodate two million worshippers after expansion"
.
Arab News
. 26 September 2012.
Archived
from the original on 7 March 2017
. Retrieved
27 November
2016
.
- ^
"Expansion of the Prophet's Mosque in Madinah (3 of 8)"
. King Fahd Abdulaziz. Archived from
the original
on 4 March 2016
. Retrieved
19 June
2015
.
- ^
"Expansion of the two Holy Mosques"
. Saudi Embassy. Archived from
the original
on 24 September 2015
. Retrieved
19 June
2015
.
- ^
"Prophet's Mosque to house 1.6m after expansion"
. Saudi Gazette. Archived from
the original
on 22 December 2015
. Retrieved
19 June
2015
.
- ^
Otto, Frei (1996),
Finding Form: Towards an Architecture of the Minimal
, Bodo Rasch,
ISBN
3-930698-66-8
- ^
"Archnet"
.
archnet.org
.
- ^
MakMax (Taiyo Kogyo Group).
"Large scale umbrellas (250 units) completed, covering the pilgrims worldwide with membrane architecture : MakMax"
.
makmax.com
. Archived from
the original
on 26 October 2015
. Retrieved
10 June
2013
.
- ^
Walker, Derek (1998).
The Confidence to Build
. p 69: Taylor & Francis. p. 176.
ISBN
0-419-24060-8
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location (
link
)
- ^
Malik ibn Anas
.
"14.5.11"
.
Muwatta Imam Malik
.
- ^
a
b
c
"The Prophet's Mosque"
. Last Prophet
. Retrieved
19 June
2015
.
- ^
"???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? 1445"
[Schedule of Taraweeh and Tahajjud Prayers in the Prohpets Mosque in Ramadhan 1445].
Ajel
(in Arabic)
. Retrieved
2024-04-17
.
Sources
[
edit
]
- Ariffin, Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed (2005).
Architectural Conservation in Islam : Case Study of the Prophet's Mosque
. Penerbit UTM.
ISBN
978-983-52-0373-2
.
- Bacharach, Jere L.
(1996). "Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities: Speculations on Patronage". In Necpo?lu, Gulru (ed.).
Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, Volume 13
. Leiden: Brill.
ISBN
90-04-10633-2
.
- Hillenbrand, Robert (1994).
Islamic Architecture: Form, Function and Meaning
. New York: Columbia University Press.
ISBN
0-231-10132-5
.
- Kennedy, H. (2002).
"al-Wal?d (I)"
. In
Bearman, P. J.
;
Bianquis, Th.
;
Bosworth, C. E.
;
van Donzel, E.
&
Heinrichs, W. P.
(eds.).
The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
. Volume XI: W?Z
. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 127?128.
ISBN
978-90-04-12756-2
.
- Munt, Harry (31 July 2014).
The Holy City of Medina: Sacred Space in Early Islamic Arabia
. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-1-107-04213-1
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Fahd, Salem Bahmmam (30 January 2014).
Pilgrimage in Islam: A description and explanation of the fifth pillar of Islam
. Modern Guide, 2014.
ISBN
978-1-78338-174-6
.
- Hasrat Muhammad the Prophet of Islam
. Adam Publishers.
ISBN
978-81-7435-582-9
.
- Muhammad, Asad (1954).
The Road To Mecca
. The Book Foundation, 1954.
ISBN
978-0-9927981-0-9
.
- Sir, Richard Francis Burton (January 1964).
Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah & Meccah, Volume 2
. Dover Publications.
ISBN
978-0-486-21218-0
.
- Prophet's Mosque: mosque, Medina, Saudi Arabia
, in
Encyclopædia Britannica Online
, by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Brian Duignan, Kanchan Gupta, John M. Cunningham and Amy Tikkanen
External links
[
edit
]
People and things in the
Quran
|
---|
|
---|
| |
---|
Mentioned
| Ulul-?Azm
('Those of the
Perseverance
and Strong Will')
| |
---|
Debatable ones
| |
---|
|
---|
Implied
| |
---|
|
| People of Prophets
|
---|
Good ones
|
- Adam's immediate relatives
- Believer of Ya-Sin
- Family of Noah
- Luqman's son
- People of Abraham
- People of Jesus
- People of Solomon
- Zayd
(Muhammad's adopted son)
People of
Joseph
| |
---|
People of
Aaron and Moses
| |
---|
|
---|
Evil ones
| |
---|
Implied or
not specified
| |
---|
|
| Groups
|
---|
Mentioned
| Tribes,
ethnicities
or families
| |
---|
|
---|
Implicitly
mentioned
| |
---|
Religious
groups
| |
---|
|
|
|
Locations
|
---|
Mentioned
|
|
---|
Implied
| |
---|
|
Events, incidents, occasions or times
|
---|
| Battles or
military expeditions
| |
---|
Days
|
- Al-
Jumu?ah
(The Friday)
- As-
Sabt
(The Sabbath or Saturday)
- Days of battles
- Days of Hajj
- Doomsday
|
---|
Months of the
Islamic calendar
|
- 12 months: Four holy months
|
---|
Pilgrimages
|
- Al-
?ajj
(literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)
- Al-?
Umrah
(The Lesser Pilgrimage)
|
---|
Times for prayer
or remembrance
| Times for
Du???
('
Invocation
'),
?al?h
and
Dhikr
('Remembrance', including
Ta?m?d
('Praising'),
Takb?r
and
Tasb??
):
- Al-?Ashiyy
(The Afternoon or the Night)
- Al-Ghuduww
('The Mornings')
- Al-Bukrah
('The Morning')
- A?-?ab??
('The Morning')
- Al-Layl
('The Night')
- A?-
?uhr
('The Noon')
- Dul?k ash-Shams
('Decline of the Sun')
- Al-
Mas??
('The Evening')
- Qabl al-
Ghur?b
('Before the Setting (of the Sun)')
- Al-A??l
('The Afternoon')
- Al-
?A?r
('The Afternoon')
- Qabl ?ul?? ash-Shams
('Before the rising of the Sun')
|
---|
Implied
| |
---|
|
|
Other
|
---|
Holy books
| |
---|
Objects
of people
or beings
| Mentioned idols
(cult images)
| Of Israelites
| |
---|
Of Noah's people
| |
---|
Of Quraysh
| |
---|
|
---|
|
---|
Celestial
bodies
| Ma??b??
(literally 'lamps'):
- Al-Qamar
(The Moon)
- Kaw?kib
(Planets)
- Nuj?m
(Stars)
|
---|
Plant matter
|
Ba?al
(Onion)
F?m
(Garlic or wheat)
Sha??
(Shoot)
S?q
(Plant stem)
Zar?
(Seed)
Fruits
| |
---|
Bushes, trees
or plants
| |
---|
|
---|
Liquids
|
- M??
(Water or fluid)
- Nahr
(River)
- Yamm
(River or sea)
- Shar?b
(Drink)
|
---|
|
Note:
Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)
|
|
---|
Every year, from the eighth to the twelfth day of
Dhu al-Hijjah
.
|
Preparation
| | |
---|
Sequence
| |
---|
Mosques
| |
---|
Related
| |
---|
|
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
---|
Geographic
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|