Leadership of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
The
Ahmadiyya Caliphate
is a non-political
caliphate
established on May 27, 1908, following the death of
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
, the founder of the
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
, who claimed to be a Prophet, a Messenger, the promised
Messiah
and
Mahdi
, the expected redeemer awaited by Muslims.
[1]
It is believed by Ahmadis to be the re-establishment of the
Rashidun
Caliphate
that commenced following the death of the Islamic prophet
Muhammad
. The caliphs are entitled
Khal?fatul Mas?h
(
Arabic
:
????? ??????
; English:
Caliph of the Messiah
),
[2]
sometimes simply referred to as
Khalifa
(or Caliph). The caliph is the elected spiritual and organizational leader of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and is the successor of Ghulam Ahmad. He is believed by the Community to be divinely ordained and is also referred to by its members as
Amir al-Mu'minin
(Leader of the Faithful) and
Imam Jama'at
(Imam of the Community). The 5th and current Caliph of the Messiah of the Ahmadiyya Community is
Mirza Masroor Ahmad
.
After the death of Ghulam Ahmad, his successors directed the Ahmadiyya Community from
Qadian
,
India
which remained the headquarters of the community until 1947 with the creation of
Pakistan
. From this time on the headquarters remained in
Rabwah
, a town built on land bought in Pakistan by the community in 1948. In 1984,
Ordinance XX
was promulgated by the government of Pakistan which prohibited Ahmadi Muslims from any public expression of the Islamic faith, rendering the caliph unable to perform his duties as the leader of the community. Due to these circumstances, the
4th caliph
left Pakistan and migrated to
London
, England, provisionally moving the headquarters to the
Fazl Mosque
.
[3]
Since the Ahmadiyya is widely viewed as a
heterodox
movement by the mainstream of
Sunni
and
Shia
Islam, most Muslims outside the movement do not recognise Ahmadi claims to a caliphate.
Overview
Ahmadi Muslims believe the system of caliphate (Arabic:
Khil?fah
) to be an ancillary to the system of prophethood, continuing to strive for the objectives for which a prophet is sent and to carry to completion the tasks of reformation and moral training that were seeded by the prophet. The caliphs, as successors to the prophets, lead the community of believers after a prophet's death.
[4]
Ahmadis maintain that in accordance with Quranic verses (such as Q
24:55
) and numerous hadith on the issue, the caliphate can only be established by God Himself and is a divine blessing given to
those who believe and work righteousness
, upholding the Unity of God. Therefore, any movement to establish the caliphate centered around human endeavours alone is bound to fail, particularly when the condition of the people diverges from the ‘precepts of Prophethood’ (
minh?jin nab?wwah
) and they are as a result disunited. Although the caliph (Arabic:
khalifa
) in Ahmadiyya is elected, it is believed that God Himself directs the hearts and minds of believers through visions, dreams and spiritual guidance towards a particular individual. No campaigning, speeches or speculation of any kind are permitted. Thus the caliph is designated neither necessarily by right (i.e. the rightful or competent one in the eyes of the people at that time) nor merely by election but primarily by God.
[5]
[6]
According to Ahmadiyya thought, just as it is not essential for a prophet to be the head of a state, it is not essential for a caliph to be the head of a state, rather the religious and organisational significance of the caliphate is emphasised. It is above all a religious office, with the purpose to uphold, strengthen and spread Islam and maintain the high moral standards within the Muslim community established by
Muhammad
, who was not merely a political leader but primarily a religious leader. The caliphate is understood as a system dealing with the organisation of believers and relating to the administration (
niz?m
) of the Muslim community whether or not it involves a governmental role.
[7]
Being based on the 'precept of Prophethood', the institution of caliphate can therefore, like prophethood, exist and flourish without a state.
[8]
If a caliph does happen to bear governmental authority as a head of state, it is incidental and subsidiary in relation to his overall function as caliph which is applicable to believers transnationally and not limited to one particular state or political entity. The system of caliphate in Islam, thus understood, transcends national sovereignty and ethnic divide, forming a universal supra-national entity and the role of a caliph as the leader of the Muslim community, in such an understanding, surpasses that of a monarch.
[7]
[8]
Because Muhammad became the head of state at
Medina
, the Rightly Guided successors after him also happened to be heads of state and ? similar to the successors of
Moses
who led the
Israelites
after his death and, following the
conquest of Canaan
, gained control over a territory? functioned as political and military as well as religious leaders. Since Ghulam Ahmad, whom Ahmadis hold to be the promised Mahdi, was, like
Jesus
, not the head of a state, his successors after him ? like the successors of Jesus did ? function without attaching themselves to any state, seeking no political role and having no territorial ambition.
[9]
In terms of the political aspect of the caliphate as envisioned within the Ahmadiyya community, since God's sovereignty is seen as extending over the universe, the ideal polity within Islam is one where the caliph is the spiritual head guiding, in accordance with Islamic principles, a federation or confederation of autonomous states (functioning under any political system or form of government) associated together for the maintenance of peace and cooperating in promoting human welfare throughout the world. Such a framework allows the caliph to relegate, if he sees fit, most or all his secular authority to the elected representatives of the members of such a confederation.
[8]
Basis in Qur'an and Hadith
According to Ahmadiyya belief, God has promised in the Qur'an to appoint a successor among the righteous. In this respect, verse 56 (55 if the
Basmallah
isn't counted) of
Surah Al-Nur
says:
[10]
Allah had promised to those among you who believe and do good works that He will surely make them Successors in the earth, as He made Successors from among those who were before them; and that He will surely establish for them their religion which He has chosen for them; and that He will surely give them in exchange security and peace after their fear: They will worship Me, and they will not associate anything with Me. Then who so is ungrateful after that, they will be the rebellious.
A prophecy by
Muhammad
about the reestablishment of righteous Khilafat is narrated in
Musnad Ahmad
:
[11]
"Prophethood shall remain among you as long as Allah shall will. He will bring about its end and follow it with Khilafat on the precepts of prophethood for as long as He shall will and then bring about its end. A tyrannical monarchy will then follow and will remain as long as Allah shall will and then come to an end. There will follow thereafter monarchial despotism to last as long as Allah shall will and come to an end upon His decree. There will then emerge Khilafat on the precepts of Prophethood." The Holy Prophet said no more.
The second Manifestation of God’s power
The succession of the caliph is believed by the Ahmadis to be the second manifestation of God's power that Ghulam Ahmad wrote about in his last testament
Al-Wassiyyat
(The Will).
[12]
... it is essential for you to witness the second Manifestation. Also, and its coming is better for you because it is everlasting, the continuity of which will not end till the day of Judgement. And that second Manifestation cannot come unless I depart but when I depart, God will send that second Manifestation for you... And after I am gone there will be some other persons who will be the manifestation of the second power (of God).
The
Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement
however does not subscribe to this belief and follow the concept of Anjuman (Council) that was described in the same book.
[13]
List of Ahmadiyya Caliphs
Name
|
Picture
|
Lifespan
|
Office held
|
Notes
|
Khalifatul Masih I.
Hakeem Noor-ud-Din
|
|
1834?1914
|
1908?1914
|
Close companion of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, he sent the first Ahmadiyya Muslim missionaries to the UK, and successfully dealt with internal dissensions within the community.
[14]
|
Khalifatul Masih II.
Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad
|
|
1889?1965
|
1914?1965
|
Son of
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
, was elected as Khalifa at the young age of 25, considered to be the 'promised son'. He established the entire organisational structure of the community, and is known for extensive missionary activity outside the subcontinent of India.
|
Khalifatul Masih III.
Mirza Nasir Ahmad
|
|
1909?1982
|
1965?1982
|
Son of Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad. Spoke himself for the Ahmadiyya community at the National Assembly of Pakistan. He oversaw the compilation of the writings, revelations and the dialogues of the founder,
Ghulam Ahmad
.
|
Khalifatul Masih IV.
Mirza Tahir Ahmad
|
|
1928?2003
|
1982?2003
|
Son of Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad and Paternal half-brother of Mirza Nasir Ahmad. Led the community through periods of severe persecution, provisionally changed the Ahmadiyya headquarters from
Rabwah
to London and launched the first Muslim satellite television channel,
Muslim Television Ahmadiyya International
.
|
Khalifatul Masih V.
Mirza Masroor Ahmad
|
|
1950?present
|
2003?present
|
He is the great-grandson of
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
. Built the
Mubarak Mosque
in Tilford which is the current Ahmadiyya headquarter. Launched sister channels
MTA 2
and
MTA 3
.
|
- Timeline
See also
References
External links
Media related to
Ahmadiyya Caliphate
at Wikimedia Commons
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Beliefs and practices
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Distinct views
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Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
| |
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Literature
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Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
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Miscellaneous
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