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Adomnan

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Saint

Adomnan of Iona
St. Eunan, Raphoe Cathedral
Born c.  624
County Donegal , Ulster , Ireland
Died 704 (aged c. 80)
Iona , Scotland
Venerated in Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Scottish Episcopal Church [1]
Canonized Pre-Congregation
Feast 23 September
Patronage Roman Catholic Diocese of Raphoe

Adomnan or Adamnan of Iona ( Old Irish: [?að???naːn] ; Latin : Adamnanus , Adomnanus ; c. 624 ? 704), also known as Eunan ( / ? j uː n ? n / YOO -n?n ; from Naomh Adhamhnan ), was an abbot of Iona Abbey ( r.  679?704), hagiographer , statesman, canon jurist, and saint . He was the author of the Life of Columba ( Latin : Vita Columbae ), probably written between 697 and 700. This biography is by far the most important surviving work written in early-medieval Scotland, and is a vital source for our knowledge of the Picts , and an insight into the life of Iona and the early-medieval Gaelic monk.

Adomnan promulgated the Law of Adomnan or "Law of Innocents" ( Latin : Lex Innocentium ). He also wrote the treatise De Locis Sanctis ('On Holy Places'), an account of the great Christian holy places and centres of pilgrimage. Adomnan got much of his information from a Frankish bishop called Arculf , who had personally visited Egypt , Rome , Constantinople and the Holy Land , and visited Iona afterwards.

Life [ edit ]

Adomnan was born about 624, a relative on his father's side of Columba. [2] He was a member of the Northern Ui Neill lineage Cenel Conaill . [3] He was the son of Ronan mac Tinne by Ronat, a woman from another Northern Ui Neill lineage known as the Cenel nEnda. Adomnan's birthplace was probably in or near Raphoe , a town in what later became Tir Chonaill (now mainly County Donegal ), in Ulster in the north of Ireland . Some of Adomnan's childhood anecdotes seem to confirm at least an upbringing in this fertile eastern part of present-day County Donegal, not far from the modern city of Derry .

It is thought that Adomnan may have begun his monastic career at a Columban monastery called Druim Tuamma, but any Columban foundation in northern Ireland or Dal Riata is a possibility, although Durrow is a stronger possibility than most. He probably joined the Columban familia (i.e. the federation of monasteries under the leadership of Iona Abbey ) around the year 640. Some modern commentators believe that he could not have come to Iona until sometime after the year 669, the year of the accession of Failbe mac Pipain , the first abbot of whom Adomnan gives any information. However, Richard Sharpe argues that he probably came to Iona during the abbacy of Segene (d. 652). Whenever or wherever Adomnan received his education, Adomnan attained a level of learning rare in early-medieval Northern Europe. It has been suggested by Alfred Smyth that Adomnan spent some years teaching and studying at Durrow, [4] and while this is not accepted by all scholars, it remains a strong possibility.

Iona Abbey

In 679, Adomnan became the ninth abbot of Iona after Columba. [5] Abbot Adomnan enjoyed a friendship with King Aldfrith of Northumbria . In 684, Aldfrith had been staying with Adomnan in Iona. In 686, after the death of Aldfrith's brother King Ecgfrith of Northumbria and Aldfrith's succession to the kingship, Adomnan was in the Kingdom of Northumbria on the request of King Finsnechta Fledach of Brega in order to gain the freedom of sixty Gaels who had been captured in a Northumbrian raid two years before. [4]

Adomnan, in keeping with Ionan tradition, made several more trips to the lands of the English during his abbacy, including one the following year. It is sometimes thought, after the account given by Bede , that it was during his visits to Northumbria, under the influence of Abbot Ceolfrith , that Adomnan decided to adopt the Roman dating of Easter that had been agreed some years before at the Synod of Whitby . Bede implies that this led to a schism at Iona, whereby Adomnan became alienated from the Iona brethren and went to Ireland to convince the Irish of the Roman dating. Jeffrey Wetherill sees Adomnan's long absences from Iona as having led to something of an undermining of his authority; he was thus unable to persuade the monks to adopt the Roman dating of Easter, let alone the tonsure. [2] It is clear that Adomnan did adopt that Roman dating and, moreover, probably did argue the case for it in Ireland. [5]

For many years, the people of Leinster made a triennial tribute payment, called the Borumha , to the Ui Neill. The payment was made largely in cattle. Around 692, the King of Leinster was prepared to go to war over the payment, but first sent a delegation led by Saint Moling to ask for its remittance. Finsnechta Fledach agreed to remit payment "for a day and a night". Moling argued that "All time is day and night; thou canst never reimpose this tax." Although this was not the king's intention, Moling held him to his word, promising him heaven if he kept it, and the reverse if he did not. When Adomnan learned of this he left Iona to see the king and scolded him soundly for yielding the rights of the Ui Neill. [6]

Cain Adomnain [ edit ]

Main article: Cain Adomnain

It is generally believed that in 697, Adomnan promulgated the Cain Adomnain , meaning literally the "Canons" or "Law of Adomnan". The Cain Adomnain was promulgated amongst a gathering of Irish , Dal Riatan and Pictish notables at the Synod of Birr in 697. [7] It is a set of laws designed, among other things, to guarantee the safety and immunity of various types of non-combatants in warfare. For this reason it is also known as the Lex Innocentium (Law of Innocents).

Works [ edit ]

Adomnan's most important work, and the one for which he is best known, is the Vita Columbae ("Life of Columba"), a hagiography of Iona 's founder, Columba , [8] probably written between 697 and 700. The format borrows to some extent from Sulpicius Severus ' Life of Saint Martin of Tours . [9] Adomnan adapted traditional forms of Christian biography to group stories about Columba thematically rather than chronologically, [10] and present Columba as comparable to a hero in Gaelic mythology. [11] Wetherill suggests that one of the motivations for writing the Vita was to offer Columba as a model for the monks, and thereby improve Adomnan's standing as abbot. [2] The biography is by far the most important surviving work written in early-medieval Scotland, and is a vital source for our knowledge of the Picts, as well as a great insight into the life of Iona and the early-medieval Gaelic monk.

However, the Vita was not his only work. Adomnan also wrote the treatise De Locis Sanctis (i.e. "On Holy Places"), an account of the great Christian holy places and centres of pilgrimage. Adomnan got much of his information from a Frankish bishop called Arculf , who had personally visited the Egypt , Rome , Constantinople and the Holy Land , and visited Iona afterwards. Adomnan gave a copy to the scholar-king Aldfrith of Northumbria (685?704). [4] Also attributed to him is a good deal of Gaelic poetry, including a celebration of the Pictish King Bridei 's (671?93) victory over the Northumbrians at the Battle of Dun Nechtain (685).

Death [ edit ]

Adomnan died in 704, and became a saint in Scottish and Irish tradition, as well as one of the most important figures in either Scottish or Irish history. His death and feast day are commemorated on 23 September. Along with Columba , he is joint patron of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Raphoe , which encompasses the bulk of County Donegal in the north-west of Ireland . The Cathedral of St Eunan and St Columba (popularly known as St. Eunan's Cathedral), the Catholic cathedral in that diocese, is in Letterkenny . In 727 the relics of Adomnan were brought to Ireland to renew the Cain Adomnain [12] and they were returned to Iona in 730. [13]

Legacy [ edit ]

In his native Donegal, Adomnan has given his name to several institutions and buildings including:

In County Sligo , just to the south, he is venerated as the founder of Skreen Abbey, now the site of the Church of Ireland church of Skreen Parish.

See also [ edit ]

References [ edit ]

  1. ^ "St. Adamnan, Kilmaveonaig", The Scottish Episcopal Church
  2. ^ a b c Wetherill, Jeffrey. "Adomnan, Iona, and the Life of St. Columba: Their Place Among Continental Saints", The Heroic Age , No. 6, Spring 2003
  3. ^ Sharpe, 1995, p.44.
  4. ^ a b c Smyth, Alfred. Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80?1000 , Edinburgh University Press, 1984 ISBN   9780748601004
  5. ^ a b Grattan-Flood, William. "St. Adamnan." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 11 Mar. 2014
  6. ^ Healy, John. Irish Ecclesiastical Record , 3rd series, Vol 3 (1882), 408-419
  7. ^ Annals of Ulster 697.3.
  8. ^ Butler, Alban. The Lives of the Saints , Vol.IX, 1866 . Archived 2012-06-03 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Nilsson, Sara E. Ellis. "Miracle Stories and the Primary Purpose of Adomnan's Vita Columbae ", The Heroic Age , No. 10, May 2007
  10. ^ Bullough, Donald A., "Columba, Adomnan and the achievement of Iona: Part I", The Scottish Historical Review ,43, pp. 111?130, 1964
  11. ^ Picard, Jean-Michel. "The purpose of Adomnan's Vita Columbae", Peritia , 1, pp. 160?177, 1982.
  12. ^ Annals of Ulster 727.5.
  13. ^ Annals of Ulster 730.3.

Sources [ edit ]

  • Reeves, William , and James Henthorn Todd (eds.). Vita Sancta Columbae: The life of St Columba founder of Hy, written by Adamnan, ninth Abbot of Iona . Dublin: Dublin University Press for the Irish Archaeological and Celtic Association, 1857. Available from CELT
  • Sharpe, Richard (tr.). Adomnan of Iona: Life of St. Columba . London, 1995. (43?65)
  • Smyth, Alfred P. (1984). Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80?1000 . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN   0-7486-0100-7 .

Further reading [ edit ]

Primary sources [ edit ]

  • Adomnan, Vita Columbae :
    • Anderson, A.O. and M.O. Anderson (eds. and trs.). Adomnan's Life of Columba . 2nd ed. Oxford, 1991. First edition: Edinburgh, 1961.
    • Sharpe, Richard (tr.). Adomnan of Iona: Life of St. Columba . London, 1995. (43?65)
    • Reeves, William , and James Henthorn Todd (eds.). Vita Sancta Columbae: The life of St Columba founder of Hy, written by Adamnan, ninth Abbot of Iona . Dublin: Dublin University Press for the Irish Archaeological and Celtic Association, 1857. Available from CELT
  • Cain Adamnain ("The Law of Adomnan") or Lex Innocentium ("Law of the Innocents")
    • Markus, Gilbert (tr.), Adomnan's Law of the Innocents ? Cain Adomnain: A seventh-century law for the protection of non-combatants . Kilmartin, Argyll: Kilmartin House Museum, 2008. ISBN   978-0-9533674-3-6
    • Meyer, Kuno (ed.). Cain Adamnain: An Old Irish Treatise on the Law of Adamnan . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1905.
    • Ni Dhonnchadha, Mairin (tr.). "The Law of Adomnan: A Translation." Adomnan at Birr, AD 697: Essays in Commemoration of the Law of the Innocents , ed. Thomas O'Louglin. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001. 53?68. Translation of §§ 28?53.
  • Adomnan, De Locis Sanctis
    • Meehan, D. (ed.). Adomnan's 'De Locis Sanctis'. Scriptores Latini Hiberniae 3. Dublin, 1958. 1?34.
  • Anonymous, Betha Adamnain ("The Life of Adomnan")
    • Herbert, Maire and Padraig O Riain (eds. and trs.). Betha Adamnain: The Irish Life of Adamnan . Irish Texts Society 54. 1988. 1?44.
  • Anonymous, Fis Adomnain ("The Vision of Adomnan"), 10?11th century.
    • Windisch, Ernst (ed.). "Fis Adamnain." Irische Texte 1 (1880). 165?96.
    • Stokes, W. (ed. and tr.). Fis Adomnain . Simla, 1870.
    • Carey, John (tr.). King of Mysteries: Early Irish Religious Writings . Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1998. 263?74.

Secondary sources [ edit ]

  • Herbert, M. Iona, Kells, and Derry: the history and hagiography of the monastic familia of Columba . 1988.
  • O'Loughlin, T. "The Exegetical Purpose of Adomnan's De Locis Sanctis", Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 24(1992)37?53.
  • O'Loughlin, T. "The Library of Iona in the Late Seventh Century: The Evidence from Adomnan's De locis sanctis", Eriu 45(1994)33?52
  • O'Loughlin, T."The View from Iona: Adomnan's mental maps", Peritia 10(1996)98?122
  • O'Loughlin, T. "Res, tempus, locus, persona: Adomnan's Exegetical Method", Innes Review 48(1997)95?111; re-printed in: D. Broun and T.O. Clancy eds, Spes Scotorum Hope of the Scots: Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland (T. and T. Clark, Edinburgh 1999), pp. 139?158.
  • O'Loughlin, T. "Adomnan and Arculf: The Case of an Expert Witness", Journal of Medieval Latin 7(1997)127?146
  • O'Loughlin, T. "Adomnan: A Man of Many Parts" in T. O'Loughlin ed., Adomnan at Birr, AD 697: Essays in Commemoration of the Law of the Innocents (Four Courts Press, Dublin 2001), pp. 41?51.
  • O'Loughlin, T. "The Tombs of the Saints: their significance for Adomnan", in J. Carey, M. Herbert and P. O Riain eds, Studies in Irish Hagiography: Saints and Scholars (Four Courts Press, Dublin 2001), pp. 1?14.

Further reading [ edit ]

  • Adomnan at Birr, AD 697: Essays in Commemoration of the Law of the Innocents . Edited by Thomas O'Loughlin. (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001)
  • Lacey, Brian (2021). Adomnan, Adhamhnan, Eunan : life and afterlife of a Donegal saint . Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN   978-1-84682-963-5 .

External links [ edit ]

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Abbot of Iona
679?704 		Succeeded by
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