American film director
Abel Ferrara
|
---|
|
Born
| (
1951-07-19
)
July 19, 1951
(age 72)
|
---|
Other names
| Jimmy Boy L, Jimmy Laine
|
---|
Occupation(s)
| Director, screenwriter, actor, producer, editor, cinematographer
|
---|
Years active
| 1971?present
|
---|
Spouses
|
Nancy Ferrara
(
m.
1982, divorced)
|
---|
Children
| 3
|
---|
Abel Ferrara
(
[fer?raːra]
; born July 19, 1951)
[1]
is an American filmmaker, known for the provocative and often controversial content in his movies and his use and redefinition of
neo-noir
imagery. A long-time independent filmmaker, some of his best known movies include the
New York
-set, gritty crime thrillers
The Driller Killer
(1979),
Ms .45
(1981),
King of New York
(1990),
Bad Lieutenant
(1992) and
The Funeral
(1996), chronicling violent crime in urban settings with spiritual overtones.
Ferrara also worked in a wide array of genres, including the sci-fi remake
Body Snatchers
(1993),
cyberpunk
thriller
New Rose Hotel
(1998), the religious drama
Mary
(2005), the black comedy
Go Go Tales
(2007), and the biopic
Pasolini
(2014), as well as in several
documentary
filmmaking projects.
Early life
[
edit
]
Ferrara was born in
the Bronx
of
Italian
and
Irish
descent.
[2]
He was raised
Catholic
, which subsequently influenced much of his work.
[3]
At 8 years old, he moved to
Peekskill
in
Westchester County, New York
and he started making movies at
Rockland Community College
.
[4]
Later, he attended the film conservatory at
SUNY Purchase
, where he directed several
short films
.
[5]
Career
[
edit
]
Early work 1971-1981
[
edit
]
Ferrara studied at the
San Francisco Art Institute
; one of his teachers and influences there was the famous
avant-garde
director
Rosa von Praunheim
.
[6]
In the early 1970s, while still in art school, Ferrara directed a number of independently produced short films which included
The Hold Up
and
Could This Be Love
. Finding himself out of work after leaving film school in 1976, Ferrara directed his first feature film which was a
pornographic film
titled,
9 Lives of a Wet Pussy
, using a pseudonym.
[7]
Starring with his then-girlfriend, he recalled having to step in front of the camera for one scene to perform in a hardcore sex scene: "It's bad enough paying a guy $200 to fuck your girlfriend, then he can't get it up."
[8]
Ferrara first drew a
cult following
with his second feature film, an
exploitation
movie titled
The Driller Killer
(1979), an urban
slasher film
about an artist (played by the director himself) who goes on a killing spree with a
power drill
. In the United Kingdom, the movie made it on a list of
"video nasties"
created by moral crusaders that led to prosecutions under the
Obscene Publications Act 1959
and to the passing of
new legislation
which forced all video releases to appear before the
British Board of Film Classification
for rating.
[9]
The director's next feature was
Ms .45
(1981), a "
rape revenge"
movie about a mute garment worker turned murderer (
Zoe Tamerlis
). Reviewers called it "a provocative, disreputable movie, well worth seeing".
[10]
Rise to international fame 1984-1998
[
edit
]
In 1984, Ferrara was hired to direct
Fear City
, starring
Melanie Griffith
,
Billy Dee Williams
,
Rae Dawn Chong
and
Maria Conchita Alonso
. When a "
kung fu
slasher" stalks and murders young women who work in a seedy
Times Square
strip club
, a disgraced boxer portrayed by
Tom Berenger
uses his fighting skills to defeat the killer.
[11]
Ferrara worked on two
Michael Mann
-produced television series, directing the two-hour pilot for
Crime Story
(aired September 18, 1986), starring
Dennis Farina
,
[12]
and two episodes of the series
Miami Vice
.
[13]
King of New York
(1990) stars
Christopher Walken
as gangster Frank White,
Laurence Fishburne
,
Wesley Snipes
,
David Caruso
and
Giancarlo Esposito
. The movie received overall mixed reviews, but Ferrara was praised for his strong command of mood and style. Critic
Roger Ebert
wrote, "What Ferrara needs for his next film is a sound screenplay."
[14]
Bad Lieutenant
(1992) credits Ferrara and actress
Zoe Tamerlis
, who plays the woman who helps the Lieutenant
freebase
heroin
in the movie, as co-writers of the script, but Tamerlis claimed that she wrote it alone.
[15]
[16]
Bad Lieutenant
received
Spirit Awards
nominations for Best Director and Best Actor, and despite its controversial content, the movie was lauded by critics. Director
Martin Scorsese
named it one of his top 10 films of the 1990s.
[17]
In 1993, Ferrara was hired for two Hollywood studio movies: another remake of
Invasion of the Body Snatchers
, titled
Body Snatchers
(1993), for
Warner Bros.
; and
Dangerous Game
(1993), starring
Keitel
and
Madonna
, for
MGM
.
In the mid-1990s Ferrara directed two well-received independent movies:
The Addiction
(1995),
[18]
photographed in black-and-white, stars
Lili Taylor
as a philosophy student who succumbs to a
vampire
as she studies the problem of evil and philosophical
pedagogy
, represented by the most violent events of the 20th century. The movie also features
Christopher Walken
,
Annabella Sciorra
,
Edie Falco
,
Kathryn Erbe
and
Michael Imperioli
. It was co-produced by
Russell Simmons
.
The Funeral
(1996),
[19]
starring Walken, Sciorra,
Chris Penn
,
Isabella Rossellini
,
Benicio del Toro
,
Vincent Gallo
and
Gretchen Mol
, was nominated for five
Independent Spirit Awards
including
Best Director
.
Following the success of
The Funeral
, Ferrara had an infamous interview with
Conan O'Brien
on October 23, 1996. Ferrara was believed to be intoxicated and struggled through the interview, often slurring and covering his face as well as waving around a cigarette. O'Brien would later state that Ferrara was his "worst guest ever".
[20]
Eventually, O'Brien revealed to Ferrara's frequent collaborator
Willem Dafoe
that Ferrara "ran away" and that the segment producer had to "run down the street" to catch him and bring him back to the set. Dafoe said to O'Brien, "You did your best...and so did he!"
After making
The Blackout
(1997) with
Matthew Modine
and
Dennis Hopper
, he contributed to the
omnibus
television movie
Subway Stories
. Ferrara then made
New Rose Hotel
(1998), which reunited him with Christopher Walken.
Move to Europe 2001 - present
[
edit
]
Ferrara returned three years later with
'R Xmas
(2001), which starred
Drea de Matteo
and
Ice-T
. He recorded commentaries for
Driller Killer
[21]
and
King of New York
[22]
and made
Mary
(2005), a religious-themed multi-plot movie starring
Juliette Binoche
,
Matthew Modine
,
Forest Whitaker
,
Heather Graham
,
Marion Cotillard
, and
Stefania Rocca
.
Mary
premiered at the
Venice Film Festival
in 2005. It swept the awards ceremony, garnering the Grand Jury Prize, SIGNIS Award and two others. It was shown at the
Toronto International Film Festival
.
[23]
In 2007, Ferrara directed
Go Go Tales
a comedy with Modine,
Bob Hoskins
and
Willem Dafoe
that premiered at the Cannes Film Festival but was not shown in the United States until a special screening at the
Anthology Film Archives
in 2011.
[24]
In 2009,
Jekyll and Hyde
was set to star Forest Whitaker and
50 Cent
. After disagreements with Warner Bros., the movie was shelved in 2010.
[25]
In 2009,
Napoli, Napoli, Napoli
premiered out of competition at the
66th Venice International Film Festival
.
[26]
The docudrama received little attention and poor reviews but
Werner Herzog
's reboot
Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans
was selected for competition at the prestigious festival. Asked about the Herzog film, Ferrara was quoted widely saying "I wish these people die in hell".
[27]
In September 2011,
4:44 Last Day on Earth
, starring
Willem Dafoe
and Shanyn Leigh, premiered at the main competition of the
68th Venice International Film Festival
.
[28]
Ferrara's
Welcome to New York
, a fictionalized version of the
Dominique Strauss-Kahn sexual assault case
starring
Gerard Depardieu
and
Jacqueline Bisset
, was released on
video on demand
in 2014.
[29]
[30]
Ferrara's
Pasolini
(2014) about the titular
Italian director
stars
Willem Dafoe
.
[31]
After a 4-year long hiatus, Ferrara came back in 2019 with
Tommaso
, a new feature starring Dafoe and set in Rome. The film had its world premiere at the
72nd Cannes Film Festival
on 20 May 2019. It was released in the United States by
Kino Lorber
.
The following year, with
Siberia
(2020), Ferrara and Dafoe collaborated for the sixth time. Inspired by
Carl Jung
's
The Red Book
, the script was written by Ferrara and
Chris Zois
.
[32]
[33]
The film had its world premiere at the main competition of the
70th Berlin International Film Festival
, on 24 February 2020. It was released in the United States by
Lionsgate
in 2021. Shortly after Ferrara directed the documentary
Sportin' Life
,
about the beginning of
quarantine
measures in
Europe
a few days after the
Berlinale
premiere of
Siberia
, during the start of the
COVID-19 pandemic
.
[34]
The documentary had its world premiere at the
77th Venice Film Festival
on 4 September 2020.
Since 2020 he has interpreted
Gabriele Tinti
's poetry giving voice to the masterpieces in the
Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica
,
Pinacoteca di Brera
,
Museo Nazionale di San Marco
,
Ca' d'Oro
,
Musee Jacquemart-Andre
and
Museo Nazionale Romano
[35]
[36]
In August 2021,
Zeros and Ones
, starring
Ethan Hawke
, had its world premiere at the main competition of the
74th Locarno Film Festival
, during the festival Ferrara won the
Best Direction Award
.
[37]
The film was released in limited theaters and on demand by
Lionsgate
on November 19, 2021.
In 2022, Ferrara's
Padre Pio
, starring
Shia LaBeouf
and
Asia Argento
, premiered at the "
Giornate degli Autori
" section of the
79th Venice Film Festival
on September 2, 2022. The film was released in the
United States
by
Gravitas Ventures
on June 2, 2023. During the film's production, LeBeouf notably converted to
Catholicism
.
Personal life
[
edit
]
Ferrara is married to Cristina Chiriac and they have a daughter, Anna.
[38]
[39]
He was previously married to Nancy Ferrara.
[40]
Ferrara has two adopted children: Endira and Lucy.
[41]
[42]
He was also in a romantic relationship with actress Shanyn Leigh.
[43]
[44]
Ferrara lives in Rome, Italy.
[45]
He moved there following the
9/11 attacks
because it was easier for him to find financing for his movies in Europe.
[46]
Raised Catholic, Ferrara started describing himself as Buddhist in 2007.
[47]
When asked if he had converted, Ferrara responded,
It’s not a conversion, you’re not a card-carrying Catholic, you’re brought up Italian, so you’re brought up with those images. All the great art is financed by the Church so they have a monopoly on the paintings, and they’re powerful images, the whole nine yards of it. But Jesus was a living man, and so were Buddha and Muhammad. These three guys changed the fucking world, with their passion and love of other human beings. All these guys had was their word, and they came from fucking nowhere. I’m not saying Nazareth is nowhere ? I’m sure Jesus came from a very cool neighbourhood.
Ferrara said in 2020 that Buddhism "is a practice for me, not a religion".
[49]
In 2022, he stated he considered
Padre Pio
his "spirituality model".
[50]
Influences
[
edit
]
Influences on Ferrara's work include "the
Stones
and
Dylan
...
DaVinci
,
Stanley Kubrick
,
Woody Allen
and all of the great New York film makers".
[51]
He has also credited
Pier Paolo Pasolini
and
Rainer Werner Fassbinder
as influences.
[52]
[53]
[54]
Filmography
[
edit
]
Short film
[
edit
]
Year
|
Title
|
Director
|
Writer
|
Actor
|
Notes
|
1971
|
Nicky's Film
|
Yes
|
|
Yes
|
|
1972
|
The Hold Up
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
|
1973
|
Could It Be Love
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
|
|
2010
|
OneDreamRush: Dream Piece
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
2012
|
No Saints
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
My Big-Assed Mother
|
|
|
Yes
|
Role: Charles Bukowski
|
2017
|
Hans
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
|
|
Feature films
[
edit
]
Acting roles
Documentary films
[
edit
]
Television
[
edit
]
Year
|
Title
|
Notes
|
1985
|
Miami Vice
|
"The Home Invaders", "The Dutch Oven"
|
1986
|
Crime Story
|
Pilot episode
|
2012
|
Pizza Connection
|
Web series
|
TV movies
Music video
[
edit
]
Recurring collaborators
[
edit
]
Ferrara has recast many of the same actors in his movies, most notably
Christopher Walken
,
Harvey Keitel
and
Willem Dafoe
.
[61]
Other actors he has recast include
Annabella Sciorra
and
Matthew Modine
as well as character actors such as
Victor Argo
,
Paul Calderon
and
Giancarlo Esposito
.
[62]
David Caruso
is another one of Ferrara's frequent film collaborators.
[63]
Ms .45
(1981) star
Zoe Lund
collaborated with Ferrara again on
Bad Lieutenant
(1992), which she co-wrote.
[64]
Gretchen Mol
has worked with Ferrara twice.
[65]
Forest Whitaker
starred in Ferrara's movies
Mary
(2005) and
Body Snatchers
(1993).
[66]
Beginning with
The Driller Killer
in 1979 through
The Projectionist
in 2019, Ferrara most
frequently
worked with
Ken Kelsch
as his cinematographer.
[67]
Awards and nominations
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Nicole Brenez,
Abel Ferrara
, University of Illinois Press, 2007 page 2
- ^
Goldstein, Patrick (October 28, 1990).
"MOVIES The Prince of Darkness Director Abel Ferrara practices a kind of gonzo filmmaking, and his violent vision isn't a particularly popular one in Hollywood"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Archived from
the original
on July 24, 2012
. Retrieved
November 21,
2009
.
- ^
Lim, Dennis (October 12, 2008).
"Struggling With Faith and Gentrification"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
April 23,
2010
.
- ^
"
'Bad Lieutenant' filmmaker Abel Ferrara got his start at Rockland Community College"
.
lohud.com
. Retrieved
December 4,
2019
.
- ^
Dawson, Nick (October 18, 2008).
"Abel Ferrara, Mary"
.
Filmmaker Magazine
. Retrieved
December 4,
2019
.
- ^
"Seven nights with Abel Ferrara"
.
American Cinematheque
. Retrieved
May 17,
2023
.
- ^
Paszylk, Bartlomiej (March 9, 2009). "
The Driller Killer
".
The Pleasure and Pain of Cult Horror Films: An Historical Survey
. McFarland. p. 153.
ISBN
978-0-7864-3695-8
.
- ^
"Abel Ferrara: 'I made Scarface look like Mary Poppins'
"
.
The Guardian
(Interview). August 5, 2010
. Retrieved
April 15,
2012
.
- ^
"Video Nasties"
.
bbfc.co.uk
. British Board of Film Classification
. Retrieved
September 9,
2019
.
- ^
"Ms .45 (2015), directed by Abel Ferrara | Film review"
.
timeout.com
. August 22, 2015. Archived from
the original
on August 22, 2015
. Retrieved
September 9,
2019
.
- ^
"Fear City (1984)"
,
Rotten Tomatoes
, retrieved
December 4,
2019
- ^
"Crime Story. 1986. Directed by Abel Ferrara"
.
MOMA
.org
. Retrieved
September 9,
2019
.
- ^
"Abel Ferrara Interview"
.
artinterviews.com
. Retrieved
September 9,
2019
.
- ^
Ebert, Roger.
"King Of New York Movie Review (1990)"
.
rogerebert.com
. Roger Ebert
. Retrieved
September 9,
2019
.
- ^
Zoe Tamerlis on the script of "Bad Lieutenant"
,
archived
from the original on December 12, 2021
, retrieved
September 9,
2019
– via YouTube
- ^
"13 Great Facts About Bad Lieutenant"
.
mentalfloss.com
. November 20, 2017
. Retrieved
September 9,
2019
.
- ^
Roger Ebert & The Movies (show #1426), 26 February 2000
Archived
April 14, 2010, at the
Wayback Machine
. Rogerebert.suntimes.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-15.
- ^
"The Addiction (1995): Awards"
.
Allmovie.com
. Retrieved
February 9,
2014
.
- ^
"The Funeral (1996)"
.
Allmovie.com
. Retrieved
February 9,
2014
.
- ^
"Conan O'Brien Names Director Abel Ferrara His Worst Guest in 25 Years ? Here's Why"
. December 3, 2018.
- ^
Righelato, Rowan (November 30, 2016).
"The Driller Killer and the humanist behind the blood and sickening crunch"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
March 24,
2022
.
- ^
Mackie, Rob (September 18, 2008).
"DVD review: King of New York SE"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
March 24,
2022
.
- ^
"2005 TIFF Archives (10 posts)"
.
bombippy.com
. Retrieved
May 10,
2015
.
- ^
Dargis, Manohla (January 6, 2011).
"
'Go Go Tales' With Willem Dafoe - Review"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
December 4,
2019
.
- ^
Ferrara, Abel (August 5, 2010).
"Abel Ferrara: 'I made Scarface look like Mary Poppins'
"
.
The Guardian
. Interviewed by Andrew Purcell.
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
December 4,
2019
.
- ^
"Werner Herzog's Bad Lieutenant joins Venice film festival contenders"
.
the Guardian
. July 30, 2009
. Retrieved
December 4,
2019
.
- ^
Brown, Mark (July 30, 2009).
"Werner Herzog's Bad Lieutenant joins Venice film festival contenders"
.
The Guardian
.
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
December 4,
2019
.
- ^
"Venezia 68: International competition of feature films"
.
Venice
. Archived from
the original
on September 27, 2011
. Retrieved
August 28,
2011
.
- ^
Donadio, Rachel (May 18, 2014).
"Cannes Film Festival: Strauss-Kahn Film Under Fire"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
June 15,
2014
.
- ^
Child, Ben (February 6, 2012).
"Gerard Depardieu to star in film inspired by Dominique Strauss-Kahn"
.
The Guardian
. London
. Retrieved
April 17,
2012
.
- ^
"Director Abel Ferrara on Mysterious 1975 Death of Pier Paolo Pasolini: 'I Know Who Killed Him'
"
.
The Hollywood Reporter
. March 28, 2014
. Retrieved
June 15,
2014
.
- ^
Fleming, Mike Jr. (May 14, 2015).
"He's Back! Abel Ferrara To Launch Willem Dafoe-Starrer 'Siberia' On Croisette"
.
Deadline Hollywood
. Retrieved
June 20,
2015
.
- ^
Rife, Katie (May 14, 2015).
"Get Involved, Internet: Help Abel Ferrara and Willem Dafoe make a movie about dreams"
.
The A.V. Club
. Retrieved
June 20,
2015
.
- ^
Encinias, Joshua (June 4, 2020).
"Abel Ferrara on Filmmaking in Quarantine and the Spiritual Quest of Tommaso"
. Retrieved
June 12,
2023
.
- ^
"Abel Ferrara reads Gabriele Tinti's poems at the Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan"
. February 11, 2021
. Retrieved
September 7,
2023
.
- ^
"Abel Ferrara reads Gabriele Tinti's poems"
. Retrieved
September 7,
2023
.
- ^
Kiang, Jessica (August 14, 2021).
"Golden Leopard Winner 'Vengeance is Mine, All Others Pay Cash' Heads Impressive Slate Of Locarno Awards"
.
Variety
. Retrieved
June 12,
2023
.
- ^
Vlessing, Etan (January 21, 2020).
"Abel Ferrara's 'Tommaso,' 'The Projectionist' Land at Kino Lorber (Exclusive)"
.
The Hollywood Reporter
. Retrieved
February 29,
2020
.
- ^
Shoard, Catherine (May 18, 2015).
"Abel Ferrera turns to Kickstarter: 'I'm gonna hurt people with this film'
"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
July 25,
2016
.
- ^
Maslin, Janet (November 19, 1993).
"Review/Film; A Movie Within a Movie, With a Demure Madonna"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
July 25,
2016
.
- ^
"Abel Ferrara Biography (1952?-)"
.
Film Reference
. Retrieved
December 20,
2016
.
- ^
Hoban, Phoebe (February 1, 1993).
"Raising Cain"
.
New York
. Retrieved
December 23,
2016
.
- ^
Macnab, Geoffrey (March 3, 2012).
"Willem Dafoe: 'I have a charmed life'
"
.
The Independent
.
Archived
from the original on March 5, 2012
. Retrieved
August 20,
2017
.
- ^
Hoberman, J. (March 19, 2012).
"Home for the End of Days"
.
New York
. Retrieved
August 20,
2017
.
- ^
Righelato, Rowan (September 11, 2015).
"Abel Ferrara: 'Pasolini's death is not some kind of fictional event'
"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
July 25,
2016
.
- ^
Lim, Dennis (October 10, 2008).
"Struggling With Faith and Gentrification"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
July 25,
2016
.
- ^
Shoard, Catherine (May 23, 2014).
"Abel Ferrara at Cannes: 'You gotta be careful what you say … but I'm not'
"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
July 25,
2016
.
- ^
Gray, Carmen (November 12, 2014).
"The spiritual side of Abel Ferrara"
.
Dazed
.
- ^
Bukuras, Joe (August 30, 2022).
"From porn to 'Padre Pio': Meet the director who felt drawn to tell the saint's story"
.
Catholic News Agency
. Retrieved
September 23,
2022
.
- ^
Solero, Elettra (November 18, 2022). "Abel Ferrara: Padre Pio e il mio modello di spiritualita".
Dipiu
(in Italian). No. 46. pp. 69?70.
- ^
"Abel Ferrara Interview"
.
www.artinterviews.com
. Retrieved
September 9,
2019
.
- ^
cryptekeeper (December 3, 2012).
"Cryptekeeper 041 Abel Ferrara/4H44 dernier jour sur terre"
.
Archived
from the original on December 12, 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^
Kasman, Daniel (June 7, 2014).
"The Pursuit of Freedom: Abel Ferrara Discusses "Welcome to New York"
"
. Retrieved
October 6,
2015
.
- ^
Carli, Vittorio.
"Abel Ferrara Interview"
. Retrieved
October 6,
2015
.
- ^
Hopewell, John (August 16, 2013).
"Ferrara, Dafoe Re-team for 'Pasolini'
"
.
Variety
. Retrieved
June 15,
2014
.
- ^
"Home - Buon Lavoro - Il film"
.
Buon Lavoro - Il film
.
- ^
Cox, Gordon (August 23, 2017).
"Vanessa Redgrave, Alex Gibney, Griffin Dunne Documentaries Join New York Film Festival Slate (EXCLUSIVE)"
.
- ^
Murthi, Vikram (December 19, 2016).
"Isabelle Huppert, Nicolas Cage and Willem Dafoe Star in Abel Ferrara's New Film 'Siberia'
"
.
IndieWire
. Retrieved
January 7,
2017
.
- ^
Bramesco, Charles (April 23, 2019).
"he Projectionist review ? Abel Ferrara's wistful, indulgent ode to cinema"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
November 9,
2020
.
- ^
Tartaglione, Nancy (July 28, 2020).
"Venice Film Festival 2020: Competition Light On Studios, Strong On Global Arthouse & Women Directors ? Full List"
.
Deadline Hollywood
. Retrieved
August 1,
2020
.
- ^
Ruilova, Aida (February 13, 2013).
"Abel Ferrara"
.
Interview
.
- ^
Dee, Jake (January 7, 2014).
"Dissecting Director Abel Ferrara!"
.
- ^
"Indie Filmmaker Abel Ferrara Will Bring Short Eyes Back to Broadway"
. February 24, 2010.
- ^
Vestby, Ethan (December 9, 2013).
"Abel Ferrara On Artistic Freedom, Collaboration, 'Ms. 45,' Pier Paolo Pasolini & More"
.
thefilmstage.com
.
- ^
Hillis, Aaron (February 26, 2009).
"Gretchen Mol Indulges in "An American Affair"
"
.
Ifc.com
.
- ^
Nastasi, Alison (19 November 2009).
"Abel Ferrara's 'Jekyll and Hyde' Coming Soon From Warner Bros"
.
Moviefone
. Archived from
the original
on 10 December 2014
. Retrieved
6 December
2014
.
- ^
Louison, Evan (May 22, 2019).
"
"Filmmaking is Like Combat ? 90% Boredom, 5% Panic and 5% Terror": Ken Kelsch on Four Decades as a Cinematographer"
.
Filmmaker Magazine
. Retrieved
January 24,
2020
.
- ^
"1998 (novena edicion) : Los Catacric y los YoGa"
. Retrieved
September 9,
2019
.
External links
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