7th-century general of the Rashidun caliphate
?Abd al-Ra?m?n ibn Samura
(
Arabic
:
??? ?????? ?? ????
, died
c.
670
in
Basra
)
[1]
was a general of the
Rashidun caliphate
and the succeeding
Umayyad Caliphate
, and caliphal governor of
Sijistan
in the 7th century CE.
Biography
[
edit
]
According to
Ibn Manzur
, Ibn Samura was a
Qurayshite
. His father was Samura ibn Habib ibn Rabi'a ibn
Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf
ibn
Qusayy ibn Kilab
.
[2]
Ibn Samura participated in the
Battle of Mu'tah
in 629. After
Khalid ibn al-Walid
managed to organize the safe retreat from the abortive battle, Khalid sent Ibn Samura in advance as a messenger to
Medina
, capital of the nascent Muslim state, to report the battle result to the Islamic prophet
Muhammad
.
[2]
By 652, he replaced
Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi
as the governor of
Sistan
.
During the
Muslim conquest of Sistan
, Ibn Samura was sent by governor of
Basra
,
Abdallah ibn Amir
to Sistan, and then initiated the
Muslim conquest of Khorasan
, where he first secured peace in a place named "land of al-Dawar".
[2]
Capture of Zamindawar (653 CE)
[
edit
]
In 653-4 CE, an army of around 6,000 Arabs was led by Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura, and seized
Rukhkhaj
and
Zamindawar
. In the shrine of Zoon in
Zamindawar
, it is reported that Samura "broke off a hand of the idol and plucked out the rubies which were its eyes in order to persuade the
marzb?n
of S?st?n" that the idol was worthless.
[4]
[5]
Samura explained to the marzb?n: "my intention was to show you that this idol can do neither any harm nor good."
[6]
Bost
and
Zabul
submitted to the Arab invader by treaty in 656 CE.
[4]
It is then recorded by Abu Labid that when the army was trying to get their hands on the spoils of war, Ibn Samura stood up and warned them by narrating a hadith he heard from Muhammad that the Prophet forbade the seizing of spoils of war before it is distributed first according to the rule of Sharia. Then those who took the booty returned what they had taken, he then distributed it among them.
[7]
Then Ibn Samura sent the spoils of war to Abdullah ibn Amir.
[8]
Bost
(S?st?n) and
Zabulistan
submitted by a
treaty of capitulation
, also signed with the marzban of
Kerman
before the death of
Caliph Uthman
in 656.
[4]
The Muslims soon lost these territories during the
First Civil War
(656-661).
[4]
Upon the caliph's death, he returned to
Basra
, where its governor
Abd Allah ibn Amir
was dismissed by the new
Caliph Ali
. He joined
Mu'awiya I
after the
Battle of the Camel
, and was sent as one of the envoys to
Hasan ibn Ali
in 661. Abdallah ibn Amir was reappointed as governor in Basra by Mu'awiya, and Samura was sent along with
Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami
to restore Arab rule in eastern
Khurasan
and S?st?n. He introduced the office of
???ib al-shur?a
(chief of police) to S?st?n and built a mosque in Zaranj.
Capture of Kabul (665 CE)
[
edit
]
The territories he had conquered had to be reclaimed by force or by treaty. He launched an expedition to
Arachosia
and Zabulistan, recovering Bust and other cities.
Kabul
was occupied in 665 CE after a siege of a few months. Kabul soon revolted but was reoccupied after a month-long siege. He managed to convert 12,000 inhabitants of Kabul to Islam before leaving the city according to
Firishta
. Mu'awiya personally confirmed him as governor dependent on the caliph.
[
citation needed
]
Abd al-Rahman's capture and plunder of
Kabul
put an end to the rule of the
Nezak Hun
king
Ghar-ilchi
. The Nezak ruler was succeeded by the powerful Turk dynasty of the
Turk Shahis
:
Barha Tegin
, the first Turk Shahi ruler took the throne in 665-666 CE and soon recaptured the territory as far as
Kandahar
and
Bost
.
[9]
After Mu'awiya deposed Samura from S?st?n in 665, he retired to Basra where the slaves he had brought from Kabul built a mosque in his house in the building style of Kabul. He died in Basra in 670.
[
citation needed
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
.
Tahdhib al-Tahdhib
: Part 6. p. 190.
- ^
a
b
c
Hawramani, Ikram (1311).
"??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????"
[Abdul Rahman bin Samra bin Habib bin Rabiah].
Hawramani.com
. Ikram Hawramani
. Retrieved
5 December
2021
.
Ibn Man??r (d. 1311 CE) - Mukhta?ar T?r?kh Dimashq; Brief history of Damascus
- ^
a
b
c
d
Daryaee, Touraj; Dary?y?, T?ra? (16 February 2012).
The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 216.
ISBN
978-0-19-973215-9
.
- ^
Andre Wink, "Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World", Brill 1990. p 120
- ^
"Amir Kror and His Ancestry"
.
Abdul Hai Habibi
. alamahabibi.com
. Retrieved
August 14,
2012
.
- ^
al-Khattabi, Abd al-Karim.
"Awn Ma'bud Sunan Abu Dawud Chapter on the prohibition of looting if there is a shortage of food in the enemy's land"
. Retrieved
5 December
2021
.
Al- Khattabi said : Al- Nahbi is a noun based on an act of plundering, such as desiring out of desire. What is meant by looting is taking the money of the spoils without division
Abu Dawud, Sulaym?n
; Al-Albani, Nasiruddin.
"Sunan Abu Dawud, book 15 Jihad (Kitab Al-Jihad) Chapter on the prohibition of looting if there is a shortage of food in the enemy's land"
.
sunnahweb
. Retrieved
5 December
2021
.
?????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? - ??????? ????? ??????? - ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? . ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? . graded authentic by al-Albani
- ^
Cite error: The named reference
Abdul Rahma bin Samra bin Habib bin Rabiah
was invoked but never defined (see the
help page
).
- ^
Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 200.
ISBN
978-1-83860-868-2
.
Sources
[
edit
]
- Marshak, B.I.; Negmatov, N.N. (1996). "Sogdiana". In Litvinsky, B.A.; Guang-da, Zhang; R. Shabani, Samghabadi (eds.).
History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750
. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
ISBN
92-3-103211-9
.