Amateur radio satellite organizations
AMSAT
is a name for various
amateur radio satellite
organizations worldwide. In particular, it often refers to the
Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation
, headquartered in
Washington, D.C.
AMSAT organizations design, build, arrange launches for, and then operate (command) satellites carrying amateur radio payloads, including the
OSCAR
series of satellites. Other informally affiliated national organizations exist, such as AMSAT Germany (AMSAT-DL) and AMSAT Japan (JAMSAT).
History
[
edit
]
AMSAT was founded in 1969 in Washington, D.C. to continue the efforts begun by
Project OSCAR
. Its first project was to coordinate the launch of
OSCAR 5
, constructed by students at the
University of Melbourne
.
[1]
Some design modifications were needed and were made by AMSAT members, and the satellite was successfully launched on 30 January 1970, on a
NASA
Thor Delta
launch vehicle.
[2]
AMSAT's next launch was
AMSAT-OSCAR 6
(AO-6) on 15 October 1972. AO-6 was AMSAT's first long-life satellite, and was built with participants from Australia and West Germany. Command stations in
Australia
,
Canada
,
United Kingdom
,
Hungary
,
Morocco
,
New Zealand
, the
United States
and
West Germany
controlled the satellite, contributing greatly to its 4.5 years of service.
[3]
Further launches continued to emphasize international cooperation, with
AMSAT-OSCAR 7
(AO-7) launching with a new transponder developed and built by Karl Meinzer and AMSAT Germany (AMSAT-DL). AMSAT Japan (JAMSAT) contributed a transponder to
AMSAT-OSCAR 8
(AO-8).
[4]
In order to launch its satellites, AMSAT has worked with space agencies and commercial launch contractors to develop new ways to take advantage of unused areas of launch vehicles. In return, AMSAT sometimes can negotiate a reduction or waiver of launch costs. One of the most significant is the Ariane Structure for Auxiliary Payloads (ASAP), developed and manufactured in partnership with the
European Space Agency
(ESA) in 1990 for use on its
Ariane 4
launch vehicle
. AMSAT was again able to take advantage of unused space with the launch of
AMSAT-OSCAR 40
(AO-40), occupying unused space on an
Ariane 5
.
[1]
The IPS (Interpreter for Process Structures) programming language was specifically written for the
RCA 1802
AMSAT Phase III satellite.
[5]
[6]
The IPS
threaded code
language, developed for AMSAT Phase III, is the first known use of a high-level language on board a spacecraft.
[7]
Another 16-bit IPS implementation was specifically developed to run on the ARM CPU in the IHU-2 on the AMSAT P3D.
[8]
A 32-bit IPS implementation has been developed for the AMSAT P3E satellite and the AMSAT P5A mission to
Mars
, which also have ARM CPUs. Emulators for both the classic 16-bit and the 32-bit IPS language and development environment are available for many other systems.
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
AMSAT organizations worldwide
[
edit
]
From its first launch, AMSAT projects have had international scope. By 2006, 21 countries had launched an amateur satellite. Many of these countries have their own AMSAT affiliate, some of which are noted below:
- AMSAT
Germany
(AMSAT-DL, AMSAT Deutschland) has built and managed projects of several amateur radio satellites, notably
AO-40
.
- AMSAT
Japan
(JAMSAT) has contributed to many satellites, in addition to launching its own satellites in cooperation with
JAXA
: the Fuji-OSCAR series.
- AMSAT
India
(AMSAT-IN) launched its first amateur satellite,
VUSat-OSCAR 52
in 2005 aboard an
Indian Space Research Organisation
PSLV
launch vehicle from
Sriharikota
,
India
.
[13]
- AMSAT
United Kingdom
(AMSAT-UK) built
FUNcube AO-73
with AMSAT-NL, an Amateur CubeSat that was launched as part of a Russian
Dnepr
payload in November 2013.
- AMSAT Italia
(AMSAT-I) has built the HAMVIDEO TV transmitter for International Space Station.
- AMSAT-CT is NGO for Education and Development is Portuguese VIP member of AMSAT-DL, funded by Aerospace Observatory in 1998
[1]
- AMSAT-CT develop the prototype of the satellite CAMOESat-1 at Oeiras Aerospace Observatory facilities
https://www.facebook.com/ariss.amsat.ct
- AMSAT-NL
Netherlands
- AMSAT
Brazil
(AMSAT-BR)
- AMSAT
Philippines
(AMSAT-PH), club call sign DX1O,
Diwata-2
satellite is designated Philippines-OSCAR 101 (PO-101) and has the amateur call sign DW4TA.
[14]
[15]
[16]
- AMSAT
Spain
(
AMSAT EA
), designed and built the radio-amateur satellites GENESIS-L, GENESIS-N, EASAT-2 and HADES, all of them
pocketQubes.
- AMSAT New Zealand (AMSAT-ZL) developed kiwiSAT, intended to be New Zealand's first satellite. It designed and built by New Zealand radio amateurs supported by
Massey University
(Auckland) and various corporate sponsors.
[17]
The project began in 2003, but encountered many delays and setbacks, and was eventually dissolved in 2023.
[18]
Phase system
[
edit
]
The AMSAT Phase system describes an amateur satellite based upon its capabilities or mode of operation and roughly parallel the development of amateur satellites.
- Phase 1
: No
solar cells
(battery-powered only), short-lived, technology test-bed. Must be able to
orbit
to be classified as a satellite.
- Phase 2
: Long life using solar cells, communications capabilities,
Low Earth Orbit
.
- Phase 3
: Long life, more powerful communications, telemetry and command systems. Highly elliptical orbit, usually a
Molniya orbit
; usually the initial orbit is a
geostationary transfer orbit
(GTO), onboard propulsion systems boosting it to its final orbit. Because of the highly elliptical orbit, the satellite remains over an area for long periods of time, allowing amateurs longer contacts through the satellite.
- Phase 4
: Amateur satellite in
geostationary orbit
(GEO). Currently, the only amateur radio transponders in orbit are a secondary mission aboard
Es'hail 2
, designated as QO-100 by AMSAT on 26 February 2019.
[19]
- Phase 5
: Spacecraft capable of lunar or planetary missions.
Satellite names
[
edit
]
Most amateur satellites do not receive their sequential OSCAR designation until after they are successfully in orbit, and then only at the request of the launching organization.
[1]
Regardless, amateur satellites will have been named by the organization that constructed it, and that name is frequently prepended to its OSCAR designation, resulting a name such as CubeSat-OSCAR 57. In conversation, names are usually abbreviated as CO-57 or similar.
A unique amateur satellite was
SuitSat
, an obsolete Russian space suit with a transmitter in it, which was launched in 2006 from the
International Space Station
. In a twist of fate, "Oscar" was the name given to an obsolete space suit by its young owner in the 1958 novel
Have Space Suit, Will Travel
, by
Robert A Heinlein
. This book was originally published a year after the launch of the first artificial satellite,
Sputnik 1
.
Satellites previously launched by AMSAT
[
edit
]
The names of the satellites below are sorted in
chronological
order by launch date, ascending. The status column denotes the current operational status of the satellite.
Green
signifies that the satellite is currently operational,
orange
indicates that the satellite is partially operational or failing.
Red
indicates that the satellite is non operational and
black
indicates that the satellite has re-entered the Earth's atmosphere. The
country
listing denotes the country that constructed the satellite and not the launching country.
Name (a.k.a.)
|
Status
|
Launched
|
Country
|
AMSAT-OSCAR 6
(OSCAR 6, AO-6, AO-C, P2A)
|
Non-Operational
|
15 October 1972
|
United States
|
AMSAT-OSCAR 7
(OSCAR 7, AO-7, AO-B, P2B)
|
Semi-Operational
|
15 November 1974
|
United States
|
AMSAT-OSCAR 8
(OSCAR 8, AO-8, AO-D, P2D)
|
Non-Operational
|
5 March 1978
|
United States / Canada / Germany / Japan
|
AMSAT-OSCAR 10
(Phase 3B, AO-10, P3B)
|
Non-Operational
|
16 June 1983
|
United States / Germany
|
AMSAT-OSCAR 13
(Phase 3C, AO-13, P3C)
|
Decayed
|
15 June 1988
|
Germany
|
AMSAT-OSCAR 16
(Pacsat, AO-16, Microsat-1)
|
Semi-Operational
|
22 January 1990
|
United States
|
AMSAT-OSCAR 40
(AO-40, Phase 3D, P3D)
|
Non-Operational
|
16 November 2000
|
United States / Germany
|
AMSAT-OSCAR 51
(Echo, AO-51)
|
Non-Operational
|
28 June 2004
|
United States
|
AMSAT-OSCAR 85
(Fox-1A, AO-85)
|
Non-Operational
|
8 October 2015
|
United States
|
AMSAT-OSCAR 91
(Fox-1B, RadFxSat, AO-91)
|
Semi-Operational
|
18 November 2017
|
United States
|
AMSAT-OSCAR 92
(Fox-1D, AO-92)
|
Semi-Operational
|
12 January 2018
|
United States
|
AMSAT-OSCAR 95
(Fox-1Cliff, AO-95)
|
Beacon Only
|
4 December 2018
|
United States
|
RadFxSat-2
(Fox-1E)
|
Semi-Operational
|
17 January 2021
|
United States
|
Current projects
[
edit
]
AMSAT built a series of five 1U
CubeSats
to carry university experiments, including a camera, and mode U/V FM repeaters. The first two of these satellites, Fox-1A, and Fox-1B, were launched on 8 October 2015 and 18 November 2017 respectively and are currently operational and available for use.
[20]
Fox-1D (AO-92) was launched on 12 January 2018 on the
PSLV-C40
mission from
Satish Dhawan Space Centre
in
Sriharikota
,
India
. Fox-1Cliff was launched from
Vandenberg Air Force Base
aboard the
SpaceX
Falcon-9
SSO-A
rocket on 3 December 2018. These four Fox satellites contain FM transponders with uplink on the 70 cm band and downlink on the 2 metre band.
[21]
RadFxSat-2/Fox-1E, a variation of the Fox-1 series, carrying a mode V/U linear transponder has been accepted for a launch by the NASA CubeSat Launch Initiative.
[22]
Fox-1E was launched into orbit aboard a Virgin Orbit LauncherOne vehicle on 17 January 2021. Although the beacon has not been heard, the linear transponder is at least partially functioning with a low level downlink signal.
[23]
AMSAT is currently developing the GOLF series of CubeSats with the first satellite in the series, GOLF-TEE, expected to launch in 2022. The GOLF series is designed to test technologies for future
high Earth orbit
(HEO) missions.
[24]
AMSAT also offers a communications platform for university CubeSats. The AMSAT Linear Transponder Module (LTM) includes a VHF/UHF telemetry beacon, command receiver, and linear transponder. The first LTM flew on HuskySat-OSCAR 107 in 2020.
[25]
In July 2020, AMSAT and the University of Maine announced that an LTM would be provided for the University of Maine's MESAT1 CubeSat, Maine's first small satellite.
[26]
Additionally, AMSAT supports amateur radio on human spaceflight missions as a supporting partner of Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS). This partnership includes support for future missions on the
Lunar Gateway
.
AMSAT also supports STEM education and has developed a CubeSat Simulator as part of these efforts.
[27]
Currently operating missions
[
edit
]
AMSAT operates the
AO-7
,
AO-91
, and
AO-92
satellites, which are open for general amateur use. The
U.S. Air Force
FalconSAT-3
was turned over to AMSAT for amateur radio use in late September 2017. AO-95 was launched aboard SpaceX's Falcon-9 SSO-A mission on 4 December 2018 and was later determined to have poor to no RF reception capability, thus preventing commissioning and putting its FM transponder mission into indefinite suspension.
[28]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
"Space Satellites from the World's Garage ? The Story of AMSAT"
. AMSAT. Archived from
the original
on 5 October 2006
. Retrieved
19 December
2006
.
- ^
Martin Davidoff, K2UBC (2000).
The Radio Amateur's Satellite Handbook
. The Amateur Radio Relay League. pp. 1?13.
ISBN
0-87259-658-3
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
Martin Davidoff, K2UBC (2000).
The Radio Amateur's Satellite Handbook
. The Amateur Radio Relay League. pp. 1?15?1?16.
ISBN
0-87259-658-3
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
Martin Davidoff, K2UBC (2000).
The Radio Amateur's Satellite Handbook
. The Amateur Radio Relay League. pp. 1?16?1?18.
ISBN
0-87259-658-3
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
Karl Meinzer (January 1979). "IPS, An Unorthodox High Level Language".
Byte
.
- ^
James Miller, G3RUH; Paul Willmott, VP9MU; Stacey Mills, W4SM (2002).
"IPS Programming"
. AMSAT. Archived from
the original
on 29 February 2012
. Retrieved
21 April
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
Jan King "The Third Generation"
"Orbit" September 1980
p. 15
- ^
Chuck Green; Peter Gulzow; Lyle Johnson; Karl Meinzer; James Miller
"The Experimental IHU-2 Aboard P3D"
1999
- ^
"IPS Project Home Page"
- ^
"COSMAC 1802 on AMSATs running IPS"
- ^
"IPS - High Level Programming of Small Systems"
- ^
"IPS - High Level Programming of Small Systems for the AMSAT space projects"
- ^
"About HAMsat"
. AMSAT-IN. Archived from
the original
on 8 December 2006
. Retrieved
19 December
2006
.
- ^
Phillip Keane
"The Philippines' Satellite Ham Radio Service Is Now Live"
- ^
Stoetzer, Paul (11 April 2019).
"Diwata-2 Designated Philippines-OSCAR 101 (PO-101)"
. Retrieved
15 January
2023
.
- ^
"AMSAT-PH showcases Satellite Equipment"
- ^
Collins, Simon (17 January 2003),
"KiwiSat joins space race"
,
NZ Herald
, retrieved
4 February
2024
- ^
"A New Zealand Satellite - KiwiSAT"
,
www.kiwisat.org.nz
,
archived
from the original on 21 December 2023
, retrieved
4 February
2024
- ^
"Es'hail-2/P4A Designated Qatar-OSCAR 100 (QO-100) ? AMSAT"
.
- ^
"AO-85 (Fox-1A) | AMSAT"
.
amsat.org
. Retrieved
24 May
2016
.
- ^
"AMSAT Fox Operating Guide"
(PDF)
. AMSAT. 2015
. Retrieved
4 October
2015
.
- ^
"RadFxSat-2 (Fox-1E) Selected for Participation in NASA's CSLI"
. AMSAT
. Retrieved
24 May
2016
.
- ^
"RadFxSat-2 Identified, Testing Continues ? AMSAT"
. Retrieved
5 February
2021
.
- ^
"Greater Orbit, Larger Footprint: An Introduction to the AMSAT GOLF Program ? AMSAT"
. Retrieved
5 February
2021
.
- ^
"AMSAT ? The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation"
. Retrieved
5 February
2021
.
- ^
"AMSAT Partners with UMaine's WiSe-Net Lab to Develop Maine's First Small Satellite ? AMSAT"
. Retrieved
5 February
2021
.
- ^
"The CubeSat Simulator Project Page"
.
cubesatsim.org
. Retrieved
5 February
2021
.
- ^
Stoetzer, Paul (9 December 2018).
"Fox-1Cliff/AO-95 Commissioning Status"
. AMSAT
. Retrieved
15 January
2023
.
External links
[
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]