Military unit
The
445th Operations Group (445 OG)
is the flying component of the
445th Airlift Wing
, assigned to
Fourth Air Force
of the
United States Air Force Reserve
. The group is stationed at
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
, Ohio.
The
group
was first activated during
World War II
as the
445th Bombardment Group
, a
Consolidated B-24 Liberator
unit stationed in England with
VIII Bomber Command
. The 445th was stationed at
RAF Tibenham
in late 1943. The group earned a
Distinguished Unit Citation
on 24 February 1944 for attacking an aircraft assembly plant at
Gotha
, in Central Germany, losing thirteen aircraft. The 445th also earned the
French Croix de Guerre with Palm
for its operations supporting the liberation of France. The 445th was actor
Jimmy Stewart
's original
bombardment group
.
The
United States Air Force
(USAF) reactivated the group in the
Air Force Reserve
in 1947. In June 1949 it was inactivated when
Continental Air Command
reorganized its reserve units under the
wing base reorganization plan
.
After the
Korean War
, the group was again active at as the
445th Fighter-Bomber Group
, the operational element of the
445th Fighter-Bomber Wing
near
Buffalo, New York
. In 1957 the group moved to
Memphis Municipal Airport
, where it replaced the
319th Fighter-Bomber Group
and converted to a troop carrier mission when USAF decided to concentrate its reserve fighter resources in the
Air National Guard
. The group was inactivated a year later when its parent wing converted to the dual deputy organization and its operational squadrons were assigned directly to the
445th Troop Carrier Wing
.
In 1992 the group once again assumed its role as the operational element of the
445th Airlift Wing
under the USAF objective wing organization and became an associate unit of the active duty
63d Operations Group
. The following year, the group moved to
March Air Reserve Base
, California when
Norton AFB
closed. In the spring of 1994 the active duty
63d Airlift Wing
and its elements inactivated and reserve
airlift
units joined with the
air refueling
units already assigned to the
452d Air Mobility Wing
or inactivated. The 445th was activated again later that year at Wright-Patterson as a stand-alone
Lockheed C-141 Starlifter
organization.
Overview
[
edit
]
The
445th Operations Group
is a unit of
Air Force Reserve Command
that in the event of mobilization would be gained by
Air Mobility Command
. it is currently assigned nine
McDonnell Douglas C-17 Globemaster III
aircraft. The 445 Operation Group's mission is to attain and maintain operational readiness; provide strategic transport of personnel and equipment; provide aeromedical evacuation; and recruit and train toward these goals.
[1]
Assigned units
[
edit
]
- 89th Airlift Squadron
- 445th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron
- 445th Operations Support Squadron
- 445th Airlift Control Flight
History
[
edit
]
- For additional history and lineage, see
445th Airlift Wing
World War II
[
edit
]
B-24 Liberators
of the 445th Bomb Group on a mission over enemy-occupied territory
The
445th Bombardment Group
was activated 1 April 1943 at Gowen Field in Idaho, where initial organization took place while key personnel traveled to
Orlando AAB
, Florida for training with the
Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics
.
[2]
Its original components were the
700th
,
[3]
701st
,
[4]
702d
,
[5]
and
703d Bombardment Squadrons
.
[6]
[7]
Both elements met at
Wendover Army Air Field
, Utah on 8 June 1943, where initial training with the
Consolidated B-24 Liberator
took place. While the group was at Wendover, it was joined by actor
Jimmy Stewart
as the operations officer, then the
commander
of the 703d Bombardment Squadron. The group moved to
Sioux City Army Air Base
, Iowa in July 1943 to complete training. In late August and early September, the group lost three B-24s to training accidents. In September the group began to receive B-24H aircraft, the model of the Liberator they would fly in combat.
[2]
On 20 October 1943 the ground echelon moved to Camp Shanks, New York and embarked on the
RMS
Queen Mary
on 26 October 1943, sailing next day. The unit arrived in the
Firth of Clyde
, Scotland on 2 November 1943 and disembarked at
Gourock
. The air echelon departed Sioux City late in October 1943 and flew to the United Kingdom via the southern route: Florida, Puerto Rico, Brazil, and West Africa, although one plane was lost en route.
[8]
Upon arrival in England, the group was assigned to the
2nd Combat Bombardment Wing
and stationed at
RAF Tibenham
in
East Anglia
.
[9]
The group was initially given a tail code of "Circle-F".
[10]
The 445th entered combat on 13 December 1943 by attacking
U-boat
installations at
Kiel
. Only fifteen crews were considered fit for this mission which was heavily defended area. It suffered its first combat loss on 20 December in an attack against
Bremen
.
[11]
The unit operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization until the war ended, striking such targets as industries in
Osnabruck
, synthetic oil plants in Lutzendorf, chemical works in
Ludwigshafen
,
marshalling yards
at Hamm, an
airfield
at
Munich
, an ammunition plant at Duneberg, underground oil storage facilities at Ehmen, and factories at
Munster
.
[7]
B-24 of
701st Bombardment Squadron
Showing Group Circle F tail marking
The group participated in the Allied campaign against the German aircraft industry during
Big Week
, from 20 to 25 February 1944, being awarded a
Distinguished Unit Citation
for attacking a
Bf 110
aircraft assembly plant at
Gotha
on 24 February.
[7]
Thirteen of the group's twenty-five attacking aircraft were lost along with 122
aircrew
.
[12]
This was the longest running, continuous air battle of World War II ? some two and a half hours of fighter attacks and flak en route and leaving the target area.
[13]
Bomb damage assessment photographs showed that the plant was knocked out of production indefinitely.
[12]
The group occasionally flew
air interdiction
and
air support
missions. It helped to prepare for the invasion of
Normandy
by bombing airfields,
V-1
and
V-2
launch sites, and other targets. The unit attacked shore installations on
D-Day
, 6 June 1944 with 81 sorties
[14]
and supported ground forces at
Saint-Lo
by striking enemy defenses in July 1944. During the
Battle of the Bulge
, between December 1944 and January 1945 it bombed German communications. Early on 24 March 1945 the 445th dropped food, medical supplies, and ammunition to troops that landed near
Wesel
during the
airborne assault across the Rhine
and that afternoon flew a bombing mission to the same area, hitting a landing ground at Stormede.
[7]
On occasion the unit dropped
propaganda
leaflets and hauled fuel to France. It was awarded the
Croix de Guerre
with Palm by the French government for operations in the theater from December 1943 to February 1945
[7]
supplying the resistance.
By far, the 445th's most tragic mission is the
attack on Kassel
[15]
of 27 September 1944. In cloud, the navigator of the lead bomber miscalculated and the 35 planes left the bomber stream of the 2d Air Division and proceeded to
Gottingen
some 35 miles (56 km) from the primary target. After the bomb run, the group was alone in the skies and was attacked from the rear by an estimated 150
Luftwaffe
planes, resulting in the most concentrated air battle in history. The Luftwaffe unit was a
Sturmgruppe
, a special unit intended to attack bombers by flying in tight formations of up to ten fighters in line abreast. This was intended to break the bomber formation at a single pass. The
361st Fighter Group
intervened, preventing complete destruction of the Group. Twenty-nine German and 25 American planes went down in a 15-mile (24 km) radius. Only four 445th planes made it back to the base ? two crashing in France, one in Belgium, another at
RAF Old Buckenham
.
[15]
Two landed at
RAF Manston
. Only one of the 35 attacking aircraft was fit to fly next day, but 445th sent 10 planes to the same target, Kassel.
[16]
After the end of the air war in Europe, the 445th flew low level "Trolley" missions over Germany carrying ground personnel so they could see the result of their efforts during the war.
[17]
The group's air echelon departed Tibenham on 17 May 1945, and departed the United Kingdom on 20 May 1945. The 703rd BS ground echelon sailed on
USAT
Argentina
from Southampton and the other squadrons on the USAT
Cristobal
from Bristol.
[17]
Both ships arrived at New York on 8 June 1945. Personnel were given 30 days R&R. The group reestablished at Fort Dix, New Jersey, with the exception of the air echelon, which had flown to
Sioux Falls Army Air Field
, South Dakota. Most personnel were discharged or transferred to other units, and only a handful were left
[17]
when the group was inactivated on 12 September 1945.
[7]
During World War II, the group flew 280 missions, losing 138 B-24s.
[18]
Cold War
[
edit
]
B-29 Superfortress
The
445th Bombardment Group
was activated again in the Reserve during the summer of 1947 at
McChord Field
, Washington as a
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
very heavy bombardment group
[7]
and assigned two of its World War II squadrons, the 700th
[3]
and 701st.
[4]
By the end of the summer it added two additional squadrons located at
Hill Field
, Utah,
[5]
[19]
the
15th
and 702d Bombardment Squadrons. At the beginning of 1948 it added a third squadron at McChord, the 703d, although the squadron moved away in May and was reassigned.
[6]
The group was inactivated in June 1949
[7]
when
Continental Air Command
reorganized to the
wing base organizational model
. It was replaced at McChord by the
302d Troop Carrier Group
of the
302d Troop Carrier Wing
.
[20]
It does not appear that the squadrons at Hill were ever equipped with aircraft
[5]
[19]
and reserve training at Hill was continued by the 9013th Volunteer Air Reserve Training Wing.
[21]
The group was activated again in the reserves as the
445th Fighter-Bomber Group
, an element of the
445th Fighter-Bomber Wing
in 1952 at
Buffalo Municipal Airport
, New York with the 700th, 701st and 702d Fighter-Bomber Squadrons assigned. Although designated as a fighter unit, until 1955 the group primarily flew
North American T-6
aircraft,
[22]
although it was equipped with a few
North American F-51 Mustangs
and
Lockheed F-80 Shooting Stars
. In 1955 the group moved a few miles to
Niagara Falls Municipal Airport
and converted to the
Republic F-84 Thunderjet
.
[23]
Fairchild C-119
of the Air Force Reserve
In 1957 the
United States Air Force
realigned its reserve forces, transferring all
fighter aircraft
to the
Air National Guard
, while
Air Force Reserve
organizations flew
tactical airlift
aircraft. As a result, the 445th redesignated as the
445th Troop Carrier Group
in September and its remaining squadron began training in
Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar
aircraft. In July 1957 reserve operations at Niagara Falls had been reduced to a single squadron when the 701st and 702d squadrons inactivated.
[4]
[5]
In mid-November 1957 the 445th Group moved to
Memphis Municipal Airport
, Tennessee,
[23]
where it replaced the
319th Fighter-Bomber Group
and reserve operations at Niagara Falls were transferred to the
64th Troop Carrier Squadron
.
[24]
The 445th wing and the 700th squadron moved to
Dobbins AFB
, Georgia at the same time.
[3]
[22]
Simultaneously, the 701st and 702d Troop Carrier Squadrons were reactivated and joined the group at its new station, while the
357th Troop Carrier Squadron
at
Donaldson AFB
, South Carolina was reassigned to the group.
[25]
In November,
Continental Air Command
reorganized under the dual deputy system. The group was inactivated,
[23]
and its squadrons transferred directly to the 445th Troop Carrier Wing.
[22]
Modern era
[
edit
]
Lockheed C-5A Galaxy
70-0457, "City of Fairborn" of the
89th Airlift Squadron
was the first C-5 transferred to
Wright Patterson AFB
In 1992 the group once again assumed its role as the operational element of the 445th Airlift Wing under the USAF Objective Wing organization.
The 445th wing had been a reserve associate of the active duty
63d Airlift Wing
at
Norton Air Force Base
, California since 1973. Under the reserve associate concept, the 445th wing had no aircraft of its own, but its reservists flew and maintained the 63d wing's aircraft alongside the regular airman assigned to the 63d.
[22]
In the summer of 1992, the group was again activated as the
445th Operations Group
and became an associate unit of the active duty
63d Operations Group
. The
729th
and
730th Airlift Squadrons
were reassigned from the wing to the group,
[23]
while the
445th Operations Support Flight
was activated under the group.
The following year both wings and their subordinate elements moved to
March Air Reserve Base
, California as
Norton AFB
closed.
[26]
Air Mobility Command
had combined
airlift
and
air refueling
units at a number of locations into what were designated "Air Mobility Wings." In the spring of 1994 the active duty
63d Airlift Wing
and its elements inactivated at March and reserve
airlift
units were joined with the
air refueling
units already assigned to the
452d Air Mobility Wing
, while the 445th wing and group inactivated.
[27]
The 445th was activated again later that year at
Wright-Patterson AFB
, Ohio as a stand-alone
Lockheed C-141 Starlifter
organization. It absorbed two squadrons already stationed at Wright-Patterson, the
89th Airlift Squadron
from the 906th Operations Group
[28]
and the
356th Airlift Squadron
from the 907th Operations Group
.
[29]
In 2006, the 356th inactivated
[29]
while the 89th and the 445th converted to
Lockheed C-5 Galaxys
and in 2011 to
McDonnell Douglas C-17s
. The group trained for and flew strategic airlift missions worldwide, performing channel flights and special assignment airlift missions. It participated in various contingency and humanitarian operations and training exercises. The group also tested and calibrated the laser detection and ranging (
LADAR
) system.
[23]
Lineage
[
edit
]
- Established as
445 Bombardment Group
(Heavy) on 20 March 1943
- Activated on 1 April 1943
- Redesignated
445 Bombardment Group
, Heavy on 20 August 1943
- Inactivated on 12 September 1945
- Redesignated
445 Bombardment Group
, Very Heavy on 13 May 1947
- Activated in the Reserve on 12 July 1947
- Inactivated on 27 June 1949
- Redesignated
445 Fighter-Bomber Group
on 24 June 1952
- Activated in the Reserve on 8 July 1952
- Redesignated
445 Troop Carrier Group
, Medium on 6 September 1957
- Inactivated on 25 September 1958
- Redesignated:
445 Military Airlift Group
on 31 July 1985 (Remained inactive)
- Redesignated:
445 Operations Group
and activated in the Reserve on 1 August 1992
- Inactivated on 1 May 1994
- Activated in the Reserve on 1 October 1994
[30]
Assignments
[
edit
]
|
- 2d Combat Bombardment Wing
, November 1943
- Air Transport Command
, 9 June ? 12 September 1945
- 305th Bombardment Wing (later
305 Air Division
), 12 July 1947 ? 27 June 1949
- 445th Fighter-Bomber Wing (later 445 Troop Carrier Wing), 8 July 1952 ? 25 September 1958
- 445th Airlift Wing, 1 August 1992 ? 1 May 1994
- 445th Airlift Wing, 1 October 1994 ? present
[23]
|
Components
[
edit
]
- 15th Bombardment Squadron: 1 August 1947 ? 27 June 1949
- Located at Hill Field (later Hill AFB), Utah
[19]
- 89th Airlift Squadron: 1 October 1994 ? present
- 356th Airlift Squadron: 1 October 1994 ? 30 June 2006
- 357th Troop Carrier Squadron: 16 November 1957 ? 25 March 1958
- Located at Donaldson AFB, South Carolina
[25]
- 445th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron: 1 October 1994 ? present
- 700th Bombardment Squadron (later Fighter-Bomber Squadron, Troop Carrier Squadron, Airlift Squadron): 1 April 1943 ? 12 September 1945; 12 July 1947 ? 27 June 1949; 8 July 1952 ? 25 September 1958 (detached to 445th Troop Carrier Wing after 16 November 1957)
- 701st Bombardment Squadron (later Fighter-Bomber Squadron, Troop Carrier Squadron, Airlift Squadron): 1 April 1943 ? 12 September 1945; 12 July 1947 ? 27 June 1949; 8 July 1952 ? 1 July 1957; 16 November 1957 ? 25 September 1958
- 702d Bombardment Squadron (later Fighter-Bomber Squadron, Troop Carrier Squadron): 1 April 1943 ? 12 September 1945; 1 August 1947 ? 27 June 1949; 8 July 1952 ? 1 July 1957; 16 November 1957 ? 25 September 1958
- Located at Hill Field (later Hill AFB), Utah from 1947 to 1949
[5]
- 703d Bombardment Squadron: 1 April 1943 ? 12 September 1945; 1 January 1948 ? 28 May 1948
- 729th Airlift Squadron: 1 August 1992 ? 1 May 1994
- 730th Airlift Squadron: 1 August 1992 ? 1 May 1994
[30]
- 445th Airlift Support Flight:
[31]
1 August 1992 ? 1 May 1994; 1 October 1994 ? present
- 445th Operations Support Flight (later 445th Operations Support Squadron):
[31]
1 August 1992 ? 1 May 1994; 1 October 1994 ? present
Stations
[
edit
]
- Gowen Field, Idaho, 1 April 1943
- Wendover Field, Utah, 8 June 1943
- Sioux City Army Air Base, Iowa, 8 July ? 20 October 1943
- RAF Tibenham (AAF Station 124),
[32]
England, 4 November 1943 ? 28 May 1945
- Fort Dix Army Air Base
, New Jersey, 9 June ? 12 September 1945
- McChord Field (later McChord AFB), Washington, 12 July 1947 ? 27 June 1949
|
- Buffalo Municipal Airport, New York, 8 July 1952
- Niagara Falls Municipal Airport, New York, 15 June 1955
- Memphis Municipal Airport, Tennessee, 16 November 1957 ? 25 September 1958
- Norton AFB
, California, 1 August 1992
- March AFB
, California, 1 July 1993 ? 1 May 1994
- Wright-Patterson AFB
, Ohio, 1 October 1994?present
[30]
|
Aircraft
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
"445th Airlift Wing"
. 445th Airlift Wing Office of Public Affairs. 10 September 2012
. Retrieved
16 August
2013
.
- ^
a
b
Birsic, Rudolph J. (1947).
The History of the 445th Bombardment Group (H) (unofficial)
. Bangor Public Library World War II Regimental Histories. Vol. 98. Glendale, CA: Griffin-Patterson Co. pp. 11?12.
ISBN
978-0-9845301-0-6
. Retrieved
15 August
2013
.
- ^
a
b
c
Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969].
Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II
(PDF)
(reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. pp. 706?707.
ISBN
0-405-12194-6
.
LCCN
70605402
.
OCLC
72556
.
- ^
a
b
c
Maurer,
Combat Squadrons
, p. 707
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Maurer,
Combat Squadrons
, pp. 707-708
- ^
a
b
Maurer,
Combat Squadrons
, p. 708-709
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961].
Air Force Combat Units of World War II
(PDF)
(reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. pp. 319?320.
ISBN
0-912799-02-1
.
LCCN
61060979
.
- ^
Birsic, pp. 14, 17
- ^
Birsic, p. 15
- ^
Watkins, Robert (2008).
Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force in World War II
. Vol. I (VIII) Bomber Command. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing Ltd. pp. 88?89.
ISBN
978-0-7643-1987-7
.
- ^
Birsic, p. 21
- ^
a
b
Birsic, p. 24
- ^
Birsic, p. 45 (Citation for Distinguished Unit Citation)
- ^
Birsic, p. 29
- ^
a
b
The Kassel Mission Historical Society: Dedicated to the 445th Bomb Group
Archived
10 May 2017 at the
Wayback Machine
(retrieved 16 August 2013)
- ^
Birsic, pp. 33?34
- ^
a
b
c
Birsic, p. 42
- ^
Birsic, p. 58
- ^
a
b
c
Maurer,
Combat Squadrons
, p. 83
- ^
See
Mueller, Robert (1989).
Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982
(PDF)
. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. pp. 391?396.
ISBN
0-912799-53-6
.
- ^
Mueller, p. 242
- ^
a
b
c
d
Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984).
Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947?1977
. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. pp.
241?242
.
ISBN
0-912799-12-9
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Haulman, Daniel L. (28 December 2007).
"445 Operations Group (AFRC)"
. Air Force Historical Research Agency
. Retrieved
16 August
2013
.
- ^
Maurer,
Combat Squadrons
, p. 245
- ^
a
b
Maurer,
Combat Squadrons
, p. 445
- ^
Haulman, Daniel L. (28 December 2007).
"445 Airlift Wing (AFRC)"
. Air Force Historical Research Agency
. Retrieved
16 August
2013
.
- ^
Endicott, Judy G. (28 December 2007).
"452 Air Mobility Wing (AFRC)"
. Air Force Historical Research Agency
. Retrieved
16 August
2013
.
- ^
Haulman, Daniel L. (28 December 2007).
"89 Airlift Squadron (AFRC)"
. Air Force Historical Research Agency
. Retrieved
16 August
2013
.
- ^
a
b
Bailey, Carl E. (10 December 2007).
"356 Airlift Squadron (AFRC)"
. Air Force Historical Research Agency
. Retrieved
16 August
2013
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Lineage, assignments, components, stations and aircraft in AFHRA Factsheet 445 Operations Group
- ^
a
b
445th Airlift Wing ? Units
(retrieved 16 August 2013)
- ^
Station Number in Anderson
Bibliography
[
edit
]
This article incorporates
public domain material
from the
Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985).
Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II
(PDF)
. Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 4 March 2016
. Retrieved
7 July
2012
.
- Birsic, Rudolph J. (1947).
The History of the 445th Bombardment Group (H) (unofficial)
. Bangor Public Library World War II Regimental Histories. Vol. 98. Glendale, CA: Griffin-Patterson Co.
ISBN
978-0-9845301-0-6
. Retrieved
15 August
2013
.
(ISBN is for Revised edition published in 2010. The 1947 edition does not contain page numbers. Page numbers in citations are those in the online .pdf version)
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961].
Air Force Combat Units of World War II
(PDF)
(reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History.
ISBN
0-912799-02-1
.
LCCN
61060979
.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969].
Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II
(PDF)
(reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History.
ISBN
0-405-12194-6
.
LCCN
70605402
.
OCLC
72556
.
- Mueller, Robert (1989).
Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982
(PDF)
. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History.
ISBN
0-912799-53-6
.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984).
Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947?1977
. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History.
ISBN
0-912799-12-9
.
- Watkins, Robert (2008).
Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force in World War II
. Vol. I (VIII) Bomber Command. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing Ltd.
ISBN
978-0-7643-1987-7
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Freeman, Roger A. (1978)
Airfields of the Eighth: Then and Now
. After the Battle
ISBN
0-900913-09-6
- Freeman, Roger A. (1991)
The Mighty Eighth The Colour Record
. Cassell & Co.
ISBN
0-304-35708-1
External links
[
edit
]
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