From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Decade
Map of the world in 400 BC.
This article concerns the period
409 BC ? 400 BC
.
Events
[
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]
409 BC
This section is
transcluded
from
409 BC
.
(
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history
)
By place
[
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]
Greece
[
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]
Sicily
[
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]
- Taking advantage of the quarrels between the Greek cities in
Sicily
and of the mutual exhaustion of
Athens
and
Syracuse
,
Carthage
seeks to reimpose its influence over the island.
Hannibal Mago
, grandson of
Hamilcar
, invades Sicily with a strong force. He defeats the Sicilian Greeks and avenges his grandfather through the torture and killing of 3,000 Greek prisoners. In the
Battle of Selinus
and
Battle of Himera
he captures and destroys both cities before returning triumphantly to Carthage with the spoils of war.
By topic
[
edit
]
Literature
[
edit
]
408 BC
[
edit
]
This section is
transcluded
from
408 BC
.
(
edit
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history
)
By place
[
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]
Persian Empire
[
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]
- King
Darius II
of
Persia
decides to continue the war against
Athens
and give support to the
Spartans
. His wife,
Parysatis
, persuades him to appoint his younger son,
Cyrus
, as
satrap
(governor) of
Lydia
,
Phrygia
, and
Cappadocia
and commander in chief of the
Achaemenian
forces in
Asia Minor
in place of
Tissaphernes
.
- Tissaphernes' influence is limited to the satrapy of
Caria
. Darius II also gives Cyrus funds to re-create the Spartan fleet and sends him to
Sardis
with instructions to increase Persian support for Sparta. Cyrus begins to collect an army of mercenaries (including Greeks) for his own ends.
Greece
[
edit
]
- Alcibiades
enters
Athens
in triumph after an absence of 7 years. He leads the religious procession from Athens to
Eleusis
, thus atoning for his alleged impiety in
415 BC
when he was held to have joined in
profaning
the
Sacred Mysteries
. Alcibiades is appointed commander-in-chief with
autocratic
powers and leaves for
Samos
to rejoin his fleet.
- The Spartan admiral
Lysander
arrives at
Ephesus
in autumn and builds up a great fleet with help from the new Persian satrap, Cyrus.
- At the Panhellenic gathering at
Olympia
, the philosopher
Gorgias
speaks out against the Spartan alliance with Persia.
- In 408 BC, the three city-states of the island of
Rhodes
(
Ialysos
,
Kamiros
,
Lindos
) unite and create the homonymous city on the northernmost part of the island.
By topic
[
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]
Literature
[
edit
]
407 BC
[
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]
This section is
transcluded
from
407 BC
.
(
edit
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history
)
By place
[
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]
Greece
[
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]
Sicily
[
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]
- The exiled former leader of the moderate democrats of
Syracuse
,
Hermocrates
, is killed while attempting to force his way back into Syracuse.
406 BC
[
edit
]
This section is
transcluded
from
406 BC
.
(
edit
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history
)
By place
[
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]
Greece
[
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]
- Callicratidas
is appointed as the
navarch
of the
Spartan
fleet, replacing
Lysander
. Callicratidas assembles a fleet and sails to
Methymna
, on
Lesbos
, to which he lays siege. This move threatens the
Athenian
grain
supply
.
- Alcibiades
is replaced by a board of generals. Athens sends a member of the board, Admiral
Conon
, to relieve the siege of
Mytilene
. To defend Lesbos, Conon is forced to move his numerically inferior fleet from
Samos
to the Hekatonnesi islands near Methymna. When Callicratidas attacks him, Conon is forced back to Mytilene, where he is blockaded by Callicratidas' Spartan fleet.
- Athens wins the
Battle of Arginusae
, near Lesbos, and the blockade of Conon is broken. To relieve Conon, the Athenians assemble a new fleet composed largely of newly constructed ships crewed by inexperienced sailors. This inexperienced fleet is inferior to the Spartans, but its commanders employ new and unorthodox tactics, which allow the Athenians to secure a dramatic and unexpected victory. The Spartan force is soundly defeated, and Callicratidas is killed.
- Returning to Athens after the battle,
Theramenes
leads Athenian agitation against the eight generals who have commanded in the engagement; the six who have returned to Athens are condemned for negligence in not having picked up survivors from the ships disabled in the battle. The Athenian generals (including
Pericles
' son) are put to death.
- Sparta sues for peace, which the Athenian leader
Cleophon
rejects. Sparta yields to demands by the Persian
satrap
Cyrus
that Lysander command a fleet in the Hellespont.
Roman Republic
[
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]
- The
Roman
forces begin a decade-long siege against
Veii
.
Carthage
[
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]
- The
Carthaginians
again invade
Sicily
and attack
Agrigentum
(Acragas).
Plague
breaks out in their camp and Hannibal Mago dies.
Himilco
assumes command and captures Agrigentum (Acragas),
Gela
and
Camarina
. Gela is destroyed and its treasures sacked. The survivors take refuge in
Syracuse
. The plague is carried back to Carthage by its soldiers.
405 BC
[
edit
]
This section is
transcluded
from
405 BC
.
(
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history
)
By place
[
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]
Greece
[
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]
Sicily
[
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]
- Dionysius the Elder
rises to power as the tyrant of
Syracuse
. He makes peace with the
Carthaginian
general,
Himilco
(whose army has been weakened by the plague), and fortifies Syracuse. This treaty leaves Carthage in control of most of Sicily.
- Dionysius the Elder ruthlessly consolidates and expands his power. He builds a wall around Syracuse and fortifies Epipolae. The
Greek
citizens of
Naxos
,
Catana
, and
Leontini
are removed from their cities; many of them are enslaved and their homes are given to Sicilian and
Italian
mercenaries
. Dionysius prepares his army to fight against Carthage, which now occupies western and southern Sicily.
By topic
[
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]
Drama
[
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]
404 BC
[
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]
This section is
transcluded
from
404 BC
.
(
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history
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By place
[
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]
Greece
[
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]
- The Athenian leader
Cleophon
continues to urge resistance against the
Peloponnesians
, but the situation becomes desperate and he is arrested, condemned to death and executed.
- April 25
?
Athens
, full of refugees and weakened by plague and
hunger
, capitulates and the
Peloponnesian War
ends.
- Theramenes
secures terms that save the city of Athens from destruction. The
Spartans
allow Athens to retain its independence. However, Athens loses all its foreign possessions and what is left of its fleet and is required to become an ally of Sparta. The
Long Walls
around Athens are pulled down. Greek towns across the
Aegean Sea
in
Ionia
are again the subjects of the
Persian Empire
.
- The Spartan general,
Lysander
, puts in place a puppet government in Athens with the establishment of the
oligarchy
of the "
Thirty Tyrants
" under
Critias
and including Theramenes as a leading member. This government executes a number of citizens and deprives all but a few of their rights.
- Many of Athens' former allies are now ruled by boards of ten (decarchy), often reinforced with garrisons under a Spartan commander (
Harmost
).
- The Athenian general
Thrasybulus
is exiled by the Thirty (the oligarchy of Athens), and he retires to
Thebes
.
- A split develops between Theramenes and Critias who has Theramenes killed (by drinking poison) on charges of treason.
- Emerging after the Spartan victory at
Aegospotami
, the former Athenian leader,
Alcibiades
, takes refuge in
Phrygia
in northwestern
Asia Minor
with the Persian
satrap
,
Pharnabazus
, and seeks their assistance for the Athenians. The Spartans discover his plans and arrange with Pharnabazus to have him assassinated.
- Lysander sails to
Samos
and conquers it for Sparta.
Egypt
[
edit
]
Persian Empire
[
edit
]
- The Persian King
Darius II
dies of an illness in
Babylon
. He is succeeded by his son
Artaxerxes II
(Memnon?'the Mindful').
- Darius II's younger son,
Cyrus
, is accused by
Tissaphernes
, the
satrap
of
Caria
, of plotting his brother Artaxerxes II's murder. On the intercession of Artaxerxes II and Cyrus's mother,
Parysatis
, however, Cyrus is pardoned and sent back to his satrapy.
403 BC
[
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]
This section is
transcluded
from
403 BC
.
(
edit
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history
)
By place
[
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]
Greece
[
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]
- Thrasybulus
leads the
democratic
resistance to the new
oligarchic
government, known as the
Thirty Tyrants
, that the victorious
Spartans
have imposed on
Athens
. He commands a small force of exiles that invades
Attica
and, in successive battles, defeats first a Spartan garrison and then the forces of the oligarchic government (which includes the Spartan general,
Lysander
) in the
Battle of Munychia
. The leader of the Thirty Tyrants,
Critias
, is killed in the battle.
- The
Battle of Piraeus
is fought between Athenian exiles, who have defeated the government of the Thirty Tyrants and occupied
Piraeus
, and a Spartan force sent to combat them. In the battle, the Spartans narrowly defeat the exiles, with both sides suffering large numbers of casualties. After the battle, the
Agiad
King of Sparta,
Pausanias
arranges a settlement between the two parties which allows the reunification of Athens and Piraeus, and the re-establishment of democratic government in Athens. The remaining oligarchic Thirty Tyrants are allowed to flee to
Eleusis
.
- Thrasybulus restores democratic institutions to Athens and grants amnesties to all except the oligarchic extremists. He is helped by
Lysias
, the Athenian orator, in arguing the case against the oligarchy.
- Andocides
, Athenian orator and politician, who has been implicated in the mutilation of the
Herms
on the eve of the departure of the Athenian expedition against
Sicily
in
415 BC
, returns from exile under the general amnesty.
China
[
edit
]
Rome
[
edit
]
- Rome elects eight
military tribunes with consular power
; Manlius Aemilius Mamercus, Lucius Valerius Potitus, Appius Claudius Crassus, Marcus Quinctilius Varus, Lucius Julius Julus, Marcus Postumius, Marcus Furius Camillus, and Marcus Postumius
[2]
By topic
[
edit
]
Literature
[
edit
]
402 BC
[
edit
]
This section is
transcluded
from
402 BC
.
(
edit
|
history
)
By place
[
edit
]
Greece
[
edit
]
401 BC
[
edit
]
This section is
transcluded
from
401 BC
.
(
edit
|
history
)
By place
[
edit
]
Persian empire
[
edit
]
Greece
[
edit
]
- The Greek mercenaries fighting for Cyrus are left stranded after Cyrus' defeat. They fight their way north through hostile Persians, Armenians, and Kurds to
Trapezus
on the coast of the Black Sea under
Xenophon
, who becomes their leader when the
satrap
of Lydia, Tissaphernes, has
Clearchus of Sparta
and the other senior Greek captains captured and executed.
- Agesilaus II
becomes king of
Sparta
on the death of his stepbrother
Agis II
.
China
[
edit
]
By topic
[
edit
]
Literature
[
edit
]
400 BC
[
edit
]
This section is
transcluded
from
400 BC
.
(
edit
|
history
)
By place
[
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]
- Artaxerxes II
, king of
Persia
, appoints
Tissaphernes
to take over all the
districts
in
Asia Minor
over which Artaxerxes II's brother
Cyrus
had been governor before his revolt.
[
citation needed
]
- Xenophon
's "
Ten Thousand
" make their way back to
Greece
, with most of the men enlisting with the
Spartans
. Xenophon's successful march through the Persian Empire encourages Sparta to turn on the Persians and begin wars against the Persians in Asia Minor.
[
citation needed
]
- With the outbreak of the war between Sparta and the Persians, the
Athenian
admiral,
Conon
, obtains joint command, with
Pharnabazus
, of a Persian fleet.
[
citation needed
]
- War breaks out between
Sparta
and
Elis
.
[
citation needed
]
- London
has its origins on a rise above marshy waters at the point where the
Walbrook
joins the
River Thames
. The
Celtic
king,
Belin
, rebuilds an earth wall surrounding a few dozen huts and orders a small landing place to be cut into the south side of the wall, along the river front, where a wooden quay is built (approximate date).
[
citation needed
]
- Amyrtaeus
of
Sais
successfully completes a revolt against Persian control by gaining control of all of
Upper Egypt
.
[4]
- The
Olmec
culture in
Mesoamerica
comes to an end as its city of
La Venta
is abandoned (approximate date).
[
citation needed
]
- San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan
is abandoned (approximate date).
[
citation needed
]
- The
Bianzhong of the Marquis Yi
of Zheng are cast.
[5]
- India
had the biggest epic on earth - The
Mahabharata
.
[
citation needed
]
By topic
[
edit
]
- The
catapult
is invented by
Greek
engineers.
[
citation needed
]
- The Mature classical period of
sculpture
ends in
Ancient Greece
and is succeeded by the fourth-century (
Late Classical
) period (approximate date).
[
citation needed
]
- A model of the
Acropolis
of
Athens
is made. It is now kept at the
Royal Ontario Museum
in
Toronto
,
Ontario
, Canada (approximate date).
[
citation needed
]
- Theodorus from
Phokaia
in
Asia Minor
, builds the
Tholos of Delphi
, the sanctuary of Athena Pronaia in
Delphi
(approximate date).
[
citation needed
]
- Dionysius I
, Greek tyrant of
Syracuse
, confiscates gold and silver
coins
and re-mints them, keeping the weight the same but changing the
denomination
from one to two
drachmae
? the first known official
devaluation
at the expense of the general population. A virulent
inflation
ensues (approximate date).
[
citation needed
]
- Zoroastrianism
becomes the faith of many Persians. The Zoroastrians believe in a struggle between their god,
Mazda
, and the devil. They believe that the birth of their founder, the prophet
Zarathustra
, was the beginning of a final
epoch
that is to end in an
Armageddon
and triumph of good and evil.
[
citation needed
]
- Brahmanism
starts evolving in
Hinduism
, a process which takes place over the following
200 years
(approximate date).
[
citation needed
]
Births
408 BC
407 BC
402 BC
400 BC
Deaths
409 BC
408 BC
407 BC
406 BC
405 BC
404 BC
403 BC
402 BC
401 BC
400 BC
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Platnauer, Maurice; Taplin, Oliver (January 19, 2024).
"Aristophanes"
. Encyclopædia Britannica
. Retrieved
February 24,
2024
.
- ^
Livius, Titus.
The Early History of Rome
. the Penguin Group. p. 367.
ISBN
978-0-140-44809-2
.
- ^
"Battle of Cunaxa | Persian-Greek, Cyrus the Younger, 401 BC | Britannica"
.
www.britannica.com
. Retrieved
2024-05-29
.
- ^
Dandamaev, Muhammed Abdulkadyrovi?.
A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
. Translated by Togelsang, Willem. Leiden: Brill. pp. 272?273.
ISBN
978-9-00409-172-6
.
- ^
Ching, Francis D. K. (2017).
A Global History of Architecture
. Newark: John Wiley & Sons. p. 152.
ISBN
978-1-11898-133-7
.
- ^
"Speusippus"
.
Oxford Reference
. Retrieved
13 May
2018
.
- ^
Traver, Andrew G. (2002).
From Polis to Empire--The Ancient World, C. 800 B.C. ? A.D. 500: A Biographical Dictionary
. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 31.
ISBN
978-0-31301-656-1
.
- ^
Skelton, Debra; Dell, Pamela (2009).
Empire of Alexander the Great
. New York: Chelsea House. p. 41.
ISBN
978-1-60413-162-8
.
- ^
D'Eramo, Marco (16 March 2021).
The World in a Selfie: An Inquiry into the Tourist Age
. Verso Books. p. 157.
ISBN
978-1-78873-109-6
.