2022 North Macedonia protests
|
---|
Protesters in Skopje holding anti-EU and anti-Bulgarian posters and waving the controversial
Kutlesh flag
.
|
Date
| 2 July 2022 ? 11 August 2022
(5 weeks and 5 days)
|
---|
Location
| |
---|
Caused by
|
- Bulgaria?North Macedonia bilateral issues
[1]
[2]
- Rejection of the French proposal by the opposition parties in North Macedonia
- Anti-Bulgarian sentiment in North Macedonia
- Euroscepticism in North Macedonia
[3]
- Pro-Russian and pro-Serbian sentiments in North Macedonia
[4]
[5]
[6]
|
---|
Goals
| Convince the
Government of North Macedonia
to reject the French proposal.
|
---|
Resulted in
| French proposal approved by the
Assembly of North Macedonia
.
|
---|
|
Injuries
|
- 10 protesters
- 54 policemen
[7]
[8]
|
---|
Charged
| 23 (Per the
Ministry of Internal Affairs of North Macedonia
)
|
---|
In early July 2022, protests began in
Skopje
,
North Macedonia
.
[9]
The protests were triggered by
Bulgaria?North Macedonia
negotiations surrounding the
accession of the latter into the European Union
.
[10]
Background
[
edit
]
North Macedonia has been a candidate to join the
European Union
(EU) since 2005. The use of the country
name "Macedonia" was the object of a dispute
with neighbouring
Greece
between 1991 and 2019, resulting in a Greek veto against EU and
NATO
accession talks, which lasted from 2008 to 2019. After the issue was resolved with the 2018
Prespa Agreement
, the EU gave its formal approval to begin accession talks in March 2020. However, in November 2020,
Bulgaria
refused to approve the European Union's negotiation framework for North Macedonia, thereby blocking the start of the country's negotiations with the EU, having prior made demands for North Macedonia to fulfil the 2017 Bulgarian-Macedonian Friendship Treaty. The conclusion of the treaty played a decisive role in Bulgaria's agreement to approve North Macedonia's NATO candidacy, and its implementation is considered by it a key to the negotiation process with the EU. North Macedonia and Bulgaria have very complicated relations, and the Bulgarian factor is known in Macedonian politics as
"
B
-
complex
"
.
[11]
Against this background, the main pretension of Sofia to Skopje today is to admit to sharing a common history with Bulgaria until the end of the WWII, and the separation of the Macedonian language and nation in post-WWII Yugoslavia, but on a profoundly anti-Bulgarian basis.
[12]
The
constitution of North Macedonia
has recognized the Albanian, Turkish, Vlach, Serbian, Roma, Bosniak and other peoples, but the protesters insist that at the behest of Sofia, if Bulgarians would be recognized, it also formally would recognize that the Macedonian nation and language have Bulgarian roots and would undermine the Macedonian national identity.
[13]
In June 2022, France, at the end of its rotating
Presidency of the Council of the European Union
, sent a proposal (known as the
French proposal
) for the negotiation framework of North Macedonia, as well as to serve as a compromise deal between North Macedonia and Bulgaria.
[14]
[15]
French proposal
[
edit
]
The proposal calls for North Macedonia to acknowledge the existence of an
ethnic Bulgarian minority
and to incorporate it into the country's constitution, which the ruling political parties in North Macedonia have accepted.
[16]
It envisages concessions from both sides. Originally, Bulgaria had made far greater demands, touching on language issues and the way North Macedonia records its history. In fact, on 24 June, after heated discussions, the Bulgarian parliament had already approved this proposal.
[17]
The ruling political coalition parties in North Macedonia have accepted the agreement.
[16]
North Macedonia's President Pendarovski and the Social Democrat-led government backed the proposed deal too.
[18]
Former
European Union Special Representative
Erwan Fouere criticized the "French proposal" for allegedly incorporating bilateral issues into the accession process. According to him, Bulgaria insists on imposing its own version of events during and after the
World War II
, and that the proposal undermines the EU's entire accession process.
[19]
Political scientist
Florian Bieber
described it as a "disaster for EU enlargement". According to him, the "French proposal" will encourage extreme nationalists and increase inter-ethnic tensions. He also pointed out the "double standards" with Bulgaria in relation to the treatment of its ethnic Macedonian minority and criticized Bulgaria for insisting that nothing in the accession process can be interpreted as a recognition of the existence of the Macedonian language. According to him, the proposal sets a "dangerous precedent", by accepting bilateral issues in the EU enlargement process and would encourage revisionist nationalist bullying by more powerful neighbours against those outside the EU.
[20]
[21]
Austrian historian
Ulf Brunnbauer
has similar objections in his criticism of the proposal.
[22]
The first foreign minister of the then Republic of Macedonia and professor of international law,
Denko Maleski
, said that the proposal should be supported and that it can unite North Macedonia and Bulgaria into finding a solution, stressing the importance of France in resolving the problem.
[23]
According to Macedonian intellectual
Katerina Kolozova
, the proposal does not threaten Macedonian identity and language. She also criticised the opposition for what she described as "... the opposition's disinformation campaign against the document succeeded in drawing in supposedly “neutral” and pro-Western civil society organisations, which also raised the banners of “NO to [this] EU” and “NO to an EU that wants to render us Bulgarian”."
[24]
Protests
[
edit
]
The protests, which started on 2 July, were organized by some
nationalist
and
leftist
parties, primarily
VMRO-DPMNE
, its coalition
Renewal
,
Levica
,
Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia
and others.
[25]
They rejected the EU's proposal to approve the country's negotiating framework, also known as the French proposal. The protesters rallied under the slogan "Ultimatum, No Thanks!"
[26]
They also carried posters with inscriptions: "Fuck the EU" and "Bulgarian fascism - European value".
[27]
On July 4, protesters symbolically burned the 2017 Treaty of Friendship, Good Neighborliness and Cooperation with Bulgaria, the 2018 Prespa agreement with Greece and the so-called French proposal for the start of North Macedonia's negotiation process with the EU, calling these documents
fascist
.
[28]
[29]
Macedonian
singer
Lambe Alabakovski
, who burned the documents, was arrested a month earlier by the police in
Bitola
in connection with a fire at the Bulgarian cultural center in the city.
[30]
On 5 July, 47 policemen were injured. Protesters threw various items at the parliament building, government building and the building of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Skopje. Offensive and even vulgar chants against the European Union and Bulgaria were heard during the protests. Slogans were raised that Bulgaria is a “fascist state” and the EU is a “fascist union”.
[31]
Protesters in Skopje carried mostly the
former national flag
with the
Star of Vergina
, abandoned under Greek pressure, because of its relation to the controversial
antiquization
nation building
policy,
[32]
[33]
[34]
as well as red flags with
communist symbols
, while the
European flag
was set on fire in one instance.
[35]
The protesters demanded the resignation of the government and chanted also for the restoration of the former name of the country,
disputed by Greece
, because of its origin. Violence escalated further when groups of ethnic Macedonians and Albanians, clashed in the centre of Skopje, at the
Skanderbeg Square
. During the clash demonstrators threw stones at a group of people and three armed people were present, shots were fired into the air. The armed people were later apprehended by the police. As a result of the protests, the "
Albanian Alliance
" ended any partnership with the opposition, which practically left it isolated, because the other Albanian formations support the government.
On 14 July, thousands of protesters protested in front of the parliament, while the French proposal was being discussed.
President of the European Commission
Ursula von der Leyen
came to address the parliament, where she was met with whistles and jeers from the opposition MPs. The opposition MPs wore t-shirts with the word “no’ written on them in red and held up banners against the French proposal. At one point, MP Apasiev served von der Leyen a pamphlet with a large "NO" written on it. Prime Minister Dimitar Kova?evski also addressed the parliament and asked the MPs to accept the deal, while the opposition MPs protested.
[36]
[37]
During the same day, a demonstration march was led by
Kumanovo Municipality
Mayor
Maksim Dimitrievski
in Kumanovo.
[38]
On the next day an opposition lawmaker compared von der Leyen's visit to the Nazis' activity related to the
Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring
. VMRO-DPMNE also threatened that Prime Minister Kova?evski will be in prison for what he is doing to (North) Macedonia and its people.
[39]
On July 16, the former Foreign Minister from VMRO-DPMNE
Antonio Milo?oski
accused the ruling Social Democrats of treason. A deputy of the
SDSM
, asked him "who are you to call us traitors, you who has several passports in your pocket", alluding to the claims that he has Bulgarian citizenship,
[40]
as many other Macedonians.
[41]
At the end of the same session, with 68 "yes" votes, the parliament approved draft conclusions, giving the government a mandate to negotiate within the so-called "French proposal".
[42]
The approved document includes the condition to stop "hate speech" against all "minorities and communities", and that North Macedonia respect the 2017 Friendship Treaty with Bulgaria.
[43]
On July 17, North Macedonia signed a special protocol with Bulgaria to cooperate on these subjects.
[44]
Several protests occurred after the adoption of the French proposal. On July 28, a demonstration was organized in front of the Bulgarian embassy with placards reading "
No to the EU
", "
We don't need Europe
", "
No to Bulgarian blackmail
", protesters chanting
"Bulgarian fascists
", and a speaker stating that “
Bulgaria is the most Nazi country in EU
", the demonstrators painted the
Vergina star
on the street in front of the embassy.
[45]
Two more protests were organized in front of the embassy again in August with a low turnout.
[46]
Reactions
[
edit
]
Government of North Macedonia
[
edit
]
Prime Minister
Dimitar Kova?evski
and others condemned the violence which occurred during the protests.
[47]
The government of North Macedonia and its coalition partners have insisted the protests' organizers are
anti-European
and
pro-Russian
elements.
[48]
[49]
Per the Foreign Minister
Bujar Osmani
, if the French proposal would be declined, inter-ethnic tensions will start in the country.
[50]
Bujar Osmani, who is a
Macedonian Albanian
, also appealed to put an end to the hatred against Bulgaria.
President
Pendarovski
made a statement that Russian spies from a neighboring country, whose name he refused to mention, were infiltrating North Macedonia. Pendarovski also claimed that these agents were involved in the protests. According to him, Russia finances the opposition in the country.
[51]
North Macedonia protest supporters, opposition parties and intellectuals
[
edit
]
On June 30 Mickoski claimed that the negotiations will not be per the
Copenhagen accession criteria
with the "French proposal".
[52]
[53]
[54]
In the same interview to Serbian media in which he stated that he would not support the French proposal, which according to him was "pro-Bulgarian".
[55]
On July 16, after the parliament approved the so-called "French proposal", Mickoski stated that the opposition was yet to block the negotiation process. He announced that it would not allow the inclusion of Bulgarians in the constitution, for which a qualified majority is required. This is a condition without which at some future point the negotiations process will be suspended.
[56]
The leader of the "Lеvica" party
Dimitar Apasiev
stated that there are alternatives to the EU, one of which is the "Serbian example".
[57]
800 intellectuals from North Macedonia stated that by accepting the French proposal, the Macedonian people and language will be
bulgarised
and become a rootless tree, reduced to an artificial construction dating back to the end of the Second World War. "If this is the condition for entering the EU, then we say no", the address concludes.
[58]
Bulgarian views and reactions
[
edit
]
Observers in
Sofia
have claimed these are sympathizers of anti-EU opposition parties with
pro-Russian
and
pro-Serbian
orientation,
[59]
which are spreading anti-Bulgarian sentiments.
[60]
The Bulgarian Foreign Minister Teodora Genchovska described the public reaction in North Macedonia against the French proposal to regulate relations between Sofia and Skopje as "quite worrying".
[61]
On July 12, an association of the descendants of early 20th century refugees in Bulgaria, from what is today North Macedonia, sent an appeal to the
European institutions
with the request to put a pressure on Skopje to start negotiations on joining the EU. According to the appeal, the reason for refusing to accept the French proposal was the lack of real
decommunization
in North Macedonia, more than 30 years after the
fall of communism
in Europe, which consequence today is the denial of their common cultural and historical heritage until 1945.
[62]
On the same day, Sofia sent an official note of protest against the numerous manifestations of hatred directed against Bulgaria.
[63]
[64]
According to several Bulgarian analysts, the protests in Skopje were about
Bulgarianophobia
encouraged by Moscow and Belgrade, "from which the Macedonians don't want to give up. It is the basis of their ethnic identity and the Macedonians are afraid that without it, they will cease to exist. In such case they don't need the EU. The battle in Skopje is as much against Bulgaria, as it is against Europe".
[65]
According to some Bulgarian analysts, belated communism has been swirling on the streets of Skopje, while according to others, this is a neo-fascism.
[66]
[67]
According to Bulgarian analyst Nikolay Krastev, the protests were anti-European.
[68]
US and EU views and reactions
[
edit
]
On July 9, in a joint statement, the
High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
Josep Borrell
and the
US Secretary of State
Antony Blinken
welcomed France's proposal as based on mutual respect, trust and understanding, calling for the necessary decision to be taken for the country to continue on its European path.
[69]
"
The future of your country is in the European Union
", wrote the
President of the European Commission
,
Ursula von der Leyen
, in a tweet in Macedonian language, after she visited Skopje on July 14, during the visit she addressed the Parliament. Von der Leyen's message was met with negative reactions from Macedonian Twitter users, judging by the comments they left. According to her, the acceptance of the French proposal will enable the unblocking of European integration and the opening of the first phase of the accession negotiations, which will represent a positive impulse for the reform process and the progress of North Macedonia.
[70]
On July 31, the
EU Ambassador
in Skopje, David Geer, has warned that if the country does not change its constitution, the negotiation process will stop.
[71]
Albanian reactions
[
edit
]
On July 14, the Albanian Prime Minister
Edi Rama
announced that he would demand that Albania be separated in its European path from the Macedonian-Bulgarian dispute, if the French proposal does not receive a "positive answer" in Skopje.
[72]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
A demonstration march was also held in
Kumanovo
.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
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a
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- ^
The inclusion of the Bulgarian and other nations living on the territory of North Macedonia in the Constitution, the acceleration of the work of the Historical Committee, fighting "hate speech", a celebration of joint historical events and persons, changing content in history and geography books, these are some of the articles in the Protocol that was signed yesterday by the foreign affairs ministers of the Republic of North Macedonia and the Republic of Bulgaria.
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- ^
"Македони?а е единствената држава ко?а наместо да преговара според копенхашки критериуми"
.
mkd.mk
(in Macedonian).
Archived
from the original on 2022-12-22
. Retrieved
2022-12-22
.
- ^
"SRB"
.
politica.rs
(in Serbian).
Archived
from the original on 2022-12-24
. Retrieved
2023-06-04
.
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"Mickoski french proposal is not eurointegration"
.
kanal5
(in Macedonian).
Archived
from the original on 2022-12-23
. Retrieved
2022-12-23
.
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Мицкоски: Няма да променяме Конституцията за 750 семейства, които говорят български.
BGNES, 09.07.2022.
Archived
2022-07-10 at the
Wayback Machine
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Мицкоски: Ништо не е готово, пратениците на нотар се обврзуваат дека нема да поминат уставни измени.
Од НМ - 16.07.2022.
Archived
2022-07-19 at the
Wayback Machine
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Лидерът на македонската "Левица": Има алтернативи на ЕС, една от които е "сръбският пример".
BGNES, 09.07.2022.
Archived
2022-07-10 at the
Wayback Machine
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Кристина Алексиеска, Над 800 интелектуалци го потпишаа ?Манифестот на македонските учители“- НЕ за понижувачкиот француски предлог.
АЛФА, 12.07.2022.
Archived
2023-01-30 at the
Wayback Machine
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Сърбия позволи на Скопие да приеме френското предложение за ЕС.
Сега, 07 Юли 2022 г.
Archived
2022-07-08 at the
Wayback Machine
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Атанас Величков: Антибългарската истерия задушава бъдещето на РС Македония.
BGNES, 06.07.2022
Archived
2022-07-10 at the
Wayback Machine
.
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Иван Гергов, Генчовска за протестите в РСМ: Доста притеснителна реакция.
News.bg, 06.07.2022.
Archived
2022-07-06 at the
Wayback Machine
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Апел: Западът да окаже натиск върху РСМ, за да започне преговори за ЕС.
BGNES, 12.07.2022.
Archived
2023-02-09 at the
Wayback Machine
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Надежда Христова, МВнР изпрати нота до Скопие заради "многобройни прояви и лозунги" срещу България.
Dir.bg, 12 юли 2022.
Archived
2022-07-12 at the
Wayback Machine
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"Bulgarian MFA with a Note to North Macedonia because of Anti-Bulgarian slogans on the Protests"
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Novinite
. 2022-07-12.
Archived
from the original on 2022-07-15
. Retrieved
2022-07-15
.
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Светослав Терзиев, Сръбски и руски протежета излязоха на македонския рубеж.
Сега, 13 Юли 2022.
Archived
2022-07-13 at the
Wayback Machine
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Цочо Билярски: В Скопие се вихри закъснял комунизъм ?Иван Михайлов не е фашист, той спира създаването на Хитлерова Македония.
Faktor.bg, 25.04.2022.
Archived
2022-08-22 at the
Wayback Machine
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Николай Овчаров, Задава ли се ?обикновен фашизъм“ в Северна Македония.
Trud.bg, 09.07.2022.
Archived
2022-12-25 at the
Wayback Machine
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Николай Кръстев: Перспективата за междуетническо напрежение в РСМ не е за подценяване
Nova.bg, 05.07.2022
Archived
2022-12-25 at the
Wayback Machine
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North Macedonia: Joint Statement by High Representative/Vice-President Josep Borrell and Secretary of State Antony Blinken on support for opening EU Accession Negotiations,
EEAS Press Team, 09.07.2022.
Archived
2022-07-09 at the
Wayback Machine
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Ве сакаме во ЕУ: Фон дер Ла?ен об?ави порака на македонски на Твитер.
НОВА МАКЕДОНИ?А, 14.07.2022.
Archived
2022-07-17 at the
Wayback Machine
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Маринела Величкова, Посланикът на ЕС в Скопие: Променете конституцията, иначе няма мърдане напред.
31 юли 2022, Dir.bg.
Archived
2022-07-31 at the
Wayback Machine
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Рама ?е бара Албани?а да се одвои од македонско-бугарскиот спор, ако не добие ?позитивен резултат“ од Скоп?е.
Од НМ - 21:32 14.07.2022.
Archived
2022-07-17 at the
Wayback Machine