2011 Canadian federal election
|
|
|
|
Opinion polls
|
Turnout
| 61.1% (
2.3
pp
)
|
---|
|
First party
|
Second party
|
Third party
|
|
|
|
|
Leader
|
Stephen Harper
|
Jack Layton
|
Michael Ignatieff
|
Party
|
Conservative
|
New Democratic
|
Liberal
|
Leader since
|
March 20, 2004
|
January 25, 2003
|
May 2, 2009
|
Leader's seat
|
Calgary Southwest
|
Toronto?Danforth
|
Etobicoke?Lakeshore
(lost re-election)
|
Last election
|
143 seats, 37.65%
|
37 seats, 18.18%
|
77 seats, 26.26%
|
Seats before
|
143
|
36
|
77
|
Seats won
|
166
|
103
|
34
|
Seat change
|
23
|
67
|
43
|
Popular vote
|
5,832,401
|
4,508,474
|
2,783,175
|
Percentage
|
39.62%
|
30.63%
|
18.91%
|
Swing
|
1.97
pp
|
12.45
pp
|
7.35
pp
|
|
|
Fourth party
|
Fifth party
|
|
|
|
Leader
|
Gilles Duceppe
|
Elizabeth May
|
Party
|
Bloc Quebecois
|
Green
|
Leader since
|
March 15, 1997
|
August 27, 2006
|
Leader's seat
|
Laurier?Sainte-Marie
(lost re-election)
|
Saanich?Gulf Islands
|
Last election
|
49 seats, 9.98%
|
0 seats, 6.78%
|
Seats before
|
47
|
0
|
Seats won
|
4
|
1
|
Seat change
|
43
|
1
|
Popular vote
|
889,788
|
576,221
|
Percentage
|
6.04%
|
3.91%
|
Swing
|
3.94
pp
|
2.87
pp
|
|
|
|
The
2011 Canadian federal election
was held on May 2, 2011, to elect members to the
House of Commons of Canada
of the
41st Canadian Parliament
.
The
writs of election
for the 2011 election were issued by
Governor General
David Johnston
on March 26.
Prime Minister
Stephen Harper
advised the Governor General to dissolve parliament after the House of Commons passed a
motion of non-confidence
against the government, finding it to be in
contempt of Parliament
. A few days before, the three opposition parties had rejected the
minority government
's proposed budget.
[1]
The
Conservative Party
remained in power, increasing its seat count from a minority to a
majority government
, marking the first time since
1988
that a
right-of-centre
party formed a majority government. The
Liberal Party
, sometimes dubbed the "natural governing party", was reduced to third party status for the first time as they won the fewest seats in its history, and party leader
Michael Ignatieff
was defeated in
his riding
. The
Bloc Quebecois
lost
official party status
for the first time since contesting general elections in 1993. Party leader
Gilles Duceppe
was defeated in
his riding
and subsequently resigned as leader. The
New Democratic Party
led by
Jack Layton
won the largest number of seats in its history, enabling it to form the
Official Opposition
for the first time in the party's history, as they made a major breakthrough in
Quebec
. The
Green Party
elected its first member to the House of Commons with its leader,
Elizabeth May
, becoming MP for
Saanich?Gulf Islands
.
Background
[
edit
]
The
2008 federal election
resulted in the continuation of the incumbent
Conservative
minority government, headed by
Stephen Harper
. The 40th Parliament was marked by two controversial
prorogations
: the first in December 2008 which ended an
attempted opposition coalition
, and the second a year following, which prompted
public protests
. Following the first prorogation, Michael Ignatieff and the Liberal Party provided support for the government of Prime Minister
Stephen Harper
. On August 31, 2009, the Liberals withdrew their backing but the NDP under
Jack Layton
abstained and the Conservatives survived the confidence motion.
[2]
Ignatieff's attempt to force a September 2009 election was reported as a miscalculation, as polls showed that most Canadians did not want another election.
[3]
[4]
Ignatieff's popularity as well as that of the Liberals dropped off considerably immediately afterwards.
[5]
In 2011,
Elections Canada
laid
charges against the Conservative Party
, alleging contraventions of the Canada Elections Act five years earlier.
[6]
[7]
[8]
This issue, along with the Bloc Quebecois announcing its intention to vote against the budget, unless it contained numerous changes including $2 billion in compensation to Quebec for harmonizing PST and GST and funding for a new NHL arena in
Quebec City
, increased the speculation that there would be an election called soon as the Conservatives rejected the Bloc demands as "blackmail".
[9]
On March 9, 2011,
Speaker
of the House of Commons
Peter Milliken
ruled that
Bev Oda
, a
minister of the Crown
, and, separately, the
Cabinet
itself could both possibly be in
contempt of parliament
,
[10]
the latter for its ongoing refusal to meet opposition requests for details of proposed bills and their cost estimates.
[11]
Milliken directed both matters to committee and set as the deadline for its report March 21, 2011, one day before the budget was to be tabled. The committee found the government to be in contempt of Parliament.
[12]
The vote divided along party lines, with the governing but minority Conservative
members of Parliament
(MPs) opposing the finding and issuing a dissenting report.
[11]
After the committee released its findings,
opposition leader
and head of the
Liberal Party
Michael Ignatieff
proposed a
motion of no confidence
against the Crown-in-Council and,
[13]
[14]
on March 25, 2011, the House of Commons voted on the motion, the majority agreeing, by a margin of 156 to 145, with the committee's conclusions.
[15]
[16]
[17]
A cabinet being found in contempt of parliament was without precedent in Canada or any other
Commonwealth country
.
[15]
[16]
Earlier that week, all three opposition parties had indicated that they would oppose the government's budget; the NDP said that the concessions that the Conservatives made did not go far enough.
[1]
Campaign slogans
[
edit
]
The parties'
campaign slogans
for the 2011 election:
[
citation needed
]
- Bloc Quebecois: "Parlons Quebec" (Let's talk about Quebec)
- Conservative Party: "Here For Canada / Ici pour le Canada". In francophone Quebec, Harper ran under the slogan "Notre region au pouvoir" (Our Region in Power).
[18]
- Green Party: "It's Time" & "Canada needs Elizabeth May but only you can elect her"
- Liberal Party: "Rise Up Canada" & "Change we need, from a proven team." The first one refers to Harper's contempt charge. The second one was used after the NDP's surge in the opinion polls, making reference to the fact that it has never formed a federal government.
- New Democratic Party: "Working For Families / Travaillons ensemble", "You have a choice", and "That's Canadian Leadership"
Timeline
[
edit
]
March 25, 2011
|
The Liberal Party's no-confidence motion passes the House 156?145, and the
Prime Minister
moves for the House to adjourn.
[19]
|
March 26, 2011
|
Governor General
David Johnston
agrees to dissolve the
40th Parliament
following a meeting with Prime Minister
Stephen Harper
.
[20]
|
April 12, 2011
|
English leaders' debate.
|
April 13, 2011
|
French leaders' debate.
|
April 22, 23 and 25, 2011
|
Advance polls open
[21]
|
May 2, 2011
|
Polling Day
|
May 23, 2011
|
Return of Writs
[22]
|
June 2, 2011
|
41st Parliament
convenes
[23]
|
Issues
[
edit
]
Category
|
Issue
|
Details
|
Crime and law enforcement
|
Internet surveillance and warrant-less wiretapping
|
The Conservatives promised to re-introduce
Internet surveillance
legislation that they were not able to pass, and bundle it with the rest of their crime bills. They said they plan to fast track the legislation within 100 days after taking office.
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[
excessive citations
]
|
Long gun registry
|
Harper pledged to scrap the
long-gun
registry
.
[32]
|
Crime strategies
|
The Conservative platform included a promise to consolidate twelve crime bills into at least one omnibus bill and pass it within 100 days of forming a majority government. The bills included within that list would crack down on organized drug crime, end house arrest for violent criminals and establish tougher sentences and mandatory jail time for sexual offences against children.
[33]
The opposition parties claimed the crime bills were not costed fully, and the opposition parties countered that this would create a US style system of prisons.
[34]
The Conservatives have not released the costs for expanding the
prison system
. The other parties state that more focus should be given on
crime prevention
, so that it doesn't happen in the first place.
[34]
The New Democratic Party (NDP) stated that their promise to hire 2,500 more
police officers
to patrol the streets, will help in preventing crime from occurring in the first place.
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
|
Defence policy
|
The Conservatives plan to purchase 65
F-35 Lightning II
jet fighters. Stating that "Our
defence policy
is broken", the NDP announced that they would prioritize investment in
naval ships
over new fighter jets. The NDP stated that this would be a good opportunity to keep
shipbuilding
expertise and jobs in Canada.
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
|
Economy and fiscal policy
|
Balanced budget and recession
|
Conservatives argued that they steered the economy through the
financial crisis of 2007?2008
, and promised to eliminate the
budget deficit
by 2014?15.
[43]
[44]
Former Prime Minister Paul Martin, campaigning for the Liberals, challenged assertions, noting that his Liberal government left a $13 billion
budget surplus
, before the Conservatives took power.
[45]
[46]
In 2010, Paul Martin had been invited to the prestigious Global ARC conference to discuss that elimination of the Canadian government deficit.
[47]
Martin also claimed that when he was Finance minister working under Jean Chretien, his blocking of
proposed bank mergers
is what actually sheltered Canada from the worst effects of the recession.
[46]
[48]
[49]
The New Democratic Party (NDP) released its platform promising a
balanced budget
in four years.
[50]
After the NDP surge, the Liberals called the NDP platform "science fiction"
[51]
stating it contains over $30 billion in new spending derived from sources that are not credible, and that implementing a cap and trade system that would take years to realize rather than provide the in-year contributions as claimed.
[51]
|
Corporate tax cuts and job creation strategy
|
The Conservatives stated that their plan to cut corporate taxes from 16.5% to 15%, will create more jobs.
[52]
Harper stated that an increase in corporate taxes will create job losses across Canada. Layton countered by saying currently the jobs are shipped overseas, and pledged a $4,500 job creation tax credit to all businesses per new hire.
[53]
Layton further went to say that
small business
are the ones creating more jobs, thus he promised to lower the tax rate for small business from 11% to 9%. He then went on to say the big business are using the corporate tax cuts by providing their CEOs with big bonuses, and thus pledged to increase their tax rate to 19.5%.
[34]
[54]
The Liberals on the other hand, will raise the rate to 18%, stating that it will be competitive but not excessively low.
|
Increasing Canada Pension Plan
|
The NDP promised a gradual doubling of
Canada Pension Plan
and QPP benefits, in conjunction with the provinces, with an increase in payroll deductions of as much as 2.5 per cent.
[55]
|
HST referendum in BC
|
If BC voters were to reject the
Harmonized Sales Tax
in the upcoming referendum, the NDP promised to ensure that the penalties to be imposed by Ottawa on the HST agreement will be cancelled.
[56]
[57]
[58]
[59]
|
Personal taxation
|
Conservatives promised income splitting for tax purposes for families with children to be implemented once the budget is balanced in 2013.
[60]
|
Electoral reform and political honesty
|
Political honesty
|
The New Democratic Party stated that both the Conservatives and the Liberals cannot be trusted. The NDP accused the Conservatives of creating "Liberal-style
scandals
"
[61]
and accused the Liberals of flip-flopping on issues such as
corporate tax
cuts, and the
Afghanistan mission
.
[62]
[63]
[64]
Throughout the election various polls had shown the political honesty issue to be low on the list of priorities for voters. Post-media conducted a survey that found health care, the economy, taxes and jobs all more important to Canadians. Further, half of voters identified Harper as the best suited to be Prime Minister followed by Layton with one third support and Ignatieff with less than twenty percent support. On the question of a hidden agenda, Ignatieff is viewed by three times more of those polled to have a hidden agenda than Harper.
[65]
|
Political financing
|
Conservatives pledged to phase-out
per-vote subsidy
over two years, with its eventual cancellation.
[55]
|
Senate
|
Stephen Harper promised
Senate
reform without changing the constitution.
[66]
The NDP pledged to abolish the Senate, stating it is a waste of tax revenues and a form of
patronage
.
[34]
|
Promised government programs
|
Newfoundland hydroelectric project and Quebec's HST
|
Conservatives, New Democrats and Liberals promised $4.2 billion in loan guarantees to support the
Lower Churchill River power project
.
[67]
Due to outcry from Quebec over the pledge to provide loan guarantees for the Lower Churchill project, the Conservatives promise Quebec a $2.2 billion transfer to ease the
Quebec Sales Tax
to
Harmonized Sales Tax
transition.
[68]
|
Post-secondary education
|
Liberals promised a "Learning Passport" for high school students seeking post-secondary education.
[69]
The NDP's plan is to reduce the tuition fees, by increasing
transfer payments
to the Provinces.
|
Immigration Fairness Commissioner
|
Liberals proposed the establishment of an "Immigration Fairness Commissioner" to provide oversight on the entry of immigrants with professional qualifications (doctors, engineers, etc.), and to increase the number of family reunification visas.
[70]
|
Health care
|
The NDP pledged to train 1,200 more doctors and 6,000 more nurses.
[71]
[72]
[73]
[74]
[75]
All parties promised to continue to increase healthcare transfers to provinces by 6% annually.
|
Government regulations
|
Improved internet and usage based billing
|
The New Democratic Party (NDP) promised a ban on all forms of
usage based billing
by ISPs, and enshrine
net neutrality
in law, which would prevent
bandwidth throttling
. The Liberals promised net neutrality as well as "functional separation" with regards to usage based billing as well as enshrining net neutrality in law, which would prevent
bandwidth throttling
.
[76]
[77]
Almost all of the established parties, with the exception of the Conservatives, outlined policies that they claim will improve Canadian Internet access.
[78]
|
Cap on credit card interest rates
|
The NDP promised to cap
credit card
rates at five percentage points above the Bank of Canada's prime interest rate.
[79]
|
Election campaign
[
edit
]
Controversies and gaffes
[
edit
]
A number of controversies took place during the election campaign.
Leaders' debates
[
edit
]
The English- and French-language debates took place on April 12 and 13 respectively.
[80]
[81]
On March 29, the
consortium of broadcasters
playing host to the debates (the
CBC
,
CTV
,
Global
,
Radio-Canada
and
TVA
) announced that it would only invite the leaders of the four recognized parties in the House of Commons, namely, the Conservative Party, the Liberal Party, the Bloc Quebecois and the New Democratic (NDP). Therefore, the Green Party was
excluded
, despite earning 6.8 per cent of the popular vote in the
2008 federal election
.
[82]
[83]
[84]
[85]
On March 30, Stephen Harper challenged Michael Ignatieff to a one-on-one televised debate.
[86]
Although Ignatieff accepted the challenge, this was opposed by the other opposition parties. The idea was later rejected by the broadcast consortium and cancelled.
On April 1, comedian
Rick Mercer
suggested over Twitter hosting a one-on-one debate between Stephen Harper and Michael Ignatieff at Toronto's
Massey Hall
. He later added he would donate $50,000 to the charities of their choosing if they were willing to participate. Ignatieff immediately accepted the challenge and named the
Alzheimer Society
as his charity of choice, as his mother succumbed to Alzheimer's disease in 1992. Harper did not respond to the challenge.
[87]
In an interview with
The Globe and Mail
published on April 1, Troy Reeb, the
broadcast consortium
chairman, discussed the process behind setting up the leaders' debates and the rationale for various decisions made, including the decision to exclude the Green Party's leader Elizabeth May.
[88]
On April 5, the Federal Court rejected the Green Party's request for an expedited hearing on the matter prior to the scheduled debates.
[89]
On April 10, the date of the French leaders debate was changed from April 14 to 13 due to worries of broadcasting conflicts with the
NHL playoffs
scheduled for April 14.
[81]
Also on April 10, Elizabeth May participated in a panel interview on
CHCH-TV
in
Hamilton
, which she was invited to attend, as were the leaders of the Bloc, Liberals, New Democrats and Conservatives, by
Channel Zero
, whose president was disappointed by May's exclusion from the leaders' debates.
[90]
Small parties public forum
[
edit
]
A joint press conference and public forum was staged by 11 of the 18 registered parties and one unregistered party on April 23, 2011, at
York University
. Forum organizers invited the leaders from all registered political parties who do not have seats in parliament.
[91]
Parties were able to explain their platforms and responded to questions from the audience. As a forum, the goal was an inter-party discussion of major issues, however some debate did occur.
Participants in the forum were the
Animal Alliance Environmental Voters
, the
Canadian Action Party
, the
Christian Heritage Party
, the
Communist Party
, the
First Peoples National
, the
Libertarian Party
, the
Marijuana Party
, the
Marxist?Leninist Party
, the
Rhinoceros Party
, and the
Pirate Party
.
Green Party leader
Elizabeth May
refused to participate in the forum claiming they are not one of "the small, fringe parties".
[92]
Opinion polls
[
edit
]
New Democratic Party surge
[
edit
]
In the week before the leaders debate, on April 8, a poll showed the New Democratic Party (NDP) support at 13.2%.
[93]
[94]
A reversal of fortune began on April 16, when an Angus Reid poll indicated a tie in support for the NDP and the Liberals, both polling at 25%.
[95]
[96]
[97]
The New Democrats' poll numbers then moved significantly ahead of the Liberals and slightly or moderately behind the Conservatives.
[98]
[99]
[100]
The surge began in Quebec, with the NDP surprising many observers by surpassing the previously front-running Bloc in Quebec. In the entirety of Canada, the NDP surged past the Liberals to take the second place behind the Conservatives; in Quebec, the NDP took first place.
[101]
[102]
The NDP surge became the dominant narrative of the last week of the campaign, as other parties turned their attacks on the party.
[103]
Ruth Ellen Brosseau
, the NDP candidate in
Berthier?Maskinonge
, won despite not running a campaign, barely speaking French at this time
[104]
and being on holiday in
Las Vegas
at the time of the election.
[105]
The NDP's rise in popularity was nicknamed "Orange Crush", an allusion to
the soft drink with the same name
and the party's colour.
[106]
It was also nicknamed the "Orange Wave".
[107]
Election spending
[
edit
]
Pre-campaign, there are no limits to what a political party, candidate, or third party can spend ? spending rules are only in force once the writ is dropped and the campaign has officially begun.
Spending limits for the 2011 federal election
|
Spending Limit
|
Notes
|
Political Parties
|
$21,025,793.23
|
If full slate of 308 candidates.
|
Party Candidates
(Average electoral district)
|
$28,244,498.50 ($91,702.92)
|
If full slate of 308 candidates. Each electoral district is subject to specific spending limits according to population and density.
[108]
The limits for candidates varied from $69,635 in the electoral district of Malpeque, Prince Edward Island, to $134,352 in Oak Ridges?Markham, Ontario.
[109]
|
Third Parties
(corporations, unions, special interest groups, etc.)
|
$150,000
|
Election advertising expenses limit. Of that amount, no more than $3,000 can be incurred to promote or oppose the election of one or more candidates in a particular electoral district.
[110]
|
Election spending during the 2011 federal election
[111]
Party
|
Total Spending (% of limit)
|
Party Election Spending (% of limit)
|
Total Candidate Spending (% of limit)
|
# Candidates Spending > 75% of Candidate Limit
|
# Candidates Spending > 50% of Candidate Limit
|
Conservative
|
$39,175,131 (80%)
|
$19,519,995 (93%)
|
$19,655,136 (70%)
|
173
|
228
|
NDP
|
$27,490,193 (56%)
|
$20,372,231 (97%)
|
$7,117,962 (25%)
|
44
|
70
|
Liberal
|
$34,025,109 (69%)
|
$19,507,746 (93%)
|
$14,517,363 (41%)
|
91
|
169
|
Endorsements
[
edit
]
Most major newspapers endorsed the Conservatives, and none solely endorsed the Liberals or Greens. Canada's highest circulated newspaper, the
Toronto Star
, endorsed the NDP but also advised readers to vote against the Conservatives.
Candidates by party
[
edit
]
Articles on parties' candidates for the 41st election:
Results
[
edit
]
Summary of the May 2, 2011
House of Commons of Canada
election results
Party
|
Party leader
|
Candidates
|
Seats
|
Popular vote
|
2008
|
Dissol.
|
2011
|
% Change
|
% seats
|
#
|
# Change
|
%
|
pp
Change
|
|
Conservative
|
Stephen Harper
|
307
|
143
|
143
|
166
|
+16.08%
|
53.90%
|
5,835,270
|
+626,201
|
39.63%
|
+1.98pp
|
|
New Democratic
|
Jack Layton
|
308
|
37
|
36
|
103
|
+178.38%
|
33.44%
|
4,512,411
|
+1,997,123
|
30.65%
|
+12.47pp
|
|
Liberal
|
Michael Ignatieff
|
308
1
|
77
|
77
|
34
|
?42.86%
|
11.04%
|
2,783,076
|
?850,109
|
18.90%
|
?7.36pp
|
|
Bloc Quebecois
|
Gilles Duceppe
|
75
|
49
|
47
|
4
|
?91.84%
|
1.30%
|
891,425
|
?488,566
|
6.05%
|
?3.92pp
|
|
Green
|
Elizabeth May
|
304
|
?
|
?
|
1
|
n/a
|
0.32%
|
572,095
|
?365,518
|
3.89%
|
?2.89pp
|
|
Independent
and No Affiliation
|
61
|
2
|
2
|
?
|
?100%
|
?
|
72,861
|
?21,983
|
0.49%
|
?0.19pp
|
|
Christian Heritage
|
James Hnatiuk
|
46
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
18,910
|
?7,565
|
0.13%
|
?0.06pp
|
|
Marxist?Leninist
|
Anna Di Carlo
|
70
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
9,925
|
+1,360
|
0.07%
|
+0.01pp
|
|
Libertarian
|
Dennis Young
|
23
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
6,002
|
?1,298
|
0.04%
|
?0.01pp
|
|
Progressive Canadian
|
Sinclair Stevens
|
9
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
5,790
|
?70
|
0.04%
|
?
|
|
Rhinoceros
2
|
Francois Gourd
|
14
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
3,800
|
+1,678
|
0.03%
|
+0.01pp
|
|
Pirate
|
Mikkel Paulson
|
10
|
*
|
?
|
?
|
*
|
?
|
3,197
|
*
|
0.02%
|
*
|
|
Communist
|
Miguel Figueroa
|
20
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
2,894
|
?678
|
0.02%
|
?0.01pp
|
|
Canadian Action
|
Christopher Porter
|
12
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
1,951
|
?1,504
|
0.01%
|
?0.01pp
|
|
Marijuana
|
Blair Longley
|
5
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
1,756
|
?542
|
0.01%
|
?
|
|
Animal Alliance
|
Liz White
|
7
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
1,344
|
+817
|
0.01%
|
+0.01pp
|
|
Western Block
|
Doug Christie
|
4
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
751
|
+326
|
0.01%
|
?
|
|
United
|
Brian Jedan
|
3
|
*
|
?
|
?
|
*
|
?
|
293
|
*
|
0.00%
|
*
|
|
First Peoples National
|
Will Morin
|
1
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
229
|
?1,382
|
0.00%
|
?0.01pp
|
|
Vacant
|
3
|
|
Total
|
1,587
|
308
|
308
|
308
|
±0.0%
|
100.0%
|
14,723,980
|
+886,286
|
100%
|
|
Source:
Elections Canada
|
- 1. Andre Forbes of
Manicouagan
was nominated as a Liberal, but lost party support after being nominated, and continued to run as an independent; he is listed here as a Liberal rather than an independent, as he was listed as a Liberal on the ballot.
[112]
[113]
- 2. The Rhinoceros Party contested the
previous federal election
under the name Neorhino.ca.
- 3.
People's Political Power Party of Canada
failed to run candidates in the 2011 election and was deregistered by Elections Canada on April 13, 2011.
[114]
The voter turnout was 61.1%.
[115]
Elections to the 41st Parliament of Canada ? seats won/lost by party, 2008?2011
Party
|
2008
|
Gain from (loss to)
|
2011
|
Con
|
NDP
|
Lib
|
BQ
|
Grn
|
Ind
|
|
Conservative
|
143
|
|
|
2
|
(6)
|
27
|
|
|
(1)
|
1
|
166
|
|
New Democratic
|
37
|
6
|
(2)
|
|
|
17
|
(1)
|
45
|
|
1
|
103
|
|
Liberal
|
77
|
|
(27)
|
1
|
(17)
|
|
|
|
|
|
34
|
|
Bloc Quebecois
|
49
|
|
|
|
(45)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
Green
|
?
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
Independent
|
2
|
|
(1)
|
|
(1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
?
|
Total
|
308
|
7
|
(30)
|
3
|
(69)
|
44
|
(1)
|
45
|
(1)
|
2
|
308
|
Resulting composition of the 41st Parliament of Canada
Source
|
Party
|
Con
|
NDP
|
Lib
|
BQ
|
Grn
|
Total
|
Seats retained
|
Incumbents returned
|
128
|
33
|
31
|
3
|
|
195
|
Open seats held
|
8
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
|
12
|
Ouster of incumbents changing affiliation
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Seats changing hands
|
Incumbents defeated
|
26
|
61
|
|
|
1
|
88
|
Open seats gained
|
1
|
7
|
|
|
|
8
|
Byelection gains held
|
2
|
|
1
|
|
|
3
|
Ouster of 3rd-party byelection gain
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
1
|
Total
|
166
|
103
|
34
|
4
|
1
|
308
|
Popular vote
|
|
|
|
Conservative
|
|
39.62%
|
New Democratic
|
|
30.63%
|
Liberal
|
|
18.91%
|
Bloc Quebecois
|
|
6.04%
|
Green
|
|
3.91%
|
Others
|
|
0.89%
|
|
Seat totals
|
|
|
|
Conservative
|
|
53.90%
|
New Democratic
|
|
33.44%
|
Liberal
|
|
11.04%
|
Bloc Quebecois
|
|
1.30%
|
Green
|
|
0.32%
|
|
Results by province
[
edit
]
Party name
|
BC
|
AB
|
SK
|
MB
|
ON
|
QC
|
NB
|
NS
|
PE
|
NL
|
YT
|
NT
|
NU
|
Total
|
|
Conservative
|
Seats:
|
21
|
27
|
13
|
11
|
73
|
5
|
8
|
4
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
166
|
Vote:
|
45.5
|
66.8
|
56.3
|
53.5
|
44.4
|
16.5
|
43.9
|
36.7
|
41.2
|
28.4
|
33.8
|
32.1
|
49.9
|
39.6
|
|
New Democratic
|
Seats:
|
12
|
1
|
0
|
2
|
22
|
59
|
1
|
3
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
103
|
Vote:
|
32.5
|
16.8
|
32.3
|
25.8
|
25.6
|
42.9
|
29.8
|
30.3
|
15.4
|
32.6
|
14.4
|
45.8
|
19.4
|
30.6
|
|
Liberal
|
Seats:
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
11
|
7
|
1
|
4
|
3
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
34
|
Vote:
|
13.4
|
9.3
|
8.6
|
16.6
|
25.3
|
14.2
|
22.6
|
28.9
|
41.0
|
37.9
|
33.0
|
18.4
|
28.6
|
18.9
|
|
Bloc Quebecois
|
Seats:
|
?
|
4
|
?
|
4
|
Vote:
|
23.4
|
6.0
|
|
Green
|
Seats:
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
Vote:
|
7.7
|
5.3
|
2.7
|
3.6
|
3.8
|
2.1
|
3.2
|
4.0
|
2.4
|
0.9
|
18.9
|
3.1
|
2.1
|
3.9
|
|
Independent and no affiliation
|
Vote:
|
0.2
|
1.3
|
0.2
|
0.1
|
0.2
|
0.6
|
0.5
|
|
|
0.3
|
|
|
|
0.4
|
|
Total seats
|
36
|
28
|
14
|
14
|
106
|
75
|
10
|
11
|
4
|
7
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
308
|
Post-election
[
edit
]
Cartographical analysis of 2011 results
-
Results by riding. Shading refers to strength of popular vote.
-
Identification of ridings gained by each party, relative to 2008.
-
Identification of ridings lost by each party, relative to 2008.
Overview of results
[
edit
]
With an overall voter turnout of 61.4% and 14,823,408 ballots cast,
[116]
the
Conservative Party
remained in power, moving from a
minority
to a
majority government
[117]
by winning 166 of the 308 seats.
[118]
The
New Democratic Party
won the largest number of seats in their history, including a large majority of seats in
Quebec
(where they had previously only ever elected two candidates
[fn 1]
) and formed the
Official Opposition
for the first time. The
Liberal Party
won the fewest seats in their history and party leader
Michael Ignatieff
was defeated in his own
riding
.
[fn 2]
The
Bloc Quebecois
, which had always won at least a majority of seats in Quebec in every election of their existence, lost nearly all their seats, and thus also their
official party status
, including the seat of their leader
Gilles Duceppe
.
[119]
Green Party
leader
Elizabeth May
became the first
Member
of
Parliament
elected to represent the party.
[105]
Recounts
[
edit
]
Elections Canada
ordered three
judicial
recounts
,
[120]
and an elector initiated a fourth.
[121]
The
Canada Elections Act
states that "a judicial recount is required when the difference in votes between the first- and second-place candidates is less than one one-thousandth of the total votes cast in a riding," and allows an elector or candidate in any riding to approach a judge and request a recount regardless of the final result.
[120]
In all four ridings,
Etobicoke Centre
,
Montmagny?L'Islet?Kamouraska?Riviere-du-Loup
,
Nipissing?Timiskaming
, and
Winnipeg North
, the validated result was confirmed:
- As initially validated by election officials,
Conservative Party
candidate
Ted Opitz
defeated Liberal incumbent
Borys Wrzesnewskyj
in
Etobicoke Centre
by 25 votes,
[122]
a margin increased by one in the recount.
[123]
Citing potential voter registration irregularities, however, Wrzesnewskyj has sought to have the result overturned by the courts, filing a formal motion with the
Ontario Superior Court
in spring 2012.
[124]
On October 25, 2012, the
Supreme Court of Canada
upheld Opitz's narrow victory.
[125]
- Initially, Conservative
Jay Aspin
defeated incumbent
Anthony Rota
of the
Liberal Party
by 15 votes in Nipissing?Timiskaming; the recount added three votes to the margin of victory.
[126]
- In Montmagny?L'Islet?Kamouraska?Riviere-du-Loup, incumbent Conservative MP
Bernard Genereux
was initially declared re-elected, but due to a counting error on election night, the seat was later determined to have been won by the NDP candidate
Francois Lapointe
by a margin of five votes.
[120]
The recount confirmed Lapointe as the winner by nine votes.
[127]
- In Winnipeg North, a recount was requested by an elector; the difference between Liberal
Kevin Lamoureux
, the victor, and New Democrat
Rebecca Blaikie
was just 45 votes,
[128]
reduced by one vote in the recount.
[126]
Opposition party leadership changes
[
edit
]
Ignatieff announced on May 3, 2011, that he would step down as leader of the
Liberal Party
when it chose his successor.
[105]
[129]
Ignatieff took a teaching position at the
University of Toronto
after his defeat in
Etobicoke?Lakeshore
. He decided to teach classes in the law faculty, the department of political science, the
Munk School of Global Affairs
and the School of Public Policy and Governance. Ignatieff stated that, "The life that I like the best is teaching. It's the end of my life as a politician".
[130]
Bob Rae
, Liberal MP for
Toronto Centre
and former Premier of Ontario (1990 to 1995, as a New Democrat), subsequently became
interim leader
of the Liberal Party, with a
Liberal leadership election
which took place April 14, 2013, during which Justin Trudeau was chosen as leader.
Duceppe resigned as Bloc Quebecois leader on election night following his defeat.
[105]
Louis Plamondon
, MP for
Bas-Richelieu?Nicolet?Becancour
and
Dean of the House
, subsequently became interim
parliamentary leader
of the Bloc. Former MP
Daniel Paille
, who lost his seat in the election, won the
Bloc leadership election
to succeed Duceppe on December 11, 2011.
[131]
On July 25, 2011, Jack Layton took a leave of absence to fight a newly diagnosed cancer.
Nycole Turmel
, former union leader and newly elected MP for
Hull?Aylmer
, was named interim leader of the New Democratic Party. On August 22,
Layton died
. Turmel became opposition leader. A
leadership election
was held on March 24, 2012, and
Tom Mulcair
was elected leader of the
New Democratic Party
.
[132]
Controversies
[
edit
]
The losing parties in the
Berthier?Maskinonge
riding claimed that the nomination papers for
Ruth Ellen Brosseau
, the newly elected NDP Member of Parliament for the riding, had irregularities.
[133]
Some of the alleged irregularities include writing an address instead of signing, missing signatures, people thinking they were signing a petition for the NDP to name a candidate in the riding and one person not remembering that he signed her nomination papers even though he admitted that the signature looks like his.
[133]
The NDP denied the allegations.
[133]
Elections Canada has insisted that Brosseau's nomination papers were legitimate.
[134]
Elections Canada stated that "The decision to overturn or uphold the results is at the discretion of the courts and not Elections Canada".
[134]
The
Liberal Party of Canada
attracted controversy regarding the past racist comments and White supremacist history of one of its candidates in northern Quebec, Andre Forbes. His history as a white supremacist activist and past hate speech against Muslims, First Nations and LGBTQ+ people was uncovered by the NDP. Liberal leader Michael Ignatieff immediately removed Forbes as a candidate.
[135]
Voter suppression scandal
[
edit
]
In early 2012, there were allegations of voter suppression during the election, starting the
robocall scandal
.
Elections Canada
and the
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
(RCMP) investigated claims that robocalls were used in an attempt to dissuade voters from casting their ballot by telling them their poll stations had changed location.
[136]
While the Elections Canada investigation initially focused on calls sent into Guelph amidst nationwide complaints, the investigation continued to expand in scope and to examine complaints in other ridings across the country. Reports of fraudulent automated or live calls targeting opposition supporters were published in 100 ridings
[137]
and Elections Canada acknowledged it was investigating telephone election fraud complaints in 247 of Canada's 308 federal ridings.
On March 27, 2012, the
Council of Canadians
announced that they had launched a lawsuit in the
Federal Court of Canada
to ask for by-elections to be ordered in seven ridings where complaints were received and where Conservatives had won by slim margins. The ridings named were Don Valley East, Winnipeg South Centre, Saskatoon-Rosetown-Biggar, Vancouver Island North, Yukon, Nipissing-Timiskaming and Elmwood-Transcona.
[138]
[139]
The case was heard over two weeks starting December 9, 2012.
[140]
Justice Richard G. Mosley ruled in May 2013 that fraud had occurred in Guelph and that voting irregularities and misconduct occurred in all six of the contested ridings, but that it was not significant enough to warrant overturning the election results. The judge also ruled that the mostly likely source of the fraud was the Conservative Party of Canada's (using the CIMS database) and that there was no evidence that its use was approved by the CPC.
[141]
[142]
In April 2013, a criminal charge in the matter was laid on
Michael Sona
, a former Conservative staffer who was the communications officer and official Ottawa liaison for the Guelph Conservative campaign.
[143]
[144]
In August 2014, he was convicted of the charge.
[145]
Riding of Vaughan
[
edit
]
In a further scandal, Elections Canada was called on to investigate the finances of
Associate Minister of National Defence
Julian Fantino
's election finances after three former Conservative riding executives from
Vaughan
[146]
[147]
signed affidavits alleging impropriety in Fantino's 2010 and 2011 election campaigns. They alleged there was a second, secret, illegal bank account containing $300,000.
[148]
In the wake of the election, pundits widely believed in a theme of major
political realignment
.
[149]
The
Economist
said, "the election represents the biggest realignment of Canadian politics since
1993
."
[150]
Lawrence Martin
, commentator for
The Globe and Mail
, claimed that "Harper has completed a remarkable reconstruction of a Canadian political landscape that endured for more than a century. The realignment sees both old parties of the moderate middle, the Progressive Conservatives and the Liberals, either eliminated or marginalized."
[151]
Writing for
Maclean's
,
Andrew Coyne
proclaimed "The West is in and Ontario has joined it," observing that the Conservatives achieved their majority predominantly due to strength in both Ontario and the western provinces (an electoral combination that was historically unlikely due to the low population of the latter); this, he argued, marked "the new axis of Canadian politics", and that "the Conservatives are now in a position to replace the Liberals as the
natural governing party
in Canada."
[152]
Books such as
The Big Shift
by
John Ibbitson
and
Darrell Bricker
, and
Peter C. Newman
's
When the Gods Changed: The Death of Liberal Canada
, provocatively asserted that the Liberals had become an "endangered species" and that an NDP-led opposition would mean that "fortune favours the Harper government" in subsequent campaigns.
[153]
[154]
However, the resurgence of the Liberal Party in the
2015 election
has since challenged that narrative.
[155]
[156]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
Wells, Paul (May 5, 2011).
"The untold story of the 2011 election: Chapter 2"
.
Maclean's
.
Archived
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. Retrieved
March 19,
2012
.
- ^
Ljunggren, David (October 1, 2009).
"Canada's government survives non-confidence motion"
.
Reuters
Canada
.
Archived
from the original on August 13, 2019
. Retrieved
November 29,
2019
.
- ^
"Despite Election Rhetoric, Seven in Ten (68%) Canadians Say There's 'No Need for an Election', Majority (51%) Says County Heading in 'Right Direction', Minority (41%) 'Wrong', Ipsos"
. Ipsos Market Research. June 6, 2009. Archived from
the original
on December 15, 2011
. Retrieved
December 18,
2011
.
- ^
"Time to make minority work"
.
The Star
. September 16, 2009.
Archived
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. Retrieved
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2011
.
- ^
"Ignatieff closing in on Dion territory"
.
National Post
. November 14, 2009.
[
dead link
]
- ^
"
Canada Elections Act
Charges Laid"
(Press release). Elections Canada. February 25, 2011.
Archived
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. Retrieved
April 27,
2011
.
- ^
Akin, David (February 25, 2011).
"PM shrugs off charges against Tories"
. Lfpress.com.
Archived
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- ^
Cheadle, Bruce (February 28, 2011).
"Tory election allegations 'illegal' not administrative, prosecutor says"
.
The Globe and Mail
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- ^
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.
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Payton, Laura (March 9, 2011).
"PM on rulings: 'win some, lose some'
"
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2011
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b
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- ^
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- ^
Government of Canada (March 25, 2011).
40th Parliament, 3rd Session, Friday, March 25, 2011
. Parlement of Canada.
Archived
from the original on April 2, 2011
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2011
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- ^
Levitz, Stephanie; O'Hanlon, Martin (March 23, 2011).
"Harper government set to fall Friday, setting stage for vote in early May"
.
The Canadian Press
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Global News
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the original
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2011
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- ^
a
b
Cheadle, Bruce (March 25, 2011).
"Harper government topples on contempt motion, triggering May election"
.
The Canadian Press
;
CTV news
.
Archived
from the original on July 27, 2011
. Retrieved
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2011
.
- ^
a
b
Walkom, Thomas (March 25, 2011).
"Walkom: Yes, contempt of Parliament does matter"
.
Toronto Star
.
Archived
from the original on August 28, 2011
. Retrieved
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2011
.
- ^
Gardner, Dan (April 8, 2011).
"Gardner: Are we going to reward contempt of Parliament?"
.
Ottawa Citizen
.
Archived
from the original on May 7, 2011
. Retrieved
April 27,
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- ^
Fitz-Morris, James (April 8, 2011).
"Here in Canada except in Quebec"
.
CBC News
. Canada. Archived from
the original
on April 12, 2011
. Retrieved
April 8,
2011
.
- ^
Galloway, Gloria (March 25, 2011).
"Harper government falls in historic Commons showdown"
.
The Globe and Mail
. Archived from
the original
on March 27, 2011
. Retrieved
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2011
.
- ^
Chase, Stephen (March 26, 2011).
"Federal election called for May 2"
.
The Globe and Mail
. Archived from
the original
on August 12, 2011
. Retrieved
March 30,
2011
.
- ^
"How do I vote FAQ"
. Elections Canada. April 26, 2011.
Archived
from the original on November 12, 2020
. Retrieved
April 29,
2011
.
- ^
"Proclamation Issuing Election Writs"
.
Canada Gazette, Part II
.
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(1 (Extra)). March 28, 2011.
Archived
from the original on September 14, 2011
. Retrieved
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2011
.
- ^
"MPs to return to Parliament Hill on June 2"
.
Ottawa Citizen
. May 16, 2011.
Archived
from the original on October 19, 2012
. Retrieved
May 16,
2011
.
- ^
Farrell, Nick (April 11, 2011).
"Canadian conservatives promise "big brother laws" ? At least they are honest"
. TechEye. Archived from
the original
on April 17, 2011
. Retrieved
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2011
.
- ^
Geist, Michael (April 9, 2011).
"Michael Geist ? The Conservatives Commitment to Internet Surveillance"
. Michaelgeist.ca. Archived from
the original
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. Retrieved
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2011
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- ^
Chung, Emily (June 19, 2009).
"Electronic snooping bill a 'data grab': privacy advocates"
.
CBC News
.
Archived
from the original on December 2, 2010
. Retrieved
April 11,
2011
.
- ^
Dearing, Stephanie (June 21, 2009).
"New Canadian legislation will give police greater powers"
. Digitaljournal.com. Archived from
the original
on April 17, 2011
. Retrieved
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2011
.
- ^
"ISPs must help police snoop on internet under new bill"
.
CBC News
. June 18, 2009.
Archived
from the original on April 17, 2011
. Retrieved
April 11,
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.
- ^
Hartley, Matt; El Akkad, Omar (June 18, 2009).
"Tories seek to widen police access online"
.
The Globe and Mail
. Archived from
the original
on February 13, 2011
. Retrieved
April 17,
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.
- ^
Metz, Cade (June 18, 2009).
"Canadian bill forces personal data from ISPs sans warrant"
.
The Register
. Archived from
the original
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- ^
Brown, Jesse (April 13, 2011).
"Harper's promise: a warrantless online surveillance state- Why 'lawful access' legislation is on its way and why that should worry you"
.
Maclean's
.
Archived
from the original on April 17, 2011
. Retrieved
April 17,
2011
.
- ^
Joe Friesen and John Ibbitson (April 4, 2011).
"Harper courts rural ridings with vow to kill gun registry"
.
The Globe and Mail
. Archived from
the original
on April 8, 2011
. Retrieved
April 4,
2011
.
- ^
"Conservative platform: Harper pledges to slash $4-billion in spending"
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- ^
Royce Koop, and Amanda Bittner, "Parties and Elections after 2011: The Fifth Canadian Party System?." in Amanda Bittner and Royce Koop, eds,
Parties, Elections, and the Future of Canadian Politics
(2013): 308-31.
- ^
Economist
May 3, 2011
- ^
Martin, Lawrence (May 4, 2011).
"Harper's triumph: a realignment of historic proportion"
.
The Globe and Mail
.
Archived
from the original on December 16, 2011
. Retrieved
November 9,
2011
.
- ^
Coyne, Andrew (May 6, 2011).
"The West is in and Ontario has joined it"
.
Maclean's
.
Archived
from the original on September 5, 2014
. Retrieved
November 9,
2011
.
- ^
McLeod, Paul (October 22, 2015).
"Book Review: The Big Shift Explains Why Stephen Harper Will Keep Winning"
. Buzzfeed.
Archived
from the original on October 23, 2015
. Retrieved
October 22,
2015
.
- ^
Valpy, Michael (November 25, 2011).
"Is a Liberal comeback mission impossible?"
.
The Globe and Mail
.
Archived
from the original on March 4, 2016
. Retrieved
October 22,
2015
.
- ^
Nadelli, Alberto; Swann, Glenn (October 20, 2015).
"Three maps that explain the Liberals' great comeback in Canada's election"
.
The Guardian
.
Archived
from the original on October 21, 2015
. Retrieved
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- ^
Paikin, Steve (October 19, 2015).
"Who says Canadian politics are boring?"
. TVO.
Archived
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.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Pammett, Jon H.; Dornan, Christopher, eds. (2011).
The Canadian Federal Election of 2011
. Toronto: Dundurn Press.
ISBN
978-1-4597-0182-3
.
- Argyle, Ray (2011).
Turning Points: The Campaigns That Changed Canada ? 2011 and Before
. Waterside Books.
- Newman, Peter C. (2011).
When the Gods Changed: The Death of Liberal Canada
. Toronto: Random House Canada.
ISBN
978-0-307-35828-8
.
External links
[
edit
]
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