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Disease outbreak in the Federated States of Micronesia
2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak
The
Yap Islands
in the
Pacific Ocean
, with a land area of 100.2 square kilometres (38.7 sq mi) and a population of 6,300 (in 2003)
|
The
2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak
represented the first time
Zika virus
had been detected outside
Africa
and
Asia
. It occurred in the
Yap Islands
, an island chain in the
Federated States of Micronesia
. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a
vector
-borne
flavivirus
in the same family as
yellow fever
,
dengue
,
West Nile
and
Japanese encephalitis viruses
.
[1]
[2]
Epidemiology
[
edit
]
In 2007, physicians in the Yap Islands reported to the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
an
outbreak
of an illness characterized by
rash
,
conjunctivitis
, and
arthralgia
. Initial serum testing revealed some patients had the IgM antibody against dengue virus, yet the patients' signs and symptoms were clinically distinct from dengue fever. Subsequent retesting using consensus primers detected the presence of Zika virus RNA.
[3]
A household survey was conducted to determine the proportion of Yap residents with the IgM antibody against Zika virus and to identify possible mosquito vectors of Zika virus. In total, the Yap Islands outbreak had 49 confirmed and 59 probable cases of Zika virus disease. The patients resided in 9 of the 10 municipalities on Yap. None of the patients required hospitalization. No hemorrhagic manifestations occurred and no deaths resulted. It was estimated that 73% (95% confidence interval, 68 to 77) of Yap residents 3 years of age or older had been recently infected with Zika virus.
Aedes hensilli
was the predominant mosquito species identified.
[3]
The outbreak of
Zika fever
in
Micronesia
demonstrated the transmission of Zika virus outside Africa and Asia. This was considered a significant finding in that previously only 14 cases of Zika virus had been documented since the virus was first identified in 1947. Prior to the Yap Islands outbreak, no previous outbreaks of Zika virus had ever been reported and only 14 cases had been documented since the virus was first isolated in 1947. All previous cases had occurred within Africa and Asia.
[3]
[2]
Reservoir
[
edit
]
Aedes aegypti
has been recognized as the vector of Zika virus. The virus was first isolated in 1947 from a
sentinel
rhesus monkey
stationed on a tree platform in the Zika forest, Uganda.
[4]
[2]
Transmission
[
edit
]
Transmission is typically via the bite of the
Aedes aegypti
mosquito, although in this outbreak,
Aedes hensilli
was the predominant mosquito species identified.
[3]
[5]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Hayes, Edward B. (September 2009).
"Zika virus outside Africa"
.
Emerging Infectious Diseases
.
15
(9): 1347?1350.
doi
:
10.3201/eid1509.090442
.
ISSN
1080-6059
.
PMC
2819875
.
PMID
19788800
.
- ^
a
b
c
Sikka, Veronica; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Popli, Raaj K.; et al. (11 February 2016).
"The emergence of zika virus as a global health security threat: A review and a consensus statement of the INDUSEM Joint working Group (JWG)"
.
Journal of Global Infectious Diseases
.
8
(1): 3?15.
doi
:
10.4103/0974-777X.176140
.
ISSN
0974-8245
.
PMC
4785754
.
PMID
27013839
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Duffy, Mark R.; Chen, Tai-Ho; Hancock, W. Thane; et al. (11 June 2009).
"Zika virus outbreak on Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia"
.
New England Journal of Medicine
.
360
(24): 2536?43.
doi
:
10.1056/NEJMoa0805715
.
PMID
19516034
.
- ^
Corbet, Philip S. (February 1964). "Observations on Mosquitoes Ovipositing in Small Containers in Zika Forest, Uganda".
Journal of Animal Ecology
.
33
(1): 141?164.
Bibcode
:
1964JAnEc..33..141C
.
CiteSeerX
10.1.1.568.967
.
doi
:
10.2307/2354
.
JSTOR
2354
.
- ^
Sempala, S.D.K. (March 1983).
"Seasonal population dynamics of the immature stages of
Aedes africanus
(Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Zika Forest, Uganda"
.
Bulletin of Entomological Research
.
73
(1): 11?18.
doi
:
10.1017/S0007485300013742
. Retrieved
14 July
2013
.
External links
[
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]