1954 film by Richard Fleischer
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
is a 1954 American
science fiction
adventure film
directed by
Richard Fleischer
, from a screenplay by
Earl Felton
. Adapted from
Jules Verne
's 1870 novel of
the same name
, the film was produced by
Walt Disney Productions
. It stars
Kirk Douglas
,
James Mason
,
Paul Lukas
, and
Peter Lorre
. Photographed in
Technicolor
, the film was one of the first feature-length motion pictures to be filmed in
CinemaScope
. It was also the first feature-length Disney film to be distributed by
Buena Vista Distribution
.
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
was a critical and commercial success, being especially remembered for the fight with a giant squid, as well as Mason's definitive performance as the charismatic anti-hero
Captain Nemo
. The film won two
Academy Awards
for its
art direction
and
special effects
. It is considered an early precursor of the
steampunk
genre.
[3]
Plot
[
edit
]
In 1868, rumors spread of a
sea monster
attacking ships in the
Pacific Ocean
. Professor Aronnax and his assistant, Conseil, are asked to investigate, and board a
U.S. Navy
frigate
. They are joined by master
harpooner
Ned Land.
After months of patrolling, the monster is spotted. The frigate's guncrew open fire, but the monster rams the warship. Ned, Conseil, and Aronnax are thrown overboard while the disabled frigate drifts away. While clinging to wreckage, Aronnax and Conseil come upon a metal vessel and realize the monster is a man-made "submerging boat" that appears deserted. Below decks, Aronnax finds a large viewport and witnesses an underwater funeral, while Ned arrives on an overturned longboat from their ship. Spotted by the divers, Ned, Aronnax, and Conseil attempt to leave in the longboat, but they are captured. The vessel's captain introduces himself as
Captain Nemo
, master of the
Nautilus
. He returns Ned and Conseil to the deck while offering Aronnax, whose name he recognizes, the chance to stay. After Aronnax proves willing to die with his companions as the ship submerges, Nemo allows Ned and Conseil to remain aboard.
Nemo takes
Nautilus
to a
penal colony
island, where the prisoners are loading a munitions ship. Nemo, once a prisoner there as were many of his crew, rams the steamer, destroying it and its crew. Nemo tells Aronnax that he has just saved thousands from death in war, and that "this hated nation" tortured his wife and son to death while attempting to force him to reveal his discoveries. In Nemo's cabin, Ned and Conseil discover the map coordinates of Nemo's secret island base, Vulcania, where
Nautilus
is now heading. Ned throws messages with Vulcania's coordinates overboard in bottles in the hope of being rescued.
Off the coast of
New Guinea
,
Nautilus
becomes stranded on a reef. Nemo allows Ned to go ashore with Conseil, ostensibly to collect specimens, while admonishing them to stay on the beach. Ned instead goes exploring for avenues of escape, and finds human skulls posted on stakes. Ned runs back to Conseil, and they row away pursued by cannibals. Aboard
Nautilus
, the cannibals are repelled by electrical charges sent through its hull, and Nemo confines Ned for disobeying orders.
A warship fires upon
Nautilus
, which descends into the depths, attracting a
giant squid
. After an electric charge fails to repel the creature, Nemo and his men surface during a storm to dislodge it. Nemo is caught by one of its long tentacles, and Ned, having escaped from captivity, fatally harpoons the squid, and saves Nemo when he is pulled into the sea. Having had a change of heart, Nemo decides to make amends with the world.
As
Nautilus
nears Vulcania, Nemo finds the island surrounded by warships, with marines having disembarked. The
Nautilus
enters his base through an underwater passage, and surfaces within its extinct volcano lagoon. Nemo rushes ashore to activate a time bomb in order to destroy any evidence of his discoveries but is shot and mortally wounded as he returns onboard. Navigating the submarine to a safe distance from Vulcania, Nemo announces that he will be "taking the
Nautilus
down for the last time". His crew declare that they will accompany their captain in death.
Aronnax, Conseil, and Ned are confined to their cabins, while
Nautilus
's crew retreat to their own at Nemo's instructions. Ned escapes and surfaces the submarine, striking a reef in the process, causing
Nautilus
to flood. Nemo dies while viewing his beloved undersea domain through the hull's viewport.
Aronnax tries retrieving his journal, but the urgency of their escape obliges Ned to knock him unconscious and carry him out. Aboard
Nautilus
's skiff, the three companions, along with Esmeralda, Nemo’s pet sea lion, witness Vulcania explode. A large, billowing mushroom cloud rises above the island's destruction. Ned apologizes to Aronnax for striking him, but Aronnax concedes that the loss of his journal might have been for the best. As
Nautilus
sinks, Nemo's last words to Aronnax echo: "There is hope for the future. And when the world is ready for a new and better life, all this will someday come to pass... in God's good time."
Cast
[
edit
]
Production
[
edit
]
Walt Disney
first expressed interest in an adaptation of
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
after seeing some marine footage and storyboards created by
Harper Goff
during the production of the
True-Life Adventures
series. At the time, the film rights were owned by
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
and
King Brothers Productions
.
[6]
In November 1950, film producer
Sid Rogell
announced he had acquired the screen rights to the novel, as well as a film adaptation prepared by
Robert L. Lippert
's production company. He had planned to start filming within a year at the
General Service Studios
.
[7]
However, in December 1951, it was reported that Disney had purchased the film rights from Rogell.
[8]
Goff's storyboards and art designs formed the film's basis, but he was not credited because he was not a member of the
International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees
.
[6]
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
was filmed at various locations in
The Bahamas
and
Jamaica
, with the cave scenes filmed beneath what is now the
Xtabi
Resort on the cliffs of
Negril
.
[6]
Other scenes were photographed in
Nassau
,
Lyford Cay
, and
Death Valley
. Filming took place between January 11 and June 19, 1954.
[6]
[9]
According to the two-disc DVD documentary, the scenes in San Francisco at the beginning were filmed at
Universal Studios
while most of the modeling shots were done at
20th Century Fox
. Some of the location filming sequences were so complex that they required a technical crew of more than 400 people. The production presented many other challenges, as well. The famous giant squid attack sequence had to be entirely re-shot, as it was originally filmed as taking place at dusk and in a calm sea.
[10]
[Note 1]
The sequence was filmed again, this time taking place at twilight and during a humongous thunderstorm, both to increase the drama and to better hide the cables and other mechanical workings of the Animatronic squid.
[11]
With a total (and deeply over-run) production cost of $9 million,
[12]
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
was the most expensive and ambitious production in Hollywood up to that time.
Differences between novel and film
[
edit
]
The film was praised as faithfully adapting the novel. James W. Maertens writes that while this is true, "Close comparison of the novel and film reveals many changes, omissions, even reversals, which affect the story's fundamental concern (besides scientific education), a representation of class and gender, specifically masculinity, in the industrial age." Nemo's submarine, battery-powered in the novel, is powered by
atomic energy
in the film. The novel's submarine is also a "streamlined, cigar shaped sub" while the film's is "a more ornate vessel". The film's director and screenwriter extracted "the most memorable scenes from the novel and freely reordered them under the assumption that viewers would not remember the novel's order of events." Goff and Disney based the Nautilus's design in the film on the interior of the
Forth Bridge
.
[6]
In the novel, Nemo orders parts from various industries, secretly shipping them to an island for assembly, whom Maertens labeled "a logistical genius at manipulating
Industrial Age
manufacturing".
[13]
Music
[
edit
]
Rather than an authentic soundtrack recording of the film's
score
or dialogue, two
vinyl
studio cast record albums were released to coincide with the film's first two releases (1954 and 1963). Both albums contained condensed and heavily altered versions of the film's script without the usage of any of the film's cast for character voices. In addition, both albums were narrated by Ned Land as opposed to Aronnax, who narrated the film and the original novel. Neither album mentioned Nemo as actually being "cracked" (i.e. insane), as the film does, and considerably sanitized the character by omitting any mention of him killing anyone. The albums also had Nemo surviving at the end and releasing Ned, Arronax, and Conseil out of gratitude for their saving his life.
[14]
In this version, Ned, Aronnax and Conseil were not shipwrecked because the Nautilus rammed the ship they were on, but because a hurricane came up.
[15]
The first album was issued in 1954 in conjunction with the film's original release, and starred
William Redfield
as the voice of Ned. This album, a
book-and-record set
, was issued as part of
RCA Victor
's
Little Nipper
series on two 45-RPM records.
[16]
[
better source needed
]
The second album, released by
Disneyland Records
in 1963 in conjunction with the film's first re-release,
[17]
was issued on one 33
1
⁄
3
RPM 12-inch
LP
with no accompanying booklet and no liner notes ? the usual practice with most Disneyland label albums. It contained much more of the film's plot, but with many of the same alterations as the first album, so this recording was technically a remake of the earlier one. The cast for the 1963 album was uncredited. Neither album listed the film's credits or made any mention of the film's cast.
A single for the film's most memorable song "
A Whale of a Tale
", written by
Norman Gimbel
and
Al Hoffman
and sung by
Kirk Douglas
, was also released in 1954 under the
Decca Children's Series
label. The song "And the Moon Grew Brighter and Brighter", which Douglas had sung in the movie
Man Without a Star
(written by Lou Singer and
Jimmy Kennedy
), was the
B-side
. Both songs can be found on the 2008 digital release of the film's soundtrack.
[18]
In the film,
Johann Sebastian Bach
's
Toccata and Fugue in D minor
is played by Nemo on the Nautilus's organ, but James Mason's playing is actually dubbed by an anonymous organist.
Official soundtrack
[
edit
]
On January 29, 2008,
Walt Disney Records
released a 26-track
digital album
containing the music of
Paul Smith
's original soundtrack score to
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
, plus both sides of the "A Whale of a Tale" single, as well as a
digital booklet
companion that explores the music of the film. This was the first official release of the film score and was initially available only through the
iTunes Store
.
[18]
[19]
Intrada released the same soundtrack on CD in 2011.
[20]
The music for
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
was composed by Paul Smith, with
Joseph Dubin
acting as the orchestrator.
Release
[
edit
]
On September 15, 1954,
Variety
reported that Disney and
RKO Pictures
had begun discussions on the distribution plans for
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
.
[21]
A week later, it was reported that Disney decided to end his 17-year association with RKO, choosing instead to release the film through his newly formed distribution arm, Buena Vista Distribution. Overseas, the film was distributed by Walt Disney British Films Ltd, a studio-owned subsidiary in the UK, and other local distributors in international territories.
[22]
On December 23, 1954, the film premiered at the
Astor Theatre
. It was released in 65 key cities across the United States two days later, on Christmas Day.
[23]
The film was re-released in theaters in 1963 and 1971.
[9]
Home media
[
edit
]
In September 1980,
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
was made available for purchase or rental on
videocassette
, among other Disney films.
[24]
In 1992, Scott MacQueen, then-senior manager of Disney's library restoration, did an extensive digital restoration for the film's videocassette release.
[9]
On May 20, 2003, the film was released on a two-disc DVD set with supplemental features, including an
audio commentary
, deleted scenes (including the original squid fight albeit without sound), and an extensive making-of documentary. On the same day, the film was screened at the
El Capitan Theatre
, with Richard Fleischer introducing the film.
[25]
A
1080p
HD version from a
4K
restoration was released on
iTunes
in 2014.
[26]
In 2019, the film was released on Blu-ray via the Disney Movie Club. The film was made available to stream on
Disney+
when the service launched on November 12, 2019.
[27]
Reception
[
edit
]
Box office
[
edit
]
During its opening weekend,
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
opened in second place at the box office behind
There's No Business Like Show Business
(1954).
[28]
On its third weekend, the film became the number-one box office film in the United States, displacing
Vera Cruz
(1954).
[29]
It was dethroned by
Vera Cruz
on its fourth weekend, but the film reclaimed the number-one position on its fifth weekend.
[30]
By January 1956, the film had earned $8 million in
distributor rentals
at the box office from the United States and Canada,
[31]
becoming
the third highest-grossing film of 1954
.
Critical reaction
[
edit
]
Bosley Crowther
of
The New York Times
stated that, "As fabulous and fantastic as anything he has ever done in cartoons is Walt Disney's 'live action' movie made from
Jules Verne
's '
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
.' Turned out in
CinemaScope
and color, it is as broad, fictitiously, as it is long (128 minutes), and should prove a sensation?at least with the kids."
[32]
Gene Arneel of
Variety
praised the film as "a special kind of picture making, combining photographic ingenuity, imaginative story telling and fiscal daring." He felt "Richard Fleischer's direction keeps the Disney epic moving at a smart clip, picking up interest right from the start and deftly developing each of the many tense moments ... Earl Fenton's screenplay looks to be a combination of the best in the Verne original and new material to suit the screen form. It's a fine job of writing stimulating pic fare. Technical credits ? underline the water photography ? are excellent."
[33]
Kate Cameron of the
New York Daily News
praised the film as a "thrilling and absorbing adaptation"; she further wrote: "Richard Fleischer handled the direction of the film with vivid imagination. The underwater scenes are fascinating in their eerie beauty and the interesting glimpses they contain of marine life."
[34]
Philip K. Scheuer, reviewing for the
Los Angeles Times
, wrote: "Technically the film is a marvel itself, with actual underwater shot made in the Bahamas alternating with surface scale models that defy detection as such." He also praised Mason's performance, claiming "he lends depth and dimension to the stock figure of the 'mad genius.' The proof: he sometimes seems more pitied than scorned."
[35]
Harrison's Reports
wrote: "Expertly utilizing the CinemaScope medium and Technicolor photography, he [Walt Disney] and his staff have fashioned a picture that is not only a masterpiece from the production point of view but also a great entertainment, the kind that should go over in a big way with all types of audiences."
[36]
A review in the
Chicago Tribune
wrote, "Produced with care, in handsome color and peppered with humor, it's a nicely balanced dose of old supposition and modern fact."
[37]
Contemporary film critic Steve Biodrowski said that the film is "far superior to the majority of genre efforts from the period (or any period, for that matter), with production design and technical effects that have dated hardly at all." Biodrowski also added that the film "may occasionally succumb to some of the problems inherent in the source material (the episodic nature does slow the pace), but the strengths far outweigh the weaknesses, making this one of the greatest science-fiction films ever made."
[38]
On the
review aggregator
website
Rotten Tomatoes
, the film has an approval rating of 91% based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7.70/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "One of Disney's finest live-action adventures,
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
brings Jules Verne's classic sci-fi tale to vivid life, and features an awesome giant squid."
[39]
Accolades
[
edit
]
The film's primary art director
Harper Goff
, who designed the fictitious
Nautilus
submarine, was not a member of the Art Directors Union. Therefore, under a bylaw within the Academy of Motion Pictures, he was unable to receive his Academy Award for Art Direction.
[44]
In Disney resorts
[
edit
]
Disneyland
used the original sets as a walk-through attraction from 1955 to 1966.
Walt Disney World Resort's
Magic Kingdom
also had a
dark ride
named
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage
from 1971 to 1994 which consisted of a submarine ride, complete with the giant squid attack, and an arrangement of the main theme from the 1954 film playing on Captain Nemo's organ in the background. For this ride, voice artist
Peter Renaday
stood in for James Mason in the role of Captain Nemo.
[45]
In 1994, a walkthrough attraction at
Disneyland Paris
, named
Les Mysteres du Nautilus
, opened,
[46]
and a dark ride at
Tokyo DisneySea
was created in 2001.
[47]
The exterior to
The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure
contains a silhouette of the
Nautilus
in a rock wall
[48]
and the
tiki bar
Trader Sam's
Grog Grotto at
Disney's Polynesian Village Resort
serves a cocktail called the "Nautilus"
[49]
which is itself served in a stylized drinking vessel resembling the submarine,
[50]
and features a dive helmet and a mechanical squid tentacle that pours liquor behind the bar.
[51]
Comic book adaptation
[
edit
]
Remake and prequel
[
edit
]
On January 6, 2009,
Variety
reported that a live-action remake titled
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Captain Nemo
was being planned with
Joseph McGinty Nichol
(professionally known as McG) attached to direct. The film served as an origin story for Captain Nemo, as he builds his warship, the
Nautilus
.
[54]
McG had remarked that it would be "much more in keeping with the spirit of the novel" than Richard Fleischer's film, in which it would reveal "what Aronnax is up to and the becoming of Captain Nemo, and how the man became at war with war itself". It was written by Bill Marsilli, with Justin Marks and
Randall Wallace
brought in to do rewrites.
[55]
The film was to be produced by
Sean Bailey
with McG's
Wonderland Sound and Vision
.
[56]
McG once suggested that he wanted
Will Smith
as Captain Nemo, but he reportedly turned down the part.
[57]
[58]
As a second possible choice, McG had mentioned
Sam Worthington
, with whom he worked on
Terminator Salvation
(2009), though they did not hold serious discussions. In November 2009, the project was shelved by then-
Walt Disney Pictures
chairman
Rich Ross
, after $10 million had been spent on pre-production work. Prior to the announcement, McG and Bailey had been notified of the project's cancellation.
[59]
During the 2010
San Diego Comic-Con
, director
David Fincher
announced plans of directing
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
for Walt Disney Pictures based on a script by
Scott Z. Burns
.
[60]
While Fincher was wrapping up
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo
(2011), it was speculated that
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
would enter principal photography by late 2012.
[61]
In the meantime, Fincher began courting
Brad Pitt
to play the role of Ned Land while the film was kept on hold.
[62]
However, in February 2013, it was announced that Pitt had officially turned down the role.
[63]
In April 2013, it was announced that the Australian government would provide a one-off incentive of $20 million in order to secure the production.
[64]
Despite this, the film was put on hold again the following month due to complications in casting a lead.
[65]
On July 17, 2013, Fincher dropped out to direct the
film adaptation
of
Gone Girl
.
[66]
Fincher revealed in an interview that he left the film because he wanted
Channing Tatum
for Ned Land, but Disney wanted
Chris Hemsworth
for the role.
[67]
Additionally, the money originally allocated for the production of this film was redirected towards
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales
(2017).
[68]
In February 2016, Disney announced that it was planning a live-action film titled
Captain Nemo
, with
James Mangold
directing.
[69]
Mangold left the project to instead direct
Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny
(2023).
[70]
On August 23, 2021, it was announced that a ten-episode miniseries titled
Nautilus
was in development. The series will be an origin story about Captain Nemo and will be written by James Dormer, who will co-produce with Johanna Devereaux.
[71]
On November 12, 2021,
Shazad Latif
was cast in the lead role while
Michael Matthews
will direct the series.
[72]
However, in August 2023, Disney pulled out from the project due to its cost-reduction strategy to its streaming platforms.
[73]
In October of the same year, the
AMC
television channel acquired the series, with plans to air it in 2024.
[74]
See also
[
edit
]
Sources and notes
[
edit
]
- Notes
- ^
Footage of the original, rejected giant squid attack sequence shows details of the filming.
- References
- ^
"Disney's Fiscalities"
.
Variety
. January 11, 1956. p. 5
. Retrieved
August 25,
2019
– via
Internet Archive
.
- ^
"Box Office Information for '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'
"
.
The Numbers
. April 15, 2013.
- ^
Higham, William (February 17, 2012).
"What The Hell Is Steampunk?"
.
The Huffington Post
. Retrieved
February 15,
2012
.
- ^
Freese, Gene Scott (2014).
Hollywood Stunt Performers, 1910s?1970s: A Biographical Dictionary
(Second ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p.
111
.
ISBN
978-0-786-47643-5
.
- ^
"Laurie Mitchell, Villainess in 'Queen of Outer Space,' Dies at 90"
.
Billboard
. September 24, 2018.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea"
.
AFI Catalog of Feature Films
.
American Film Institute
. Retrieved
February 9,
2022
.
- ^
Brady, Thomas F. (November 25, 1950).
"Court Dismisses Film Unions' Work"
.
The New York Times
. p. 11.
- ^
Schallert, Edwin (December 28, 1951).
"Neff Picked for 'Snows;' Caron, Angeli To Team; Disney to do Verne Film"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Part I, p. 13 – via
Newspapers.com
.
- ^
a
b
c
Smith, Dave
(December 3, 2009).
"In a league of its own"
.
D23
. Archived from
the original
on September 6, 2010
. Retrieved
January 9,
2015
.
- ^
Sunset Squid Fight? 20,000 Leagues ? unused monster sequence
on
YouTube
- ^
Bourne, Mark.
"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Special Edition DVD."
The DVD Journal
, 2003. Retrieved: January 9, 2015.
- ^
"The Reel Thing XXVII: Program Abstracts"
Reel Thing
, July 8, 2011. Retrieved: April 4, 2018.
- ^
Maertens, James W. (2016). "Brains, Brawn, and Masculine Desire in Walt Disney's
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
". In Brode, Douglas; Brode, Shea T. (eds.).
Debating Disney: Pedagogical Perspectives on Commercial Cinema
. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 19?32.
ISBN
978-1-4422-6609-4
.
- ^
Video
on
YouTube
- ^
"More Golden Age Classics: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea."
Kidde Records
, July 15, 2011. Retrieved: May 31, 2013.
- ^
"Walt Disney's
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
(Little Nipper Story Book Album)."
Amazon
. Retrieved: January 9, 2015.
- ^
"Label: Disneyland Records."
Rate Your Music
. Retrieved: January 9, 2015.
- ^
a
b
"Soundtrack Details: '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'."
Soundtrack Collector
. Retrieved: January 9, 2015.
- ^
"Soundtrack: '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea' by Various Artists."
iTunes Store
. Retrieved: January 9, 2015.
- ^
"Soundtrack Details: '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'."
Intrada
. Retrieved: January 9, 2015.
- ^
"
'Leagues' Distrib Selling Plans To Be Set This Week"
.
Variety
. September 15, 1954. p. 5
. Retrieved
May 22,
2024
– via Internet Archive.
- ^
"Disney 100% Out of RKO"
.
Variety
. September 22, 1954. p. 7
. Retrieved
May 22,
2024
– via Internet Archive.
- ^
"
'League' Hits 65 Keys for Holiday"
.
Variety
. December 1, 1954. p. 18
. Retrieved
May 22,
2024
– via Internet Archive.
- ^
"Movies: Disney on cassettes"
.
The Philadelphia Inquirer
. June 24, 1980. p. 2-C
. Retrieved
May 22,
2024
– via Newspapers.com.
- ^
King, Susan (May 20, 2003).
"
'20,000 Leagues' resurfaces on DVD"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Retrieved
May 22,
2024
.
- ^
"20,000 Leagues Under The Sea ? iTunes HD Review"
.
Not on Blu-ray
. March 17, 2014.
- ^
"Every Disney movie, TV show available day one on Disney+"
.
Attractions Magazine
. October 14, 2019.
- ^
"National Boxoffice Survey"
.
Variety
. December 29, 1954. p. 3
. Retrieved
May 22,
2024
– via Internet Archive.
- ^
"National Boxoffice Survey"
.
Variety
. January 12, 1955. p. 3
. Retrieved
May 22,
2024
– via Internet Archive.org.
- ^
"National Boxoffice Survey"
.
Variety
. January 26, 1955. p. 3
. Retrieved
May 22,
2024
– via Internet Archive.
- ^
"All Time Top Money Films"
.
Variety
. January 4, 1956. p. 84 – via
Internet Archive
.
- ^
Crowther, Bosley (December 24, 1954).
"The Screen in Review; '20,000 Leagues' in 128 Fantastic Minutes"
.
The New York Times
. p. 7.
- ^
Arneel, Gene (December 15, 1954).
"Film Reviews: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea"
.
Variety
. p. 6
. Retrieved
June 13,
2020
– via Internet Archive.
- ^
Cameron, Kate (December 24, 1954).
"20,000 Leagues On Screen at Astor Theatre"
.
New York Daily News
. p. 13C
. Retrieved
May 22,
2024
– via Newspapers.com.
- ^
Scheuer, Philip K. (December 27, 1954).
"
'20,000 Leagues' Top Adventure Film of the Year"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Part III, p. 9 – via
Newspapers.com
.
- ^
"
'20,000 Leagues Under the Sea' with Kirk Douglas, James Mason, Paul Lukas and Peter Lorre"
.
Harrison's Reports
. December 18, 1954. p. 203
. Retrieved
June 13,
2020
– via Internet Archive.
- ^
"Disney Puts Lots of Verve in Verne Tale"
.
Chicago Daily Tribune
. December 30, 1954. Part 2, p. 5
. Retrieved
May 22,
2024
– via Newspapers.com.
- ^
Biodrowski, Steve (August 25, 2007).
"Hollywood Gothique: Captain Nemo Double Bill"
.
Cinefantastique
. Archived from
the original
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- Bibliography
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