21st United States national census
The
1990 United States census
, conducted by the
Census Bureau
, determined the resident population of the
United States
to be 248,709,873, an increase of 9.8 percent over the 226,545,805 persons
enumerated
during the
1980 census
.
[1]
Approximately 16 percent of households received a "long form" of the 1990 census, which contained more than 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1990 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the
Integrated Public Use Microdata Series
.
It was the first census to designate "
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
" as a racial group separate from
Asians
. The census was also the first census to be directed by a woman,
Barbara Everitt Bryant
.
To increase black participation in the 1990 United States census, the bureau recruited
Bill Cosby
,
Magic Johnson
,
Alfre Woodard
, and Miss America
Debbye Turner
as spokespeople.
[2]
The
Integrated Public Use Microdata Series
.
Aggregate data
for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the
National Historical Geographic Information System
.
Personally identifiable information
will be available in 2062.
[3]
This was the first census since 1880 in which
Chicago
was not the second-largest city, having been overtaken by
Los Angeles
. As of the
2020 census
, Los Angeles has remained the nation's second-largest city.
State rankings
[
edit
]
Population and population change in the United States by state
Rank
|
State
|
Population as of
1990 census
|
Population as of
1980 census
|
Change
|
Percent
change
|
1
|
California
|
29,760,021
|
23,667,902
|
6,092,119
|
25.7%
|
2
|
New York
|
17,990,455
|
17,558,072
|
432,383
|
2.5%
|
3
|
Texas
|
16,986,510
|
14,229,191
|
2,757,319
|
19.4%
|
4
|
Florida
|
12,937,926
|
9,746,324
|
3,191,602
|
32.7%
|
5
|
Pennsylvania
|
11,881,643
|
11,863,895
|
17,748
|
0.2%
|
6
|
Illinois
|
11,430,602
|
11,426,518
|
4,084
|
0.0%
|
7
|
Ohio
|
10,847,115
|
10,797,630
|
49,485
|
0.4%
|
8
|
Michigan
|
9,295,297
|
9,262,078
|
33,219
|
0.4%
|
9
|
New Jersey
|
7,730,188
|
7,364,823
|
365,365
|
5.0%
|
10
|
North Carolina
|
6,628,637
|
5,881,766
|
746,871
|
12.7%
|
11
|
Georgia
|
6,478,216
|
5,463,105
|
1,015,111
|
18.6%
|
12
|
Virginia
|
6,187,358
|
5,346,818
|
840,540
|
15.7%
|
13
|
Massachusetts
|
6,016,425
|
5,737,037
|
279,388
|
4.9%
|
14
|
Indiana
|
5,544,159
|
5,490,224
|
53,935
|
1.0%
|
15
|
Missouri
|
5,117,073
|
4,916,686
|
200,387
|
4.1%
|
16
|
Wisconsin
|
4,891,769
|
4,705,767
|
186,002
|
3.9%
|
17
|
Tennessee
|
4,877,185
|
4,591,120
|
286,065
|
6.2%
|
18
|
Washington
|
4,866,692
|
4,132,156
|
734,536
|
17.8%
|
19
|
Maryland
|
4,781,468
|
4,216,975
|
564,493
|
13.4%
|
20
|
Minnesota
|
4,375,099
|
4,075,970
|
299,129
|
7.3%
|
21
|
Louisiana
|
4,219,973
|
4,205,900
|
14,073
|
0.3%
|
22
|
Alabama
|
4,040,587
|
3,893,888
|
146,699
|
3.8%
|
23
|
Kentucky
|
3,685,296
|
3,660,777
|
24,519
|
0.7%
|
24
|
Arizona
|
3,665,228
|
2,718,215
|
947,013
|
34.8%
|
25
|
South Carolina
|
3,486,703
|
3,121,820
|
364,883
|
11.7%
|
26
|
Colorado
|
3,294,394
|
2,889,964
|
404,430
|
14.0%
|
27
|
Connecticut
|
3,287,116
|
3,107,576
|
179,540
|
5.8%
|
28
|
Oklahoma
|
3,145,585
|
3,025,290
|
120,295
|
4.0%
|
29
|
Oregon
|
2,842,321
|
2,633,105
|
209,216
|
7.9%
|
30
|
Iowa
|
2,776,755
|
2,913,808
|
?137,053
|
?4.7%
|
31
|
Mississippi
|
2,573,216
|
2,520,638
|
52,578
|
2.1%
|
32
|
Kansas
|
2,477,574
|
2,363,679
|
113,895
|
4.8%
|
33
|
Arkansas
|
2,350,725
|
2,286,435
|
64,290
|
2.8%
|
34
|
West Virginia
|
1,793,477
|
1,949,644
|
?156,167
|
?8.0%
|
35
|
Utah
|
1,722,850
|
1,461,037
|
261,813
|
17.9%
|
36
|
Nebraska
|
1,578,385
|
1,569,825
|
8,560
|
0.5%
|
37
|
New Mexico
|
1,515,069
|
1,302,894
|
212,175
|
16.3%
|
38
|
Maine
|
1,227,928
|
1,124,660
|
103,268
|
9.2%
|
39
|
Nevada
|
1,201,833
|
800,493
|
401,340
|
50.1%
|
40
|
New Hampshire
|
1,109,252
|
920,610
|
188,642
|
20.5%
|
41
|
Hawaii
|
1,108,229
|
964,691
|
143,538
|
14.8%
|
42
|
Idaho
|
1,006,749
|
943,935
|
62,814
|
6.7%
|
43
|
Rhode Island
|
1,003,464
|
947,154
|
56,310
|
5.9%
|
44
|
Montana
|
799,065
|
786,690
|
12,375
|
1.6%
|
45
|
South Dakota
|
696,004
|
690,768
|
5,236
|
0.8%
|
46
|
Delaware
|
666,168
|
594,338
|
71,830
|
12.1%
|
47
|
North Dakota
|
638,800
|
652,717
|
?13,917
|
?2.1%
|
?
|
District of Columbia
|
606,900
|
638,333
|
?31,433
|
?4.9%
|
48
|
Vermont
|
562,758
|
511,456
|
51,302
|
10.0%
|
49
|
Alaska
|
550,043
|
401,851
|
148,192
|
36.8%
|
50
|
Wyoming
|
453,588
|
469,557
|
?15,969
|
?3.4%
|
|
United States
|
248,709,873
|
226,545,805
|
22,164,068
|
9.8%
|
Reapportionment
[
edit
]
The results of the 1990 census determined the number of seats that each state receives in the
United States House of Representatives
starting with the
1992 elections
. Consequently, this affected the number of votes each state has in the
Electoral College
for the
1992 presidential election
.
Because of population changes, twenty-one states had changes in their number of seats. Eight states gained at least one seat, and thirteen states lost at least one seat. The final result involved 19 seats being switched.
[4]
City rankings
[
edit
]
Rank
|
City
|
State
|
Population
[5]
|
Region (2016)
[6]
|
01
|
New York
|
New York
|
7,322,564
|
Northeast
|
02
|
Los Angeles
|
California
|
3,485,398
|
West
|
03
|
Chicago
|
Illinois
|
2,783,726
|
Midwest
|
04
|
Houston
|
Texas
|
1,630,553
|
South
|
05
|
Philadelphia
|
Pennsylvania
|
1,585,577
|
Northeast
|
06
|
San Diego
|
California
|
1,110,549
|
West
|
07
|
Detroit
|
Michigan
|
1,027,974
|
Midwest
|
08
|
Dallas
|
Texas
|
1,006,877
|
South
|
09
|
Phoenix
|
Arizona
|
983,403
|
West
|
10
|
San Antonio
|
Texas
|
935,933
|
South
|
11
|
San Jose
|
California
|
782,248
|
West
|
12
|
Baltimore
|
Maryland
|
736,014
|
South
|
13
|
Indianapolis
|
Indiana
|
731,327
|
Midwest
|
14
|
San Francisco
|
California
|
723,959
|
West
|
15
|
Jacksonville
|
Florida
|
635,230
|
South
|
16
|
Columbus
|
Ohio
|
632,910
|
Midwest
|
17
|
Milwaukee
|
Wisconsin
|
628,088
|
Midwest
|
18
|
Memphis
|
Tennessee
|
610,337
|
South
|
19
|
Washington
|
District of Columbia
|
606,900
|
South
|
20
|
Boston
|
Massachusetts
|
574,283
|
Northeast
|
21
|
Seattle
|
Washington
|
516,259
|
West
|
22
|
El Paso
|
Texas
|
515,342
|
South
|
23
|
Cleveland
|
Ohio
|
505,616
|
Midwest
|
24
|
New Orleans
|
Louisiana
|
496,938
|
South
|
25
|
Nashville-Davidson
|
Tennessee
|
488,374
|
South
|
26
|
Denver
|
Colorado
|
467,610
|
West
|
27
|
Austin
|
Texas
|
465,622
|
South
|
28
|
Fort Worth
|
Texas
|
447,619
|
South
|
29
|
Oklahoma City
|
Oklahoma
|
444,719
|
South
|
30
|
Portland
|
Oregon
|
437,319
|
West
|
31
|
Kansas City
|
Missouri
|
435,146
|
Midwest
|
32
|
Long Beach
|
California
|
429,433
|
West
|
33
|
Tucson
|
Arizona
|
405,390
|
West
|
34
|
St. Louis
|
Missouri
|
396,685
|
Midwest
|
35
|
Charlotte
|
North Carolina
|
395,934
|
South
|
36
|
Atlanta
|
Georgia
|
394,017
|
South
|
37
|
Virginia Beach
|
Virginia
|
393,069
|
South
|
38
|
Albuquerque
|
New Mexico
|
384,736
|
West
|
39
|
Oakland
|
California
|
372,242
|
West
|
40
|
Pittsburgh
|
Pennsylvania
|
369,879
|
Northeast
|
41
|
Sacramento
|
California
|
369,365
|
West
|
42
|
Minneapolis
|
Minnesota
|
368,383
|
Midwest
|
43
|
Tulsa
|
Oklahoma
|
367,302
|
South
|
44
|
Honolulu
|
Hawaii
|
365,272
|
West
|
45
|
Cincinnati
|
Ohio
|
364,040
|
Midwest
|
46
|
Miami
|
Florida
|
358,548
|
South
|
47
|
Fresno
|
California
|
354,202
|
West
|
48
|
Omaha
|
Nebraska
|
335,795
|
Midwest
|
49
|
Toledo
|
Ohio
|
332,943
|
Midwest
|
50
|
Buffalo
|
New York
|
328,123
|
Northeast
|
51
|
Wichita
|
Kansas
|
304,011
|
Midwest
|
52
|
Santa Ana
|
California
|
293,742
|
West
|
53
|
Mesa
|
Arizona
|
288,091
|
West
|
54
|
Colorado Springs
|
Colorado
|
281,140
|
West
|
55
|
Tampa
|
Florida
|
280,015
|
South
|
56
|
Newark
|
New Jersey
|
275,221
|
Northeast
|
57
|
Saint Paul
|
Minnesota
|
272,235
|
Midwest
|
58
|
Louisville
|
Kentucky
|
269,063
|
South
|
59
|
Anaheim
|
California
|
266,406
|
West
|
60
|
Birmingham
|
Alabama
|
265,968
|
South
|
61
|
Arlington
|
Texas
|
261,721
|
South
|
62
|
Norfolk
|
Virginia
|
261,229
|
South
|
63
|
Las Vegas
|
Nevada
|
258,295
|
West
|
64
|
Corpus Christi
|
Texas
|
257,453
|
South
|
65
|
St. Petersburg
|
Florida
|
238,629
|
South
|
66
|
Rochester
|
New York
|
231,636
|
Northeast
|
67
|
Jersey City
|
New Jersey
|
228,537
|
Northeast
|
68
|
Riverside
|
California
|
226,505
|
West
|
69
|
Anchorage
|
Alaska
|
226,338
|
West
|
70
|
Lexington-Fayette
|
Kentucky
|
225,366
|
South
|
71
|
Akron
|
Ohio
|
223,019
|
Midwest
|
72
|
Aurora
|
Colorado
|
222,103
|
West
|
73
|
Baton Rouge
|
Louisiana
|
219,531
|
South
|
74
|
Stockton
|
California
|
210,943
|
West
|
75
|
Raleigh
|
North Carolina
|
207,951
|
South
|
76
|
Richmond
|
Virginia
|
203,056
|
South
|
77
|
Shreveport
|
Louisiana
|
198,525
|
South
|
78
|
Jackson
|
Mississippi
|
196,637
|
South
|
79
|
Mobile
|
Alabama
|
196,278
|
South
|
80
|
Des Moines
|
Iowa
|
193,187
|
Midwest
|
81
|
Lincoln
|
Nebraska
|
191,972
|
Midwest
|
82
|
Madison
|
Wisconsin
|
191,262
|
Midwest
|
83
|
Grand Rapids
|
Michigan
|
189,126
|
Midwest
|
84
|
Yonkers
|
New York
|
188,082
|
Northeast
|
85
|
Hialeah
|
Florida
|
188,004
|
South
|
86
|
Montgomery
|
Alabama
|
187,106
|
South
|
87
|
Lubbock
|
Texas
|
186,206
|
South
|
88
|
Greensboro
|
North Carolina
|
183,521
|
South
|
89
|
Dayton
|
Ohio
|
182,044
|
Midwest
|
90
|
Huntington Beach
|
California
|
181,519
|
West
|
91
|
Garland
|
Texas
|
180,650
|
South
|
92
|
Glendale
|
California
|
180,038
|
West
|
93
|
Columbus
|
Georgia
|
178,681
|
South
|
94
|
Spokane
|
Washington
|
177,196
|
West
|
95
|
Tacoma
|
Washington
|
176,664
|
West
|
96
|
Little Rock
|
Arkansas
|
175,795
|
South
|
97
|
Bakersfield
|
California
|
174,820
|
West
|
98
|
Fremont
|
California
|
173,339
|
West
|
99
|
Fort Wayne
|
Indiana
|
173,072
|
Midwest
|
100
|
Arlington
|
Virginia
|
170,936
|
South
|
Locations of 50 most populous cities
[
edit
]
Location of 50 largest cities by population in the United States in 1990
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Population and Area (Historical Censuses)"
(PDF)
. United States Census Bureau.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on June 24, 2008
. Retrieved
June 20,
2008
.
- ^
Brown, Frank Dexter (February 1990).
"The 1990 Census: Will Blacks Be Counted Out?"
.
Black Enterprise
.
20
(7). Earl G. Graves, Ltd: 195.
ISSN
0006-4165
. Retrieved
July 29,
2011
.
- ^
"The "72-Year Rule" ? History"
.
U.S. Census Bureau
. Retrieved
October 26,
2015
.
- ^
"1990 Apportionment Results"
.
US Census Bureau
. Retrieved
October 26,
2016
.
- ^
Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990
, U.S. Census Bureau, 1998
- ^
"Regions and Divisions"
. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from
the original
on December 3, 2016
. Retrieved
September 9,
2016
.
External links
[
edit
]