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1979?1980 Shia uprising in Iraq - Wikipedia Jump to content

1979?1980 Shia uprising in Iraq

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First Sadr Uprisng
Date 1979?1980
Location
Iraq
Result

Rebellion suppressed

  • Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and Amina Haydar al-Sadr executed.
Belligerents
Ba'athist Iraq Ba'athist Iraq Shi'ite rebels
Commanders and leaders
Saddam Hussein

Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr   Executed

Amina al-Sadr   Executed

The 1979?1980 Shia uprising in Iraq , also known as the First Sadr Uprising , took place as a followup to the Iranian Revolution (1978?1979) in neighbouring Iran, as the Shia Iraqi clerics vowed to overthrow Ba'athist Iraq , dominated by (secular) Sunni Muslims - specifically the Saddam Hussein family. Saddam and his deputies believed that the riots had been inspired by the Iranian Revolution and instigated by Iran's government. [1] The riots erupted in May 1979 and escalated in June - leading to thousands being tortured and killed in Najaf. The uprising subsided with the April 1980 arrest of the leader of Shia Iraqis, Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and his subsequent execution.

History [ edit ]

Al-Sadr's works attracted the ire of the Baath Party leading to repeated imprisonment where he was often tortured. Despite this, he continued his work after being released. [2] When the Baathists arrested Ayatollah Al-Sadr in 1977, his sister Amina Sadr bint al-Huda made a speech in the Imam Ali mosque in Najaf inviting the people to demonstrate. Many demonstrations were held, forcing the Baathists to release Al-Sadr who was placed under house arrest.

In 1979?1980, anti-Ba'ath riots arose in the Iraq's Shia areas by groups, who were working toward an Islamic revolution in their country. [3] Saddam and his deputies believed that the riots had been inspired by the Iranian Revolution and instigated by Iran's government. [1] In the aftermath of Iran’s revolution, Iraq’s Shiite community called on Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr to be their “Iraqi Ayatollah Khomeini”, leading a revolt against the Ba'ath regime. [4] [ better source needed ] Community leaders, tribal heads, and hundreds of ordinary members of the public paid their allegiance to al-Sadr. [4] Protests then erupted in Baghdad and the predominantly Shiite provinces of the south in May 1979. [4] For nine days, protests against the regime unfolded, but were suppressed by the regime. [4] The cleric’s imprisonment led to another wave of protests in June after a seminal, powerful appeal from al-Sadr’s sister, Bint al-Huda. Further clashes unfolded between the security forces and protestors. Najaf was put under siege and thousands were tortured and executed. [4]

Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr was finally arrested on 5 April 1980 with his sister, Sayedah Bint al-Huda . [5] They had formed a powerful militant movement in opposition to Saddam Hussein 's regime. [6]

On 9 April 1980, Al-Sadr and his sister were killed after being severely tortured by their Baathist captors. [2] Signs of torture could be seen on the bodies. [6] [7] [8] The Baathists raped Bint Houda in front of her brother. [8] An iron nail was hammered into Al-Sadr's head and he was then set on fire in Najaf. [2] [5] It has been reported that Saddam himself killed them. [6] The Baathists delivered the bodies of Baqir Al-Sadr and Bintul Huda to their cousin Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr. [6] They were buried in the Wadi-us-Salaam graveyard in the holy city of Najaf the same night. [5] His execution raised no criticism from Western countries because Al-Sadr had openly supported Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran. [7]

Aftermath [ edit ]

Main articles: Iran-Iraq War and 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq

The 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq (or Second Sadr Uprising [9] ) took place in Iraq in early 1999 following the killing of Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr by the then Ba'athist government of Iraq . [10] The protests and ensuing violence were strongest in the heavily Shia neighborhoods of Baghdad , as well as southern majority Shiite cities such as Karbala , Nasiriyah , Kufa , Najaf , and Basra . [11]

See also [ edit ]

References [ edit ]

  1. ^ a b Farrokh, Kaveh (20 December 2011). Iran at War: 1500?1988 . Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN   978-1-78096-221-4 .
  2. ^ a b c Al Asaad, Sondoss (9 April 2018). "38 Years After Saddam's Heinous Execution of the Phenomenal Philosopher Ayatollah Al-Sadr and his Sister" . moderndiplomacy.eu. Modern Diplomacy . Retrieved 9 March 2019 .
  3. ^ Karsh, Efraim (25 April 2002). The Iran?Iraq War: 1980?1988 . Osprey Publishing. pp. 1?8, 12?16, 19?82. ISBN   978-1841763712 .
  4. ^ a b c d e "Iraq's failed uprising after the 1979 Iranian revolution" . 11 March 2019.
  5. ^ a b c Al Asaad, Sondoss (10 April 2018). "The ninth of April, the martyrdom of the Sadrs" . tehrantimes.com. Tehran Times . Retrieved 9 March 2019 .
  6. ^ a b c d Ramadani, Sami (24 August 2004). "There's more to Sadr than meets the eye" . theguardian.com. The Guardian . Retrieved 9 March 2019 .
  7. ^ a b Aziz, T.M (1 May 1993). "The Role of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr in Shii Political Activism in Iraq from 1958 to 1980". International Journal of Middle East Studies . 25 (2): 207?222. doi : 10.1017/S0020743800058499 . JSTOR   164663 .
  8. ^ a b Marlowe, Lara (6 January 2007). "Sectarianism laid bare" . irishtimes.com. The Irish Times . Retrieved 9 March 2019 .
  9. ^ Esomba, Steve, Wall Streets Infected By Arab Spring , p. 5
  10. ^ Dan Murphy (27 April 2004). "Sadr the agitator: like father, like son" . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 1 February 2013 .
  11. ^ Human Rights Watch, III. The al-Sadr Intifada of 1999 , February 2005
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