1950 United States Senate elections
|
|
|
|
|
Majority party
|
Minority party
|
|
|
|
Leader
|
Scott Lucas
(lost re-election)
|
Ken Wherry
|
Party
|
Democratic
|
Republican
|
Leader since
|
January 3, 1949
|
January 3, 1949
|
Leader's seat
|
Illinois
|
Nebraska
|
Seats before
|
54
|
42
|
Seats after
|
49
|
47
|
Seat change
|
5
|
5
|
Popular vote
|
16,374,996
|
17,023,295
|
Percentage
|
47.7%
|
49.6%
|
Seats up
|
23
|
13
|
Races won
|
18
|
18
|
|
Results of the elections:
Democratic gain
Democratic hold
Republican gain
Republican hold
No election
Rectangular inset (
Conn.
,
Id.
&
N. C.
): both seats up for election
|
|
The
1950 United States Senate elections
occurred in the middle of
Harry S. Truman
's second term as president. The 32 seats of
Class 3
were contested in regular elections, and four special elections were held to fill vacancies. As with most 20th-century second-term midterms, the party not holding the presidency made significant gains. The
Republican
opposition made a net gain of five seats, taking advantage of the
Democratic
administration's declining popularity during the
Cold War
and the aftermath of the
Recession of 1949
. The Democrats held a narrow 49-to-47-seat majority after the election. This was the first time since
1932
that the Senate majority leader lost his seat, and the only instance of the majority leader losing his seat while his party retained the majority.
Results summary
[
edit
]
↓
49
|
47
|
Democratic
|
Republican
|
Colored shading indicates party with largest share of that row.
Parties
|
|
|
|
Total
|
Democratic
|
Republican
|
Other
|
Last elections (1948)
Before these elections
|
54
|
42
|
0
|
96
|
Not up
|
31
|
29
|
?
|
60
|
Up
|
23
|
13
|
?
|
36
|
|
Class 3 (
1944
→1950)
|
20
|
12
|
?
|
32
|
Special: Class 1
|
2
|
0
|
?
|
2
|
Special: Class 2
|
1
|
1
|
?
|
2
|
|
Incumbent retired
|
3
[b]
|
1
|
?
|
4
|
|
Held by same party
|
2
|
1
|
?
|
3
|
Replaced by other party
|
1 Democrat replaced by
1 Republican
|
?
|
1
|
Result
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
4
|
Incumbent ran
|
20
|
12
|
?
|
32
|
|
Won re-election
|
12
|
10
|
?
|
22
|
Lost re-election
|
1 Republican replaced by
1 Democrat
4 Democrats replaced by
4 Republicans
|
?
|
5
|
Lost renomination
but held by same party
|
3
|
1
|
?
|
4
|
Lost renomination
and party lost
|
1 Democrat replaced by
1 Republican
|
?
|
1
|
Result
|
16
|
16
|
0
|
32
|
|
Total elected
|
18
|
18
|
0
|
36
|
Net change
|
5
|
5
|
|
5
|
|
Nationwide vote
|
16,374,996
|
17,023,295
|
946,945
|
34,345,236
|
|
Share
|
47.68%
|
49.57%
|
2.76%
|
100%
|
Result
|
49
|
47
|
0
|
96
|
Source: Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives
[1]
Gains, losses, and holds
[
edit
]
Retirements
[
edit
]
One Republican and three Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election.
Defeats
[
edit
]
Two Republicans and eight Democrats sought re-election but lost in the primary or general election.
Post election changes
[
edit
]
Change in composition
[
edit
]
Before the elections
[
edit
]
Results of the elections
[
edit
]
Race summaries
[
edit
]
Special elections during the 81st Congress
[
edit
]
In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1950 or before January 3, 1951; ordered by election date.
State
(linked to summaries below)
|
Incumbent
|
Results
(linked to election articles)
|
Candidates
|
Senator
|
Party
|
Electoral history
|
Connecticut
(Class 1)
|
William Benton
|
Democratic
|
1949
(Appointed)
|
Interim appointee
elected
November 7, 1950
.
|
|
Idaho
(Class 2)
|
Henry Dworshak
|
Republican
|
1946
(special)
1948
(Lost)
1949
(Appointed)
|
Interim appointee
elected
November 7, 1950
.
|
- ?
Y
Henry Dworshak
(Republican) 51.9%
- ?
Claude J. Burtenshaw (Democratic) 48.1%
|
Kansas
(Class 3)
|
Harry Darby
|
Republican
|
1949
(Appointed)
|
Interim appointee retired November 28, 1950 when successor's election was certified.
Successor
elected
November 7, 1950
.
Republican hold.
Winner was also elected to finish the term; see below.
|
- ?
Y
Frank Carlson
(Republican) 55.2%
- ?
Paul Aiken (Democratic) 44.8%
|
Kentucky
(Class 3)
|
Garrett Withers
|
Democratic
|
1949
(Appointed)
|
Interim appointee resigned to trigger special election.
Successor
elected
November 7, 1950
.
Democratic hold.
Winner was also elected to finish the term; see below.
|
|
North Carolina
(Class 2)
|
Frank Porter Graham
|
Democratic
|
1949
(Appointed)
|
Interim appointee lost nomination to finish term.
Winner
elected
November 7, 1950
.
Democratic hold.
|
|
Rhode Island
(Class 1)
|
Edward L. Leahy
|
Democratic
|
1949
(Appointed)
|
Interim appointee retired.
Winner
elected
November 7, 1950
.
Democratic hold.
|
|
Races leading to the 82nd Congress
[
edit
]
In these regular elections, the winner was seated on January 3, 1951; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.
Closest races
[
edit
]
Fifteen races had a margin of victory under 10%:
Alabama
[
edit
]
1950 United States Senate election in Alabama
|
|
|
County results
Hill
:
60?70%
70?80%
80?90%
>90%
|
|
Arizona
[
edit
]
1950 United States Senate election in Arizona
|
|
|
County results
Hayden
:
50?60%
60?70%
70?80%
80?90%
|
|
Incumbent Democratic U.S. senator
Carl Hayden
ran for re-election to a fifth term, defeating Republican nominee Bruce Brockett in the general election. Brockett was formerly the Republican nominee for governor in both 1946 and 1948. Hayden first defeated Cecil H. Miller and Robert E. Miller (of the Arizona Farm Bureau), for the Democratic nomination.
Arkansas
[
edit
]
California
[
edit
]
1950 United States Senate election in California
|
|
|
County Results
Nixon:
50?60%
60?70%
70?80%
Douglas:
50?60%
|
|
Colorado
[
edit
]
1950 United States Senate election in Colorado
|
|
|
Results by county
Millikin
:
50?60%
60?70%
Carroll:
50?60%
60?70%
|
|
Connecticut
[
edit
]
Connecticut (special)
[
edit
]
Connecticut (regular)
[
edit
]
Florida
[
edit
]
1950 United States Senate election in Florida
|
|
|
County results
Smathers
:
50?60%
60?70%
70?80%
80?90%
>90%
Booth
:
50?60%
|
|
Democratic incumbent Senator
Claude Pepper
lost renomination May 2, 1950 to
George A. Smathers
, who easily won the general election.
[2]
The Democratic primary for the 1950 United States Senate election in Florida was described as the "most bitter and ugly campaigns in
Florida
political history." Ormund Powers, a
Central Florida
historian, noted that
ABC
and
NBC
commentator
David Brinkley
said that "the Pepper-Smathers campaign would always stand out in his mind as the dirtiest in the history of American politics". On January 12, 1950, U.S. Representative
George A. Smathers
declared his candidacy for the race in
Orlando
at Kemp's Coliseum, where about 3,000 supporters had gathered.
[6]
In his opening speech, Smathers accused Pepper of being "the leader of the radicals and extremists", an advocate of treason, and a person against the constitutional rights of Americans.
[7]
Ed Ball
, a power in state politics who had broken with Pepper, financed his opponent, Smathers.
[8]
Prior to the entry of Smathers and Pepper, Orlando attorney James G. Horrell campaigned for the seat. Horrell researched Pepper's weaknesses and the state's voters. Horrell also compiled a list of communist-front groups that Pepper had communicated with. On the day that Pepper declared his candidacy, Horrell withdrew and endorsed Smathers. Horrell also sent his reports about Pepper to Smathers, which he used throughout the next few months. This would also prevent the chance of a run-off election. In late February and early March, the
Jacksonville Journal
conducted a poll in 11
counties
important for the election. Smathers led by about 2-to-1 and dominated in
Duval
,
Pinellas
, and
Volusia
counties, while he was also statistically tied with Pepper in
Dade
,
Escambia
, and
Hillsborough
counties. However, Smathers did not trail in any of the 11 counties.
[9]
Smathers repeatedly attacked "Red Pepper" for having communist sympathies, condemning both his support for
universal health care
and his alleged support for the
Soviet Union
. Pepper had traveled to the Soviet Union in 1945 and, after meeting Soviet leader
Joseph Stalin
, declared he was "a man Americans could trust."
[8]
Additionally, although Pepper supported universal health care, sometimes referred to as "socialized medicine", Smathers would vote for "socialized medicine" in the Senate when it was introduced as
Medicare
in 1965. In
The Saturday Evening Post
, even respected writer and notorious
anti-segregation
editor
Ralph McGill
labeled Pepper a "spell-binding
pinko
".
[7]
Beginning on March 28 and until the day of the primary, Smathers named one communist organization each day that Pepper addressed, starting with the American Slav Congress.
[9]
Pepper's opponents circulated widely a 49-page booklet titled
The Red Record of Senator Claude Pepper
. It contained photographs and headlines from several communist publications such as the
Daily Worker
.
[7]
In April the
Daily Worker
endorsed Pepper, with Communist Party of Florida leader George Nelson warning that a Smathers victory would "strengthen the Dixiecrat-KKK forces in Florida as well as throughout the South."
[9]
The booklet also made it seem as if Pepper desired to give Russia nuclear bomb-making instructions, billions of dollars, and the United States' natural resources. There was also a double-page montage of Pepper in 1946 at
New York City
's
Madison Square Garden
with
progressive
Henry A. Wallace
and civil rights activist
Paul Robeson
, and quoted Pepper speaking favorably of both of them.
[7]
Throughout the campaign, Pepper denied sympathizing with communism.
[10]
Simultaneous to this election, then-U.S. House Representative
Richard Nixon
was
running for the Senate seat
in
California
. In a letter from Senator
Karl E. Mundt
of
South Dakota
, he told Nixon that "It occurs to me that if Helen is your opponent in the fall, something of a similar nature might well be produced", in reference to
The Red Record of Senator Claude Pepper
and a similar Democratic primary between
Manchester Boddy
and
Helen Gahagan Douglas
.
[11]
Race also played a role in the election. Labor unions began a voter registration drive, which mostly added African Americans to the voter rolls. Smathers accused the "Northern labor bosses" of paying black people to register and vote for Pepper. Shortly after Smathers declared his candidacy, he indicated to the Florida Peace Officers Association that he would defend law enforcement officers for free if they were found guilty of civil rights violations.
[7]
With the election occurring during the era of
racial segregation
, Pepper was portrayed as favoring integration and interracial marriage. He was also labeled a "nigger lover" and accused by
Orlando Sentinel
publisher Martin Andersen of shaking hands with a black woman in
Sanford
. In
Dade County
, which had a significant black and Jewish population, doctored photographs depicting Smathers in a
Ku Klux Klan
hood were distributed.
[12]
In the
Groveland Case
, four young African American men ? Charles Greenlee,
Walter Irvin
, Samuel Shepherd, and Ernest Thomas ? known as the
Groveland Four
, were accused of raping a 17-year old white women in
Groveland
on July 16, 1949. Thomas fled the area but was later shot and killed by police. Greenlee, Irvin, and Shepherd were convicted by an all-white jury. After the
St. Petersburg Times
questioned the verdict in April 1950,
Lake County
State Attorney J. W. Hunter, a supporter of Pepper, demanded that Pepper repudiate the news articles. However, Pepper refused. Hunter then denounced Pepper and endorsed Smathers. In addition to the racial violence,
cross burning
was also common at the time, with five in
Jacksonville
, ten in Orlando and
Winter Park
, and seventeen in the
Tallahassee
area
.
[9]
With the accusation of "Northern labor bosses" sending "the carpetbaggers of 1950" to Florida on his behalf, Pepper reminded voters that Smathers was born in
New Jersey
and sometimes referred to him as a "damn Yankee intruder". In response, Smathers decorated speaking platform in the colors of his alma mater at the
University of Florida
, orange and blue, while informing his supporters that Pepper graduated from
Harvard Law School
.
[7]
Powers noted that throughout the campaign, "scarcely a day passed" without Andersen writing a news story, column, or editorial that was very positive of Smathers or highly critical of Pepper.
[6]
Thirty-eight daily newspapers in Florida endorsed Smathers, while only the
St. Petersburg Times
and
The Daytona Beach News-Journal
endorsed Pepper. Among the newspapers that supported Smathers were the
Miami Herald
, owned by
John S. Knight
, and the
Miami Daily News
, published by
James M. Cox
, a former
Governor of Ohio
and the Democratic Party nominee for the
1920 presidential election
. However, Pepper's aides compared this situation to when
Alf Landon
was endorsed by more editors and newspapers than Franklin Roosevelt in
1936
, but received far fewer votes than him.
[13]
Smathers performed generally well across many areas of the state, with the exception of
Miami
,
Tampa
, and the
Florida Panhandle
. On the morning after the election, Andersen wrote on the front-page headline of the
Orlando Sentinel
, "Praise God From Whom All Blessings Flow ... We Have Won from Hell to Breakfast And From Dan to Beersheba ... And Staved Off Socialism", which was inspired by a headline in
The New York Times
celebrating
Lawrence of Arabia
's victory over the Turks in 1917.
[6]
Smathers defeated Republican John P. Booth in a landslide in the general election on November 7. Results indicated that Smathers received 76.3% of the vote compared to just 23.7% for Booth. In the popular vote, Smathers garnered 238,987 votes versus 74,228 for Booth.
[14]
Smathers fared well throughout the state and won all but Pinellas County.
[15]
Georgia
[
edit
]
Five-term Democratic Senator
Walter F. George
was re-elected without opposition.
George would retire after this term.
Idaho
[
edit
]
There were two elections on the same day due to the October 8, 1949 death of one-term Democrat
Bert H. Miller
.
Idaho (special)
[
edit
]
Republican former-senator
Henry Dworshak
? who had
lost re-election to Miller in 1948
? was appointed to continue the term pending a special election to the class 2 seat, which he then won.
Idaho (regular)
[
edit
]
One-term Democrat
Glen H. Taylor
lost renomination to the class 3 seat to his predecessor
D. Worth Clark
.
[18]
Taylor had beaten Clark for the Democratic nomination in 1944, and this year Clark did the same to him. However, in the general election, Clark was easily beaten by Republican State senator
Herman Welker
.
Illinois
[
edit
]
1950 United States Senate election in Illinois
|
|
|
County results
Dirksen:
40?50%
50-60%
60-70%
70-80%
Lucas:
40?50%
50?60%
60?70%
|
|
Indiana
[
edit
]
1950 United States Senate election in Indiana
|
|
|
County results
Capehart:
40-50%
50?60%
60?70%
Campbell:
40-50%
50?60%
|
|
First-term Republican
Homer E. Capehart
was re-elected.
Capehart would win
re-election again in 1956
, but
lose his seat in 1962
.
Iowa
[
edit
]
1950 United States Senate election in Iowa
|
|
|
Hickenlooper
:
50?60%
60?70%
Loveland
:
40?50%
50?60%
|
|
One-term Republican
Bourke B. Hickenlooper
was re-elected.
Hickenlooper would continue serving in the Senate until his retirement in 1969.
Kansas
[
edit
]
There were 2 elections to the same seat on the same day due to the November 8, 1949 death of two-term Republican
Clyde M. Reed
.
Governor of Kansas
Frank Carlson
appointed fellow-Republican
Harry Darby
December 2, 1949 to continue the term, pending a special election. Carlson won both elections and was seated November 29, 1950.
Kansas (special)
[
edit
]
Kansas (regular)
[
edit
]
Kentucky
[
edit
]
There were 2 elections to the same seat on the same day, due to the January 19, 1949 resignation of Democrat
Alben W. Barkley
to become
U.S. Vice President
.
Governor of Kentucky
Earle Clements
appointed fellow-Democrat
Garrett L. Withers
to continue the term, pending a special election. The winner of the special election would complete the current term, from November until the start of the
next Congress
on January 3, while the regular election was for the full term from 1951 to 1957. Clements, himself, won both elections and was sworn in on November 27, 1950. Withers
later served
one term
in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Kentucky (special)
[
edit
]
Kentucky (regular)
[
edit
]
Kentucky election
|
|
|
County results
Clements
:
40?50%
50?60%
60?70%
70?80%
80?90%
Dawson
:
40?50%
50?60%
60?70%
70?80%
80?90%
|
|
Louisiana
[
edit
]
1950 United States Senate election in Louisiana
|
|
|
Parish results
Long
:
70?80%
80?90%
>90%
|
|
Maryland
[
edit
]
1950 United States Senate election in Maryland
|
|
|
County results
Butler:
50?60%
60?70%
Tydings:
40?50%
50?60%
60?70%
|
|
Missouri
[
edit
]
Missouri election
|
|
|
County results
Hennings
:
50?60%
60?70%
70?80%
80?90%
Donnell
:
50?60%
60?70%
70?80%
80?90%
|
|
Nevada
[
edit
]
1950 United States Senate election in Nevada
|
|
|
County results
McCarran
:
50?60%
60?70%
70?80%
Marshall
:
50?60%
|
|
New Hampshire
[
edit
]
New York
[
edit
]
1950 United States Senate election in New York
|
|
|
County results
Lehman
:
40?50%
50?60%
60?70%
Hanley
:
40-50%
50-60%
60-70%
70?80%
|
|
The
Socialist Workers
state convention met on July 9, and nominated Joseph Hansen for the U.S. Senate.
[25]
The
American Labor
state convention met on September 6 and nominated
W.E.B. DuBois
for the U.S. Senate.
[26]
The
Republican
state convention met on September 7 at
Saratoga Springs, New York
. They re-nominated Lieutenant Governor Joe R. Hanley for the U.S. Senate.
[27]
The
Democratic
state convention met on September 7 at
Rochester, New York
, and re-nominated the incumbent U.S. senator Herbert H. Lehman
[28]
The
Liberal
state convention met on September 6 and 7 at the
Statler Hotel
in
New York City
, and endorsed Democratic nominee Lehman.
[29]
Nearly the whole Republican statewide ticket was elected in a landslide; with only the Democratic incumbent U.S. senator, Ex-Governor Herbert H. Lehman, managing to stay in office.
North Carolina
[
edit
]
There were 2 elections in North Carolina.
North Carolina (special)
[
edit
]
North Carolina (regular)
[
edit
]
North Dakota
[
edit
]
1950 United States Senate election in North Dakota
|
|
|
County results
Young
:
50-60%
60-70%
70-80%
80-90%
O'Brien
:
50-60%
|
|
Ohio
[
edit
]
Oklahoma
[
edit
]
Oregon
[
edit
]
Pennsylvania
[
edit
]
1950 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
|
|
|
County results
Duff:
50?60%
60?70%
70?80%
Myers:
40?50%
50?60%
60?70%
|
|
Rhode Island (special)
[
edit
]
South Carolina
[
edit
]
South Dakota
[
edit
]
Utah
[
edit
]
Vermont
[
edit
]
Washington
[
edit
]
1950 United States Senate election in Washington
|
|
|
County results
Magnuson
:
50?60%
60?70%
Williams
:
50?60%
60?70%
|
|
Wisconsin
[
edit
]
1950 United States Senate election in Wisconsin
|
|
|
County results
Wiley
:
50?60%
60?70%
70?80%
Fairchild
:
50?60%
60?70%
|
|
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
aa
ab
ac
ad
ae
af
ag
ah
ai
aj
ak
al
Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives
(January 11, 1951).
"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 7, 1950"
(PDF)
.
U.S. Government Printing Office
. pp. 5, 6?7, 26, 32, 40.
- ^
a
b
"FL US Senate"
. Our Campaigns
. Retrieved
June 18,
2013
.
- ^
"Our Campaigns - AL US Senate Race - Nov 07, 1950"
.
www.ourcampaigns.com
. Retrieved
August 27,
2020
.
- ^
"Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate - D Primary Race - Sep 12, 1950"
.
www.ourcampaigns.com
. Retrieved
December 21,
2017
.
- ^
"Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate Race - Nov 07, 1950"
.
www.ourcampaigns.com
. Retrieved
December 21,
2017
.
- ^
a
b
c
Joy Wallace Dickinson (September 24, 2000).
"Florida's Senatorial Slugfest Was Bitter, Ugly, Legendary"
.
Orlando Sentinel
. Retrieved
March 16,
2016
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Claude Denson Pepper and Hays Gorey (November 1987).
Pepper: Eyewitness to a Century
. San Diego, California:
Harcourt
.
ISBN
978-0151716951
.
- ^
a
b
Fund, John.
Political Journal: George Smathers, RIP
, January 24, 2007.
- ^
a
b
c
d
James C. Clark (1998). "The Campaign Begins".
Road to Defeat: Claude Pepper and Defeat in the 1950 Florida Primary
(Thesis).
University of Florida
. Retrieved
April 6,
2016
.
- ^
"Pepper Concedes It; Miamian's Lead Nears 70,000"
.
The Daytona Beach News-Journal
. Miami, Florida. Associated Press. May 3, 1950
. Retrieved
December 8,
2018
.
- ^
Karl E. Mundt (May 9, 1950). "Letter from Sen. Karl Mundt to Richard Nixon, May 9, 1950, on file in the Richard M. Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, 1950 Senate race files, box 1".
- ^
Andrews, Mark (December 13, 1998).
"U.s. Senate Race Of '50 Was Black Mark On Campaigning"
.
Orlando Sentinel
. Retrieved
April 5,
2016
.
- ^
"Pepper-vs.-Smathers Race Close; Reds Issue in Florida Senate Drive".
The New York Times
. Lake Wales, Florida. April 6, 1950.
- ^
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(PDF)
(Report). Washington, D.C.:
United States House of Representatives
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"FL US Senate"
. Our Campaigns
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"Our Campaigns - GA US Senate Race - Nov 07, 1950"
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"Our Campaigns - ID US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 07, 1950"
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.
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"Our Campaigns - ID US Senate - D Primary Race - Aug 08, 1950"
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"Our Campaigns - ID US Senate Race - Nov 07, 1950"
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.
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"OFFICIAL VOTE of the STATE OF ILLINOIS Cast at the GENERAL ELECTION, November 7, 1950 JUDICIAL ELECTION, 1950, PRIMARY ELECTION General Primary, April 11, 1950"
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"Our Campaigns - IA US Senate Race - Nov 07, 1950"
.
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.
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"Our Campaigns - KS US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 07, 1950"
.
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"Our Campaigns - KS US Senate Race - Nov 07, 1950"
.
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. Retrieved
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"Our Campaigns - KY US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 07, 1950"
.
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.
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"TROTSKYISTS PICK TICKET"
.
The New York Times
. July 10, 1950.
- ^
"TRUMAN SHAMMING, MARCANTONIO SAYS; ...Slate for A.L.P. Is Listed"
.
The New York Times
. September 7, 1950.
- ^
"LEADING CANDIDATES ON THE STATE REPUBLICAN PARTY'S TICKET"
.
The New York Times
. September 8, 1950.
- ^
"Lynch, Nominated, Accuses Dewey of 'Unholy Coalition'; Lehman, Balch, Young, D'Amanda Also in 'Balanced' Ticket"
.
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. September 8, 1950.
- ^
"3 DEMOCRATS STIR LIBERAL'S REVOLT; Party Nominates Lehman and Lynch but Rejects Balch, Young and D'Amanda"
.
The New York Times
. September 8, 1950.