From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Anti-Jewish massacres in eastern Poland in 1941
Immediately following the
German invasion of the Soviet Union
in June 1941, anti-Jewish pogroms occurred in at least 219 localities in the lands that had been part of Poland prior to 1939 and were occupied by the Soviet Union from 1939 to 1941.
Background
[
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According to political scientists
Jeffrey Kopstein
and
Jason Wittenberg
, the presence of a political threat is the strongest explanatory factor for why pogroms occurred in some locations but not others: "Pogroms were most likely to occur where there were lots of Jews, where those Jews advocated national equality with non-Jews, and where parties advocating national equality were popular."
Pogroms
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Anti-Jewish pogroms occurred in at least 219 localities in the eastern borderlands of Poland, i.e. lands that had been part of Poland prior to 1939 and were
occupied by the Soviet Union from 1939 to 1941
.
Among these pogroms were the
Jedwabne pogrom
,
Lviv pogroms (1941)
,
Szczuczyn pogrom
,
and
W?sosz pogrom
.
Kopstein and Wittenberg estimate around twenty-five thousand to fifty thousand "deaths resulting from neighbor-on-neighbor violence in summer 1941", significantly less than the
1918?1920 pogroms in Poland
.
Kopsten and Wittenberg also write that "Yet pogroms were relatively rare events." The 219 pogroms represent "just 9 percent of all localities in the region where Jews and non-Jews dwelled together. Most communities never experienced a pogrom and most ordinary non-Jews never attacked Jews".
List of pogroms
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- Radziłow pogrom
by local Poles on 7 July 1941.
- Jedwabne pogrom
in
Jedwabne
, carried out by its Polish inhabitants on 10 July 1941.
- Lviv pogroms
in
Lwow
(now Lviv, Ukraine), perpetrated by German security forces, Ukrainian nationalists, and the local majority Polish population. from 30 June to 2 July 1941, and from 25 to 29 July 1941.
- Szczuczyn pogrom
in
Szczuczyn
, carried out by its Polish inhabitants in June 1941. It was stopped by passing German soldiers.
- Tykocin pogrom
in Tykocin, perpetrated by personnel of
Einsatzgruppe B
on August 25, 1941.
- W?sosz pogrom
in W?sosz, carried out by Poles on 5 July 1941.
References
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]
Sources
[
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]
- Kopstein, Jeffrey S.; Wittenberg, Jason (2018).
Intimate Violence: Anti-Jewish Pogroms on the Eve of the Holocaust
. Cornell University Press.
ISBN
978-1-5017-1527-3
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Lower, Wendy
(2011). "Pogroms, mob violence and genocide in western Ukraine, summer 1941: varied histories, explanations and comparisons".
Journal of Genocide Research
.
13
(3): 217?246.
doi
:
10.1080/14623528.2011.606683
.
S2CID
143549036
.
- Tryczyk, Mirosław (2021).
The Towns of Death: Pogroms Against Jews by Their Neighbors
. Rowman & Littlefield.
ISBN
978-1-7936-3764-2
.
- Zbikowski, Andrzej (1993). "Local Anti-Jewish Pogroms in the Occupied Territories of Eastern Poland, June?July 1941". In Dobroszycki, Lucjan; Gurock, Jeffrey S. (eds.).
The Holocaust in the Soviet Union: Studies and Sources on the Destruction of the Jews in the Nazi-Occupied Territories of the Ussr, 1941-1945
. M.E. Sharpe.
ISBN
978-1-56324-173-4
.
- Persak, Krzysztof. "
Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Summer 1941
" on Virtual Shtetl [Accessed: 8.08.2023]
- Gr?dzka-Rejak, Martyna. "
Extermination of Jews in the Eastern Borderlands"
on Polish Righteous [Accessed: 8.08.2023]