From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Calendar year
Year
1304
(
MCCCIV
) was a
leap year starting on Wednesday
(link will display the full calendar) of the
Julian calendar
.
Events
[
edit
]
January – March
[
edit
]
- January 11
– Messengers from King Edward of England arrive at
Kinclaven Castle
in
Scotland
to discuss peace with Scottish noble
John Comyn
.
[1]
- January 18
– In France,
King Philip the Fair
issues a mandate at
Toulouse
to halt the threat of a civil war, declaring that "For the good of our realm... we expressly forbid and most strictly prohibit wars, battles, homicides, the burning of towns or houses, assaults or attacks on peasants or those who plow, or doing anything similar to our vassals and subjects, regardless of status or condition, in any place, or in any part of the realm," and adds that "the rash transgressors of these statutes and inhibitions ought to be punished as disturbers of the peace, regardless of contrary custom, or rather corruption allegedly followed in any part of the said realm."
[2]
The action comes after Philip's meeting with Franciscan friar
Bernard Delicieux
concerning the Dominican Inquisition, but the King stops short of halting the Inquisition entirely despite Delicieux's claim that there had not been a single heretic among all the Albigensians for many years.
[3]
- January 31
– Cardinal
Nicolo Albertini
de
Prato
is dispatched by
Pope Benedict XI
as the
papal legate
to oversee negotiation of peace between Tuscany, Romagna and the Marca Trevigiana.
[4]
- February 9
–
War of Scottish Independence
: Scottish nobles led by
Robert the Bruce
and
John Comyn
("John the Red"), negotiate a peace treaty with King
Edward I of England
("Edward Longshanks"). His terms are accepted, and the Scots submit to English rule. In return, they are granted life and liberty under their old laws and freedom from the forfeiture of their lands. A few prominent nobles are singled out for temporary banishment ? among them
John de Soules
, guardian of
Scotland
, who is exiled to
France
. No terms are offered to
William Wallace
, Edward's most wanted enemy, who remains defiantly at large despite every effort of Edward to capture him.
[5]
[6]
- February 20
–
Battle of Happrew
: Scottish rebels led by William Wallace and
Simon Fraser
fight guerilla warfare against King
Edward I of England
. They defend themselves against a vanguard of English knights at
Peebles
, in the
Scottish Borders
. During the skirmish, the Scots are defeated and routed. Wallace and Fraser narrowly escape being captured.
- March 17
– Cardinal Albertini, the papal legate and peacemaker, enters
Florence
and is granted special powers by the government to facilitate his mission.
[4]
- March 23
–
John I of Arborea
, nicknamed "Chiano" and the ruler of western Sardinia as
Judge of Arborea
dies. He is succeeded by his sons
Marianus III
and
Andrew
April – June
[
edit
]
July – September
[
edit
]
- July 7
–
Pope Benedict XI
dies after an 8-month
pontificate
in
Perugia
.
[7]
- July 17
– A
papal conclave
, with 15 of the 19 living Roman Catholic cardinals, assembles at
Perugia
to elect a successor to Pope Benedict XI, who had died 10 days earlier. The conclave will be deadlocked for almost a year until Clement V receives the necessary two-thirds majority on June 5, 1305.
[7]
- July 24
–
Siege of Stirling Castle
: King
Edward I of England
captures the Scottish rebel stronghold at
Stirling
. The castle is for four months bombarded by twelve
siege engines
. During the siege, Edward orders his engineer, Master
James of St. George
, to build a massive engine called the
Warwolf
. Eventually,
William Oliphant
and his garrison surrender.
[5]
- July 27
–
Andrey III Aleksandorovich
, Kievan nobleman and Grand Prince of the Principality of
Grand Duchy of Vladimir
dies and is succeeded by his uncle
Mikhail of Tver
.
- August 8
–
Treaty of Torrellas
: The 18-year-old King
Ferdinand IV of Castile
signs a peace with King
James II of Aragon
("James the Just"). In the terms, James agrees to restore the
Kingdom of Murcia
to
Castile
, except for
Alicante
,
Elche
,
Orihuela
, and lands north of the
Segura River
. In return for extensive patrimony, Prince
Alfonso de la Cerda
renounces his claim to the Castilian throne, ending a conflict that has disturbed the tranquility of the realm for nearly 30 years.
[8]
- August 11
–
Battle of Zierikzee
: A French-Hollandic fleet (some 50 galleys) supported by Genoese ships led by Admiral
Rainier I
defeats the Flemish ships near
Zierikzee
. During the battle, the Flemish commander
Guy of Namur
is captured, and his fleet (which consists of Flemish, English, Hanseatic, Spanish and Swedish ships) is annihilated.
- August 18
–
Battle of Mons-en-Pevele
: French forces (some 13,000 men) led by King
Philip IV of France
("Philip the Fair") defeat a Flemish army at
Mons-en-Pevele
. During the battle, the Flemish, led by
William of Julich
"the Younger") are forced to retreat to
Lille
. William is killed, and the French lose the
Oriflamme
("Golden Flame"), the
battle standard
of Philip.
[9]
- August
- September 2
–
Brinolfo Algotsson
, the Swedish Catholic
Bishop of Skara
is rewarded for his financial assistance in rebuilding Norway's
Stavanger Cathedral
, as a Norwegian ship arrives at Skara. He is presented a
holy relic
, what is purported to be a
thorn
from the
crown of thorns
worn by
Jesus Christ
at the
Crucifixion
. In a solemn profession led by Algotsson, the thorn is transported to the
Skara Cathedral
.
[13]
- September 22
–
Thomas of Corbridge
, England's powerful
Archbishop of York
, dies after a little more than four years in office. The office is vacant for several months, and leads to the resignation of Lord Chancellor William Greenfield to become the new Bishop.
October – December
[
edit
]
- October 5
–
Treaty of Treviso
: After a dispute over
salt works
, the Italian commune of
Padua
and
Venice
sign a peace treaty, ending the
Salt War
. Venice establishes a salt monopoly and sells salt rights to merchants.
[14]
- October 24
– Ottoman-Turkish forces led by Sultan
Osman I
conquer the ancient city of
Ephesus
from the
Byzantine Empire
, massacring and deporting its native population.
[15]
- November 12
–
King Edward I
summons the English Parliament for the first time in more than two years.
- December 4
–
William Greenfield
,
Lord Chancellor of England
, is elected
Archbishop of York
by the church leaders in the diocese, then sets off for Rome to receive the consecration of the office by the Pope.
[16]
- December 29
–
William de Hamilton
is nominated
Lord Chancellor of England
, the highest office at the time for a member of Parliament, by
King Edward I
. He takes office on January 16.
[17]
- December
–
Roger de Flor
, Italian nobleman and adventurer, settles with the
Catalan Company
in
Gallipoli
and other towns in the southern part of
Thrace
and visits
Constantinople
to demand payment for his forces. He lives at the expense of the local population and uses the city as a base for his marauding raids in the surrounding area.
[18]
By place
[
edit
]
Byzantine Empire
[
edit
]
- Battle of Skafida
: Emperor
Michael IX Palaiologos
sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (some 10,000 men) to halt the expansion of the Bulgarians in
Thrace
. The two armies meet near
Sozopol
on the
Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
. During the battle, the Bulgarian army led by Tsar
Theodore Svetoslav
is defeated and routed. The Byzantines, infatuated with the chase of the retreating enemy, crowd on a bridge ? which possibly is sabotaged, and break down. The Bulgarians capture many Byzantine soldiers and some nobles are held for ransom. Svetoslav secures his territorial gains and stabilizes himself as the sole ruler of the
Bulgarian Empire
(until
1322
).
[19]
- The Byzantines lose the island of
Chios
, in the
Aegean Sea
, to the Genoese under Admiral
Benedetto I Zaccaria
. He establishes an
autonomous lordship
and justifies the act to the Byzantine court as necessary to prevent the island from being captured by Turkish pirates. Benedetto is granted the island as a fief for a period of 10 years.
[20]
[21]
Asia
[
edit
]
By topic
[
edit
]
Architecture
[
edit
]
Births
[
edit
]
- January 9
–
H?j? Takatoki
, Japanese
nobleman
and
regent
(d.
1333
)
- February 16
–
Tugh Temur
(or Wenzong), Mongol emperor (d.
1332
)
- February 24
–
Ibn Battuta
, Moroccan scholar and explorer (d.
1369
)
- May 2
–
Margaret Mortimer
, Anglo-Norman noblewoman (d.
1337
)
- April 9
–
Venturino of Bergamo
, Italian Dominican friar and preacher (d.
1346
)
- June 6
–
Francesco Albergotti
, Italian nobleman and jurist (d.
1376
)
- July 20
–
Francesco Petrarca
, Italian historian and poet (d.
1374
)
- October 4
–
John Beauchamp
, English peer and knight (d.
1343
)
- October 17
- Engelbert III
, German archbishop (
House of La Marck
) (d.
1368
)
- Gerard II de Lisle
, English nobleman, peer and knight (d.
1360
)
- Ibn al-Shatir
, Syrian astronomer, engineer and writer (d.
1375
)
- Joan of Valois
, French noblewoman and princess (d. 1363)
- John of Aragon
, Aragonese archbishop and patriarch (d.
1334
)
- Lodewijk Heyligen
, Flemish monk and music theorist (d.
1361
)
- Magnus I
("Magnus the Pious"), German nobleman and knight (d. 1369)
- Marcus of Viterbo
, Italian cardinal and
papal legate
(d. 1369)
- Marie of Luxemburg
, queen of
France
and
Navarre
(d.
1324
)
- Walram of Julich
, Dutch nobleman and archbishop (d.
1349
)
- Walter VI
, French nobleman, knight and constable (d.
1356
)
- William de Clinton
, English nobleman and admiral (d.
1354
)
Deaths
[
edit
]
- January 13
–
Ichij? Uchisane
, Japanese nobleman (b.
1276
)
- February 14
–
Guy of Ibelin
, Outremer nobleman (
House of Ibelin
)
- March 6
–
Fujiwara no Kimiko
, Japanese empress consort (b.
1232
)
- March 7
–
Bartolomeo I della Scala
, Italian nobleman and knight
- March 23
–
John I
("Chiano"), Sardinian ruler (
Judge of Arborea
)
- March 26
–
Wigbold von Holte
, German archbishop and diplomat
- April 1
–
Albert I
, Austrian nobleman, knight and co-ruler (b.
1240
)
- April 11
–
Maud de Lacy
, Norman noblewoman (
suo jure
) (b.
1230
)
- April 27
–
Pedro Armengol
, Spanish nobleman and priest (b.
1238
)
- May 11
–
Ghazan Khan
, Mongol ruler of the
Ilkhanate
(b.
1271
)
- May 23
–
Jehan de Lescurel
, French composer-poet and writer
- June 1
–
Giovanni Pelingotto
, Italian Third order Franciscan and
hermit
(b. 1240)
- June 5
–
Abu Said Uthman I
, Zenata Berber ruler of
Tlemcen
- July 7
–
Benedict XI
, pope of the
Catholic Church
(b. 1240)
- July 17
–
Edmund Mortimer
, English nobleman (b.
1251
)
- July 27
–
Andrey III
, Kievan nobleman and Grand Prince
- August 10
–
Martin of Dacia
, Danish theologian (b. 1240)
- August 16
–
John III
, Dutch nobleman and knight (b.
1249
)
- August 17
–
Go-Fukakusa
, Japanese emperor (b.
1243
)
- August 18
–
William of Julich
, Flemish nobleman (b.
1275
)
- August 22
–
John II
, Dutch nobleman and knight (b.
1247
)
- September 22
–
Thomas of Corbridge
, English archbishop
- September 27
–
John de Warenne
, English nobleman (b.
1231
)
- September 28
–
Elisabeth of Kalisz
, Polish noblewoman (b.
1259
)
- September 29
–
Agnes of Brandenburg
, Danish queen (b.
1257
)
- December 5
–
John of Pontoise
, English archdeacon and bishop
- December 23
–
Matilda of Habsburg
, German co-ruler (b.
1253
)
- Fernando Rodriguez de Castro
, Spanish nobleman and knight
- Henry I
, German nobleman and knight (
House of Schaumburg
)
- Henry II of Rodez
, French nobleman and
troubadour
(b.
1236
)
- Joao Afonso Telo
, Portuguese nobleman, knight and diplomat
- Peter of Auvergne
, French philosopher, theologian and writer
- Robert de Brus
, Scoto-Norman nobleman and knight (b. 1243)
- Wang Yun
, Chinese official, politician, poet and writer (b.
1228
)
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Michele S. Duck,
The Wars of Independence, 1249?1328
(Hodder Education, 2022)
- ^
Justine Firnhaber-Baker,
Violence and the State in Languedoc, 1250-1400
(Cambridge University Press, 2014) p.60
- ^
Marc Saperstein,
Leadership and Conflict: Tensions in Medieval and Modern Jewish History and Culture
(Liverpool University Press, 2014) p.101
- ^
a
b
John A. Scott,
Dante's Political Purgatory
(University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016) p.28
- ^
a
b
Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey:
Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297?1298
, p. 87.
ISBN
1-84176-510-4
.
- ^
The Oxford companion to Scottish history
. Oxford University Press. February 24, 2011. p. 334.
ISBN
9780199693054
.
- ^
a
b
Williams, Hywel (2005).
Cassell's Chronology of World History
, p. 153. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
ISBN
0-304-35730-8
.
- ^
Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011).
The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait
, p. 120. University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN
978-0-8122-2302-6
.
- ^
Verbruggen J. F. (2002).
The Battle of the Golden Spurs: Courtrai, 11 July 1302
, pp. 202?203. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
ISBN
0-85115-888-9
.
- ^
Fegley, Randall (2002).
The Golden Spurs of Kortrijk: How the Knights of France Fell to the Foot Soldiers of Flanders in 1302
, p. 105. McFarland & Co.
ISBN
0786480548
.
- ^
Peter Jackson (2003).
The Delhi Sultanate: A political and Military History
, p. 288. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-0-521-54329-3
.
- ^
Satish Chandra (2007).
History of Medieval India: 800?1700
, p. 103. Orient Longman.
ISBN
978-81-250-3226-7
.
- ^
"Christ's Thorn and Bishop Brynolf"
- ^
Schor, J. (1871).
History of Venice From the Beginning Down to the Present Time
, pp. 64?65. Colombo Coen.
- ^
Foss, Clive (1979).
Ephesus After Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine, and Turkish City
. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 144.
ISBN
0521220866
.
- ^
E. B. Fryde, et al.,
Handbook of British Chronology
(Cambridge University Press, 1996) p. 282
- ^
Hamilton, John
(1890).
"Hamilton, William de"
.
Dictionary of National Biography
. Vol. 24. pp. 217?218.
- ^
Burns, R. Ignatius (1954). "The Catalan Company and the European Powers, 1305?1311", p. 752.
Speculum, Vol. 29 (4)
. University of Chicago Press.
- ^
Andreev, Y.; M. Lalkov (1996).
The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars
(in Bulgarian). Veliko Tarnovo Abagar.
ISBN
954-427-216-X
.
- ^
Miller, William (1921). "The Zaccaria of Phocaea and Chios (1275-1329)".
Essays on the Latin Orient
, pp. 287?289. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
OCLC
457893641
.
- ^
Nicol, Donald M. (1993).
The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261?1453
, p. 113. (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-0-521-43991-6
.
- ^
Vernadsky, George (1953).
The Mongols and Russia
, p. 74. Yale University Press.
- ^
Martin, Janet (2007).
Medieval Russia, 980?1584
, p. 175. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-0-521-85916-5
.