From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Calendar year
Year
1285
(
MCCLXXXV
) was a
common year starting on Monday
(link will display the full calendar) of the
Julian calendar
.
Events
[
edit
]
By place
[
edit
]
Europe
[
edit
]
- Aragonese Crusade
: French forces led by King
Philip III
(
the Bold
) entrench before
Girona
, in an attempt to besiege the city. Despite strong resistance, the city is eventually taken on
September 7
. Philip's son, the 15-year-old
Charles of Valois
, is crowned as king of
Aragon
(under the vassalage of the
Holy See
) but without an actual crown. Shortly after, the French camp is racked by an epidemic of
dysentery
and Philip is forced to retreat.
[1]
- April – Marinid forces under Sultan
Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq
cross the straits from
Alcacer Seguir
to
Tarifa
. From there they advance to
Jerez de la Frontera
, where they besiege the city. Marinids detachments are dispatched to devastate a broad area from
Medina-Sidonia
to
Carmona
,
Vejer de la Frontera
,
Ecija
and
Seville
, cutting down trees, orchards, and vineyards, destroying villages, and killing or capturing many inhabitants.
[2]
- May – King
Sancho IV
(
the Brave
) assembles his army at Seville and sends the Castilian fleet (some 100 ships) led by Admiral
Benedetto I Zaccaria
to blockade the mouth of the
Guadalquivir River
. Meanwhile, a Marinid detachment of 1,000 cavalry moves against Seville, routing the Castilians send out to oppose them. Turning eastward against Carmona and
Alcala de Guadaira
, the Marinids burn the suburbs, harvest and ruin orchards.
- May 22
– Marinid forces under Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq prolong their siege at Jerez de la Frontera. He sends his son
Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr
with 5,000 regulars, 2,000 cavalry, some 13,000 infantry and 2,000 archers to raid Seville and its environs on
June 1
. During June and early July, the Marinids assault daily Jerez while raiding parties pillage the countryside at Carmona,
Niebla
, Ecija, Seville and
Sanlucar de Barrameda
.
[3]
- August – Castilian forces led by Sancho IV (
the Brave
) march against the Marinids at Jerez de la Frontera. Meanwhile, Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq with his army of 18,000 cavalry and faced with dwindling supplies, decides to lift the siege after five months, on
August 2
. He withdraws his army to the safety of
Algeciras
and opens negotiations with Sancho while the Castilian fleet arrives at
El Puerto de Santa Maria
(or "The port of
Saint Mary
").
[4]
- September 4
–
Battle of Les Formigues
: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 40 galleys) under Admiral
Roger of Lauria
defeats French and Genoese ships near the
Formigues Islands
. According to
Johan Esteve de Bezers
, a French
troubadour
, all prisoners but one have their eyes gouged out, and that one is left with one eye to guide the others. After the battle, Roger captures about 15 to 20 French galleys, and others are sunk or burnt.
- October 1
–
Battle of the Col de Panissars
: Aragonese forces under King
Peter III
(
the Great
) ambush and defeat a French expeditionary army while it was retreating over the
Pyrenees
. The French troops are massacred by the Aragonese vanguard at the Panissar Pass, but spared the royal family. Philip III (
the Bold
) arrives with his fatigued remnants in
Perpignan
, where he dies of dysentery on
October 5
.
- November 2
– Peter III (
the Great
) dies after a 9-year reign at
Vilafranca del Penedes
. He is succeeded by his 20-year-old son
Alfonso III
(
the Liberal
), who becomes king of
Aragon
. Peter's other son
James II
(
the Just
), is crowned ruler of
Sicily
. His third son, the 13-year-old
Frederick
, becomes co-ruler and
regent
of Sicily.
[5]
- Winter – The Mongol
Golden Horde
led by
Nogai Khan
and
Talabuga
attacks
Hungary
for the second time. They successfully subdue
Slovakia
and sack territory north of the
Carpathian Mountains
.
England
[
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]
Levant
[
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]
- April 17
– Mamluk forces under Sultan
Qalawun
(
the Victorious
) appear with specially built war engines before the Crusader fortress of
Margat
and begin a siege. For a month, the Mamluks can make no progress and the assaults on the stronghold are repelled. Qalawun then invites a delegation of
Knights Hospitaller
to come and see the damage his engineers have done to the 'impregnable' fortifications. They understood they have no real choice and are forced to surrender on
May 25
. The Hospitallers are allowed to retire with all their possessions, on horseback and fully armed. The rest of the garrison is promised a safe-conduct to
Tortosa
? while Qalawun establishes a Mamluk garrison which he uses as a basis for further campaigns against the
Crusader States
.
[6]
Asia
[
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]
By topic
[
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]
Art and Culture
[
edit
]
Markets
[
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]
- The first record is made of an emission of
life annuities
, by the city of
Lubeck
. It is the first instance of issue of public debt in
Germany
, and it confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt over north-western
Europe
(see
1228
).
[8]
- The
County of Champagne
is integrated into the kingdom of
France
; the region loses its haven characteristics for foreign merchants, and the
Fairs of Troyes
quickly dwindle into economic insignificance.
[9]
Religion
[
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]
Births
[
edit
]
- March 9
–
Go-Nij?
(or
Nij? II
), Japanese emperor (d.
1308
)
- March 23
–
Al-Mustakfi I
, Mamluk ruler (
caliph
) of
Egypt
(d.
1340
)
- March 24
–
Al-Nasr Muhammad
, Mamluk ruler of Egypt (d.
1341
)
- April 9
–
Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan
, Mongol emperor (d.
1320
)
- May 1
–
Edmund Fitzalan
, English
nobleman
and knight (d.
1326
)
- December 6
–
Ferdinand IV
, king of
Castile
and
Leon
(d.
1312
)
[11]
- Alexander de Bruce
, Scottish nobleman and knight (d.
1307
)
- Euphemia of Pomerania
, queen consort of
Denmark
(d.
1330
)
- Francesco I Ventimiglia
, Italian nobleman and knight (d.
1338
)
- Gerardus Odonis
, French cardinal and theologian (d.
1349
)
- John of Jandun
, French philosopher and theologian (d.
1328
)
- Juan Alonso Perez de Guzan
, Spanish nobleman (d.
1351
)
- Margaret of Artois
, French noblewoman and
regent
(d.
1311
)
- Patrick V de Dunbar
, Scottish nobleman and knight (d.
1369
)
- Richeza Magnusdotter
, Swedish princess and
abbess
(d.
1348
)
- William of Ockham
, English monk and theologian ( d.
1347
)
- Ziauddin Barani
, Indian historian and philosopher (d.
1358
)
Deaths
[
edit
]
- January 7
–
Charles I
, king of
Sicily
(
House of Anjou
) (b.
1227
)
- February 8
–
Theodoric of Landsberg
, German nobleman (b.
1242
)
- March 28
–
Martin IV
, pope of the
Catholic Church
(approximate date)
- May 13
–
Robert de Ros
, English nobleman and knight (b.
1235
)
- May 20
–
John I
, king of
Cyprus
(
House of Lusignan
) (b.
1268
)
- June 3
–
William I van Brederode
, Dutch nobleman and knight
- June 19
–
Yekuno Amlak
, Ethiopian ruler (
House of Solomon
)
- July 3
–
Margaret of Flanders
, French noblewoman (b.
1251
)
- July 7
–
Tile Kolup
, German impostor claiming to be
Frederick II
- July 28
–
Keran of Lampron
, queen of
Cilician Armenia
(b.
1260
)
- July 30
–
John I
, German nobleman (
House of Ascania
) (b.
1249
)
- August 16
–
Philip I
, French nobleman (
House of Savoy
) (b.
1207
)
- August 18
–
William Reade
, English bishop and theologian (b.
1183
)
- August 22
–
Philip Benizi
, Italian monk and religious leader (b.
1233
)
- August 27
–
William de Wickwane
, English cleric and archbishop
- September 9
–
Kunigunda of Halych
, queen of
Bohemia
(b.
1245
)
- September 26
–
Theobald Butler
, Norman chief governor (b. 1242)
- October 5
–
Philip III
, king of
France
(
House of Capet
) (b. 1245)
- November 2
–
Peter III
(
the Great
), king of
Aragon
(b.
1239
)
- November 21
–
Fulke Lovell
, English archdeacon and bishop
- December 21
–
Ordono Alvarez
, archbishop of
Braga
(b.
1198
)
- Abu al-Baqa al-Rundi
, Andalusian poet and literary critic (b.
1204
)
- Christian III
, German nobleman and knight (
House of Oldenburg
)
- Hermann of Buxhoeveden
, German cleric and bishop (b.
1230
)
- Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad
, Syrian scholar and historian (b.
1217
)
- Joao de Lobeira
, Portuguese
troubadour
and writer (b. 1233)
- Nicolas Lorgne
, French nobleman, knight and Grand Master
- Otto III
(or
IV
), German nobleman (House of Ascania) (b.
1244
)
- Paolo Malatesta
(
the Beautiful
), Italian nobleman and knight
- Paul of Segni
, Italian nobleman, friar, bishop and
papal legate
- Philippe de Carteret
, Norman nobleman and knight (b.
1205
)
- Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
, Egyptian scholar and jurist (b.
1228
)
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Hallam, Elizabeth M. (1980).
Capetian France: 987?1328
, p. 356. Longman.
ISBN
978-0-582-40428-1
.
- ^
Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011).
The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait
, p. 90.
ISBN
978-0-8122-2302-6
.
- ^
Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011).
The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait
, pp. 90?91.
ISBN
978-0-8122-2302-6
.
- ^
Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011).
The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait
, p. 91.
ISBN
978-0-8122-2302-6
.
- ^
Williams, Hywel (2005).
Cassell's Chronology of World History
, p. 150. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
ISBN
0-304-35730-8
.
- ^
Steven Runciman (1952).
A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre
, pp. 330?31.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0
.
- ^
Stone, Zofia (2017).
Genghis Khan: A Biography
, p. 76. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
ISBN
978-93-86367-11-2
.
- ^
Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009).
Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)
. Leiden/Boston: Brill.
ISBN
978-90-04-17565-5
.
- ^
Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991).
Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350
. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ISBN
0-19-506774-6
.
- ^
Kaufhold, Hubert (2000).
"Notizen zur Spaten Geschichte des Barsaumo-Klosters"
.
Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies
.
3
(2): 227
. Retrieved
February 23,
2024
.
- ^
"Ferdinand IV | king of Castile and Leon"
.
Encyclopedia Britannica
. Retrieved
July 18,
2020
.