From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Calendar year
Death of
Isabella II
(1212?1228)
Year
1228
(
MCCXXVIII
) was a
leap year starting on Saturday
(link will display the full calendar) of the
Julian calendar
.
Events
[
edit
]
By place
[
edit
]
Sixth Crusade
[
edit
]
- Summer – Emperor
Frederick II
sails from
Brindisi
with a expeditionary force and arrives in
Acre
in the
Middle East
on
September 7
. He disembarks a well-trained and equipped Crusader army (some 10,000 men and 2,000 knights). After his arrival in
Palestine
, Frederick is again excommunicated by Pope
Gregory IX
, for setting out for the Crusade before he has obtained absolution from his previous ex-communication (see
1227
). Many of the local nobility, the
Knights Templar
and
Knights Hospitaller
deny him their support for the Crusade. Frederick can only rely on his own army and the
Teutonic Knights
, whose Grand Master,
Hermann von Salza
, is his friend.
[1]
- Autumn – Frederick II receives an embassy of Sultan
Al-Kamil
, including
Fakhr al-Din ibn as-Shaikh
, at the Hospitaller camp at
Recordane
, near Acre. Meanwhile, Al-Kamil is engaged in suppressing a rebellion in
Syria
and has concentrated his forces on a siege at
Damascus
. Frederick is pressed for time, because his army is not large enough for a major campaign. Al-Kamil, who has full control of
Jerusalem
, starts diplomatic negotiations.
[2]
- November – Frederick II puts pressure on the negotiations by a military display. He assembles his Crusader army and marches down the coast to
Jaffa
? which he proceeds to refortify. At the same moment, Ayyubid forces under
An-Nasir Dawud
, who are not participating in the revolt at Damascus, move to
Nablus
, to intercept Al-Kamil's supply lines. Al-Kamil breaks off the negotiations, saying that the Crusaders have pillaged several Muslim villages, and only resumes them again when Frederick pays out compensation to the victims.
[3]
Europe
[
edit
]
- April 25
– The 16-year-old
Isabella II
, Holy Roman Empress and wife of Frederick II, dies after giving birth to her second child,
Conrad IV
, at
Andria
. He receives the title
King of Jerusalem
(as
Conrad II
) ? with Frederick as
regent
. By his father, Conrad is the grandson of the
Hohenstaufen
Emperor
Henry VI
and great-grandson of the late Emperor
Frederick I
(
Barbarossa
).
- Emperor
Robert I
(or
Courtenay
) dies after a 7-year reign in
Morea
(Southern
Greece
). He is succeeded by his 11-year-old brother,
Baldwin II
, as ruler of the
Latin Empire
in
Constantinople
, with
John of Brienne
as regent.
- King
James I
(
the Conqueror
) launches a major offensive against the Almohads in
Majorca
. At the same moment, Emir Ibn Hud al-Yamadi (confronted by increasing Christian pressure) denounces Almohad rule in
Murcia
(modern
Spain
) and acknowledges the
Abbasid Caliphate
as legitimate overlord, in effect declaring independence.
[4]
Other notable Christian success: King
Alfonso IX of Leon
conquers
Merida
.
[5]
- December 23
–
Stephen of Anagni
, Italian papal chaplain, is commissioned to collect a special tax in
England
,
Ireland
,
Scotland
and
Wales
to finance Gregory X's
War of the Keys
against Frederick II.
Asia
[
edit
]
By topic
[
edit
]
Cities and Towns
[
edit
]
Markets
[
edit
]
- The city of
Tournai
emits its first recorded
life annuity
, thus confirming a trend of consolidation of public debts started
ten years
earlier, in
Reims
.
[7]
- The first evidence is uncovered of the use of the Knights Templar as cashiers by King
Henry III of England
, to safely transfer important sums to the continent, using letters of exchange. This shows that large transfers could take place across
Europe
, even before the emergence of important networks of Italian
merchant-bankers
.
[8]
Religion
[
edit
]
Births
[
edit
]
- April 25
–
Conrad IV
(or
Conrad II
), king of
Germany
(d.
1254
)
[9]
- Alfonso of Brienne
, Norman
nobleman
and knight (d.
1270
)
- Bartolo da San Gimignano
, Italian
Franciscan
priest (d.
1300
)
- Eleanor de Braose
, Cambro-Norman noblewoman (d.
1251
)
- Ibn Daqiq al-'Id
, Egyptian scholar, jurist and writer (d.
1302
)
- Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
, Egyptian scholar and jurist (d.
1285
)
- Takatsukasa Kanehira
, Japanese nobleman (
kugy?
) (d.
1294
)
- Wang Yun
, Chinese politician, poet and writer (d.
1304
)
Deaths
[
edit
]
- January 13
–
Yvette of Huy
, Belgian
anchoress
(b.
1158
)
- January 31
–
Guy de Montfort
, French nobleman and knight
- February 17
–
Henry I
, German nobleman and knight (b.
1155
)
- February 18
–
Vladislaus II
, margrave of
Moravia
(b.
1207
)
- April 25
–
Isabella II
, queen and
regent
of
Jerusalem
(b.
1212
)
- June 18
–
Mathilde of Bourbon
, French noblewoman (b.
1165
)
- July 9
–
Stephen Langton
, archbishop of
Canterbury
(b.
1150
)
- August 8
–
Rujing
, Japanese
S?t? Zen
patriarch (b.
1163
)
- September 24
–
Stefan the First-Crowned
, king of
Serbia
- October 15
–
Shichij?-in
, Japanese noblewoman (b.
1157
)
- October 31
–
Eustace of Fauconberg
, bishop of
London
- December 4
–
Bruno von Porstendorf
, bishop of
Meissen
- December 8
–
Geoffrey de Burgh
, bishop of
Ely
(b.
1180
)
- Ahmad ibn Munim
, Moroccan mathematician and writer
- Anders Sunesen
, Danish archbishop and writer (b.
1167
)
- Beatrice of Albon
, duchess consort of
Burgundy
(b.
1161
)
- Desiderius
(Dezs?), Hungarian bishop of Csanad and chancellor
- Geoffrey I of Villehardouin
, French nobleman and knight
- Henry de Loundres
, Norman churchman and archbishop
- Ibn Abi Tayyi
, Syrian historian, poet and writer (b.
1180
)
- Lady of Neuville
("Eudoxie"), Latin empress consort
- Mael Coluim I
, Scottish nobleman and knight (b.
1204
)
- Maria of Courtenay
, empress consort of the
Empire of Nicaea
and empress regent of Constantinople
- Reginald de Braose
, Norman
Marcher Lord
(b.
1182
)
- Robert I
(Courtenay),
Latin Emperor of Constantinople
- Robert de Vieuxpont
(or Vipont), Anglo-Norman landowner
- Stephen Devereux
, Norman Marcher Lord (b.
1191
)
- Zhang Congzheng
, Chinese physician (b.
1156
)
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Steven Runciman
(1952).
A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre
, p. 154.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0
.
- ^
Steven Runciman (1952).
A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre
, p. 156.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0
.
- ^
Steven Runciman (1952).
A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre
, p. 156.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0
.
- ^
Linehan, Peter
(1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In
Abulafia, David
(ed.).
The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300
. Cambridge University Press. pp. 668?699 [672].
ISBN
0-521-36289-X
.
- ^
Picard, Christophe (2000).
Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siecle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique
. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110.
ISBN
2-7068-1398-9
.
- ^
Rayfield, Donald (2012).
Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
, p. 124. London: reaktion Books.
ISBN
1-780-23030-3
.
- ^
Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009).
Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)
. Leiden/Boston: Brill.
ISBN
978-9-00417565-5
.
- ^
Ferris, Eleanor (1902). "The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown".
American Historical Review
.
8
(1): 1?17.
doi
:
10.2307/1832571
.
JSTOR
1832571
.
- ^
"Conrad IV | king of Germany"
.
Encyclopedia Britannica
. Retrieved
February 14,
2020
.