From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Calendar year
Year
1221
(
MCCXXI
) was a
common year starting on Friday
(link will display the full calendar) of the
Julian calendar
.
Events
[
edit
]
By place
[
edit
]
Byzantine Empire
[
edit
]
Fifth Crusade
[
edit
]
- June
– Sultan
Al-Kamil
again offers peace terms to Cardinal
Pelagius
with the cession of
Jerusalem
and all
Palestine
apart from
Oultrejordain
, together with a 30 years' truce and money compensation for the dismantling of Jerusalem. Meanwhile, a German contingent under
Louis I of Bavaria
arrives at
Damietta
, with orders from Frederick II not to launch an attack on
Cairo
until the emperor's arrival. Louis and Pelagius decide to advance into
Egypt
towards
Mansoura
, where Al-Kamil has built a fortress to protect Cairo. The Crusaders assemble their armies and tents are set up just up the
Nile
, on
June 29
.
[2]
- July 4
– Pelagius orders a three-days fast in preparation for the advance. King
John I of Jerusalem
arrives at Damietta to rejoin the Crusade at the command of Honorius III. The Crusader force moves towards
Sheremsah
, halfway between
Faraskur
and Mansoura on the east bank of the Nile, occupying the city on
July 12
. Sources tell of 630 ships of various sizes, 5,000 knights, 4,000 archers, and 40,000 men. A horde of pilgrims march with the army. They are ordered to keep close to the river, to supply the Crusaders with water. Pelagius plans a new offensive and leaves a large garrison at Damietta.
[3]
- July 24
– Pelagius moves the Crusader forces near
Ashmun al-Rumman
, on the opposite bank from Mansoura. Queen-Regent
Alice of Cyprus
and leaders of the military orders warn Pelagius of a large Muslim army being formed in
Syria
. Meanwhile, the Egyptian army under Al-Kamil crosses the Nile near
Lake Manzaleh
and establishes themselves between the Crusader camp and Damietta. In the Ushmum canal at Sheremsah, Al-Kamil's ships sail down the Nile and block the Crusaders' line of communications to Damietta. In August, Pelagius orders a retreat, but the route is cut off by Egyptians.
[4]
- August 26
?
28
–
Battle of Mansoura
: The Crusader army led by Pelagius and John I of Jerusalem is defeated by the Egyptian forces at Mansoura. John and the military orders fight a last stand on the river banks of the Nile. He beats off a Nubian assault (supported by elite Turkish cavalry) and drives them back, but only after thousands of soldiers have perished. The remaining Crusaders are surrounded by Al-Kamil's forces and begin a desperate retreat to Damietta. The city is well-garrisoned and supplied with arms; a naval squadron under
Henry, Count of Malta
("Enrico Pescatore") defends the harbour against the Egyptians.
[5]
The Crusaders retreat under cover of darkness. Many of the soldiers cannot bear to abandon their stores of wine, and drink them all rather than leave them. The
Teutonic Knights
set fire to the stores that they cannot carry, thus informing the Egyptians that they are abandoning their positions. In the meantime, Al-Kamil orders opening of the sluices along the right bank of the Nile, flooding the area. Pelagius on his ship is carried by the floodwaters past the blockading Egyptian fleet. Other ships, carrying the medical supplies of the army and much of its food, escape, but many are captured.
[6]
- August 28
– Pelagius sues for peace and sends an envoy to Al-Kamil. The terms of surrender are accepted, which includes the retreat from Damietta ? leaving Egypt with the remnants of the Crusader army and an 8-year truce. After prisoners are exchanged, Al-Kamil enters Damietta on
September 8
. The
Fifth Crusade
ends with nothing gained for the West, with much lost, men, resources and reputations. The Crusaders blame Frederick II for not being there. Pelagius is accused of ineffectual leadership and a misguided view, which has led to rejecting the sultan's peace offerings.
[7]
Mongol Empire
[
edit
]
- Spring –
Genghis Khan
orders an armed reconnaissance expedition into the
Caucasus
(consisting of
Georgia
and
Armenia
) under the command of
Subutai
and
Jebe
("the Arrow"). The Mongols defeat two Georgian armies around
Tbilisi
, but lack the will or equipment to besiege the capital city. During the fighting, King
George IV of Georgia
himself is severely wounded and his elite knights are massacred. The Mongols then return to
Azerbaijan
and
Persia
, and burn and pillage a few more cities.
[8]
- February – The cities of
Merv
(perhaps the world's largest up to this date),
Herat
and
Nishapur
which have peacefully surrendered rise up in arms. Genghis Khan sends his son
Tolui
to spend an extra month to subdue the revolts. Contemporary scholars report over a million people are systematically killed in a
genocide
.
[9]
- September –
Battle of Parwan
: Sultan
Jalal al-Din Mangburni
recruits an army of Turkic and Afghan warriors numbering some 60,000 men. As soon as news of this reaches Genghis Khan he sends a Mongol army of 30,000 men, led by his stepbrother
Shikhikhutug
. Meanwhile, Jalal al-Din moves to
Parwan
(modern
Afghanistan
), where the two armies meet in a narrow valley. Jalal al-Din takes the initiative, ordering his right-wing of Turks to dismount and engage in a skirmish. On the third day, the Mongols are finally defeated by the Khwarezmian forces and are forced to retreat. Shikhikhutug is driven off in defeat, losing over half his army.
[10]
- October – The Mongol army raids Georgia for the second time, and Subutai and Jebe allow their forces to pass through the
Caucasus Mountains
.
[8]
- November 24
–
Battle of the Indus
: Left with some 20,000 men, Jalal al-Din Mangburni has headed for the
Indus River
where Genghis catches up with him. In a desperate battle the Khwarezmain forces are destroyed, completing the
Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire
, while Jalal al-Din flees across the river and escapes into
India
.
[9]
Europe
[
edit
]
Britain
[
edit
]
Asia
[
edit
]
Mesoamerica
[
edit
]
Births
[
edit
]
- May 13
–
Alexander Nevsky
, Kievan Grand Prince (d.
1263
)
[15]
- June 4
–
Przemysł I
, Polish
nobleman
and knight (d.
1257
)
- October 9
–
Salimbene di Adam
, Italian chronicler (d.
1290
)
[16]
- November 2
–
Saif al-Din Qutuz
, Egyptian military leader (d.
1260
)
- November 23
–
Alfonso X
("the Wise"), king of
Castile
(d.
1284
)
[17]
- Barisone III
, Sardinian judge of
Logudoro
(or Torres) (d.
1236
)
- Bonaventure
, Italian theologian and philosopher (d.
1274
)
[18]
- Hugh XI of Lusignan
, French nobleman and knight (d.
1250
)
- Margaret of Provence
, queen consort of
France
(d.
1295
)
- Nissh?
, Japanese
Buddhist
priest and teacher (d.
1323
)
- Theobald II, Count of Bar
, French nobleman and knight (d.
1291
)
- Walter Devereux
, Anglo-Norman nobleman and knight (d.
1292
)
- William Mauduit, 8th Earl of Warwick
, English nobleman and knight (d.
1268
)
Deaths
[
edit
]
- January 17
–
Walter de Clifford
, English nobleman (b.
1160
)
- February 18
–
Theodoric I, Margrave of Meissen
(b.
1162
)
- March 26
–
Raoul de Neuville
, French bishop and diplomat
- March 27
–
Berengaria of Portugal
, queen consort of
Denmark
(b.
1198
)
- April 25
–
Baruch ben Samuel
of Mainz, German
rabbi
- July 7
–
Peter of Cornwall
, English priest and writer (b.
1140
)
- August 6
–
Dominic
, founder of the
Dominican Order
, canonized (b.
1170
)
[19]
- September 15
–
Geoffrey of Rohan
, French nobleman (b.
1190
)
- October 4
–
William IV, Count of Ponthieu
(Talvas), Norman nobleman (b.
1179
)
- October 21
–
Alix, Duchess of Brittany
(or Alis), Breton noblewoman (b.
1200
)
- October 31
–
Ulrich II
, Bishop of Passau, German
abbot
and prince-bishop
- November –
Theodore I Laskaris
, emperor of
Nicaea
(b.
1175
)
- December –
Roger of San Severino
, archbishop of
Benevento
- Adam of Perseigne
, French
Cistercian
abbot (b.
1145
)
- Albertet de Sestaro
, French jongleur and
troubadour
- Asukai Masatsune
, Japanese
waka
poet and writer
- Lalibela
(Gebre Meskel), ruler of the
Ethiopian Empire
(b. 1162)
- Gruffydd Fychan ap Iorwerth
, Welsh knight (b.
1150
)
- Hassan III of Alamut
, ruler of the
Nizari Ismaili State
(b.
1187
)
- Henry I of Rodez
, French nobleman and troubadour
- John of Tynemouth
, English priest, archdeacon and lawyer
- Najmuddin Kubra
, Khwarezmian philosopher (b.
1145
)
- Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk
, English nobleman and knight (b.
1144
)
- Walter de Lindsay of Lamberton
, Scottish nobleman and knight
References
[
edit
]
- ^
George Akropolites (2007).
The History
, p. 160. Trans.
Ruth Macrides
. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^
Steven Runciman
(1952).
A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre
, p. 140.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0
.
- ^
Steven Runciman (1952).
A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre
, pp. 140?141.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0
.
- ^
Steven Runciman (1952).
A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre
, p. 141.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0
.
- ^
Maalouf, Amin (2006).
The Crusades through Arab Eyes
, pp. 225?226. Saqi Books.
ISBN
978-0-863-56023-1
.
- ^
Steven Runciman (1952).
A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre
, pp. 141?142.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0
.
- ^
Steven Runciman (1952).
A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre
, pp. 142?143.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0
.
- ^
a
b
Steven Runciman (1952).
A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre
, p. 207.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0
.
- ^
a
b
Steven Runciman (1952).
A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre
, pp. 205?206.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0
.
- ^
Tanner, Stephen (2009).
Afghanistan - A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War against the Taliban
, p. 94. Da Capo Press.
- ^
Agnes Mure MacKenzie (1957).
The Foundations of Scotland
, p. 251.
- ^
Perkins, George W. (August 1998).
"Mourning Attire"
.
The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333)
. Stanford University Press. p. 59.
ISBN
0804763887
.
- ^
Richard Bodley Scott; Graham Briggs; Rudy Scott Nelson (2009).
Blood and Gold: The Americas at War
. Osprey Publishing. p. 35.
ISBN
978-1846036910
. Archived from
the original
on December 27, 2014
. Retrieved
December 27,
2014
.
- ^
Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1883).
The native races. 1882-86
. British Columbia: History Company.
- ^
V.A. Kuchkin (1986).
О дате рождения Александра Невского
[About the Birthdate of Alexander Nevsky].
Вопросы истории [Questions of History]
(in Russian) (2): 174?176. Archived from
the original
on February 22, 2015.
- ^
Rayborn, Tim (October 9, 2014). "Popular Religion, Heresy and Mendicancy".
Against the Friars: Antifraternalism in Medieval France and England
. McFarland. p. 17.
ISBN
978-0786468317
.
- ^
Francisco Marquez Villanueva; Carlos Alberto Vega (1990).
Alfonso X of Castile, the learned king, 1221-1284: an international symposium, Harvard University, 17 November 1984
. Dept. of Romance Languages and Literatures of Harvard University. p. 165.
ISBN
0940940434
.
- ^
M. Walsh, ed. (1991).
Butler's Lives of the Saints
. New York: HarperCollins. p.
216
.
ISBN
9780060692995
.
- ^
Perkins, Charles Callahan (1864). "The Arca Di S. Domenico.".
Tuscan sculptors: their lives, works and times, Volume 1
. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. p.
19
.
Saint Dominic 1221 August 6.