From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Calendar year
Year
1190
(
MCXC
) was a
common year starting on Monday
(link will display the full calendar) of the
Julian calendar
.
Events
[
edit
]
By place
[
edit
]
Byzantine Empire
[
edit
]
- Spring – A German expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) led by Emperor
Frederick I
(
Barbarossa
) marches towards
Constantinople
, on the way to the
Holy Land
. Emperor
Isaac II
(
Angelos
), suspicious that Frederick is planning to conquer Constantinople, attempts to stop him by attacking the Crusaders. The German forces are too strong and they capture
Adrianople
. A peace treaty is signed by both Isaac and Frederick, that ensures the Germans are given supplies, and free passage through to
Palestina
.
[1]
- Isaac II starts a campaign against the Bulgarians, who claim their independence. After passing the
Balkan Mountains
, Isaac marches westward to besiege
Tarnovo
, the new Bulgarian capital. Meanwhile, the Byzantine fleet reaches the
Danube River
in order to block the way of
Cuman
reinforcements from the North. The defense of Tarnovo is led by
Ivan Asen I
, emperor (
Tsar
) of
Bulgaria
. After spreading rumors of the arrival of a Cuman army to relieve the city, Isaac orders to retreat to
Stara Zagora
.
- Battle of Tryavna
: Byzantine forces under Isaac II are ambushed and defeated by the Bulgarians in a mountain pass, near
Tryavna
. In panic, the Byzantines break up and begin a disorganized retreat. Isaac barely escapes, his
Varangian Guard
has to cut a path through their own soldiers, enabling their emperor's flight from the rout. The
Bulgarians
capture the imperial treasure, including the golden helmet of Isaac, his crown, and the Imperial Cross which contains a wooden piece of the
Holy Cross
.
Third Crusade
[
edit
]
- March – Frederick I leaves Adrianople to
Gallipoli
at the
Dardanelles
to embark, with the help of Byzantine transports, to cross into
Asia Minor
. On
April 25
, he enters territory of the Seljuk
Sultanate of Rum
under the rule of Sultan
Kilij Arslan II
. Although promised to let the German Crusaders pass peaceably through his domains, Kilij Arslan harasses Frederick's forces with hit-and-run attacks. On
May 7
, a Turkish army (some 10,000 men) is defeated at the
Battle of Philomelion
, by 2,000 Crusaders.
[2]
- March 25
–
Conrad of Montferrat
sails south with a Crusader fleet (some 50 ships) from
Tyre
. As Conrad's fleet approaches the harbour of
Acre
, an equally sized Muslim fleet sorties out to meet the Crusaders in open battle. Eventually, the
Ayyubid
fleet is blockaded (supported by Danish and Pisan ships) in the port. Acre is again cut off from reinforcements; the city's supplies are exhausted, and the Muslim garrison has to resort to eating their own beasts. In the event, troops are driven to
cannibalism
.
[3]
- April – After a long siege Muslim forces under
Saladin
capture
Beaufort Castle
from
Reginald of Sidon
who has offered to hand over the castle to Saladin on the condition that he has three months to remove his family to a place of safety. At the end of the three months, Saladin expects the castle to be handed over but finds that Reginald has used the time to strengthen the castle against a siege. He is imprisoned at
Damascus
? the castle's garrison finally surrenders in return for Reginald's release.
[4]
- May 5
–
Siege of Acre
: A Crusader force under King
Guy of Lusignan
attacks the city with three siege engines, but all are destroyed by the Muslim defenders with
Greek fire
, a highly flammable liquid. An Egyptian flotilla is able to avoid the Pisan fleet (some 50 ships) and resupply the city with new provisions. Saladin launches a massive eight-day attack on the Crusaders two weeks later. Meanwhile, in the Crusader camp the conditions are deteriorating by disease and
famine
, among the soldiers.
[5]
- May 18
–
Battle of Iconium
: German forces under Frederick I defeat the Seljuk army (40,000 men) in a pitched battle. They are routed, leaving the city at the mercy of the German Crusaders. Frederick does not pursue the Seljuks, because his forces have been weakened by food shortage for the previous weeks. His 23-year-old son,
Frederick VI
, takes Iconium (modern-day
Konya
) and proceeds to massacre the citizens. The Germans take booty amounting to 100,000 marks in the Turkish capital.
[6]
- June 10
– Frederick I drowns while crossing (or bathing in) the
Goksu River
near Selucia (modern-day
Silifke
) in
Armenian Cilicia
. The German Crusaders are demoralized and exhausted by the summer heat, Frederick VI takes over the command of his father, carrying with him the emperor's body preserved in a barrel of
vinegar
. Some of the German nobles decide to return home with their followers; Frederick continues with his army (some 5,000 men) and eventually reaches
Antioch
, on
June 21
.
[7]
- September 24
– A Crusader fleet attempts to destroy the Tower of Flies at Acre, which guards the city's harbour, by ramming vessels loaded with combustibles into it. At a critical moment, the ships collide with one another and are badly damaged. A specially built Pisan vessel resembling a floating castle and outfitted with
mangonels
, is set afire during a sortie from the harbour by a Muslim flotilla.
[8]
- November 24
– The 18-year-old
Isabella I
, half-sister of
Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem
, marries Conrad of Montferrat at
Acre
making him
de facto
king of
Jerusalem
(as
Conrad I
). He has the support of her mother
Maria Comnena
and stepfather
Balian of Ibelin
, as well as Reginald of Sidon and other major nobles in the
Crusader States
.
- The
Teutonic Order
is founded at Acre by German knights of
Lubeck
and
Bremen
. The Order is formed to aid Christians on their
pilgrimages
to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals (approximate date).
Europe
[
edit
]
- July 4
– King
Richard I
(
the Lion Heart
) and
Philip II
(
Augustus
), meet at
Vezelay
and agree to divide the spoils of the Crusade equally between themselves. They march to the coast and then make their way across the
Mediterranean
, taking different routes. Richard travels with an expeditionary force (some 17,000 men) via
Marseille
and Philip travels with a smaller contingent (some 15,000 men) via
Genoa
. Richard has some 100 ships at his disposal, several of which are from Norman ports, others from
Shoreham
and
Southampton
.
[9]
- September
– Richard I arrives in
Sicily
at the head of a Crusader army and demands the release of his sister
Joan of England
, queen of Sicily, who is held hostage by the usurper
Tancred of Lecce
. He also demands that Tancred fulfill the financial commitments made by the late King
William II
(
the Good
) to the Crusade. Tancred refuses the financial demand but he agrees to release Joan, on
September 28
.
[10]
- October 4
– Richard I captures
Messina
, after looting and burning the city he establishes his base there. Richard insists that his own banner be erected over the city, but this creates tension between Richard and Philip II, who has joined him with his forces. Tancred accepts a peace agreement, and pays Richard 20,000 ounces of gold. Friendly relations are restored, Richard agrees to split the gold with Philip.
[11]
- King
Henry VI
, eldest son of Frederick I, grants
Henry I
(
the Brave
) the title of
Duke of Brabant
. Henry tries to expand his power and soon quarrels with Count
Baldwin V
, duke of
Hainaut
.
- December – Richard I and Philip II stay in Sicily over the winter months waiting for the weather to improve before continuing their journey to the Holy Land.
- Siege of Silves
? the
Almohad
caliph,
Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur
, fails to reconquer
Silves, Portugal
.
[12]
England
[
edit
]
- London
adopts the
Cross of St. George
, the red cross on a white background. The flag is also used by the fleet of
Genoa
, and allows the ships from London to use the flag for protection when they enter the Mediterranean on trading missions.
- March 18
– A massacre and mass-
suicide
of the Jews in
York
, results in the deaths of 150?500 Jews in
Clifford's Tower
.
By topic
[
edit
]
Art and Science
[
edit
]
Education
[
edit
]
Religion
[
edit
]
Births
[
edit
]
- July 24
–
Yelu Chucai
, Chinese statesman (d.
1244
)
- December 30
–
Ibn Abi'l-Hadid
, Arab scholar (d.
1258
)
- Benedetto Sinigardi
, Italian
Franciscan
friar (d.
1282
)
- Gerhard II of Lippe
, German archbishop (d. 1258)
- Heinrich I von Mullenark
, German archbishop (d.
1238
)
- Helvis of Cyprus
, princess of
Antioch
(approximate date)
- Henry II of Bar
, French
nobleman
and knight (d.
1239
)
- Ida of Nivelles
, Belgian
Cistercian
nun and
mystic
(d.
1231
)
- John
(
the Old
), French nobleman and knight (d.
1267
)
- Klement of Ruszcza
, Polish nobleman and knight (d.
1256
)
- Luce de Gast
, English nobleman (approximate date)
- Maria of Brabant
, Holy Roman Empress (d.
1260
)
- Peter Gonzalez
(or
Pedro
), Castilian priest (d.
1246
)
- Pietro della Vigna
, Italian jurist and diplomat (d.
1249
)
- Richer of Senones
, French monk and chronicler (d.
1266
)
- Roger I of Fezensaguet
, French nobleman (d.
1245
)
- Sayf al-Din al-Bakharzi
, Persian theologian (d.
1261
)
- Sorghaghtani Beki
, mother of
Kublai Khan
(d.
1252
)
- Tbeli Abuserisdze
, Georgian scholar and writer (d.
1240
)
- Theodora Angelina
, Byzantine noblewoman (d. 1246)
- Vincent of Beauvais
, French encyclopedist (d.
1264
)
- William Marshal
, English nobleman and knight (d. 1231)
- William Perault
, French preacher and writer (d.
1271
)
- Władysław Odonic
, duke of
Greater Poland
(d. 1239)
- Yuan Haowen
, Chinese politician and poet (d.
1257
)
- Zulema L'Astrologa
, Moorish astronomer (approximate date)
Deaths
[
edit
]
- February 18
–
Otto II
(
the Rich
), margrave of
Meissen
(b.
1125
)
- March 15
–
Isabella of Hainault
, wife of
Philip II
(
Augustus
) (b.
1170
)
- March 23
–
Saigy? H?shi
, Japanese monk, poet and writer (b.
1118
)
- June 10
–
Frederick I
(
Barbarossa
), Holy Roman Emperor (b.
1122
)
- July 25
–
Sibylla
(or
Sibylle
), queen of
Jerusalem
(b.
1160
)
- July 29
–
Maud of Gloucester
(or
Matilda
), English countess
- August 1
–
Floris III
, Dutch nobleman and knight (b.
1141
)
- August 16
–
Dedi III
(
the Fat
), German nobleman (b.
1130
)
- August 21
–
Godfrey III
, count of
Louvain
(
House of Reginar
)
- September 13
–
Herman IV
, German nobleman (b.
1135
)
- September 20
–
Adelog of Hildesheim
, German bishop
- October 16
–
Louis III
(
the Mild
), German nobleman
- November 3
–
Diepold of Berg
, German bishop (b.
1140
)
- November 19
–
Baldwin of Forde
, English archbishop
- November 21
–
D?polt II
(or
Diepold
), German nobleman
- Bernard II de Balliol
, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Chretien de Troyes
, French poet,
trouvere
and writer
- Geoffrey IV
(
the Younger
), French nobleman and knight
- Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon
, Arab-Jewish translator (or
1191
)
- Maria Komnene
, queen of
Hungary and Croatia
(b.
1144
)
- Ramon I de Montcada
, Catalan nobleman (b.
1150
)
- Ranulf de Glanvill
, English
Chief Justiciar
and writer
- Robert de Beaumont
(
White-Hands
), English nobleman
- Walkelin de Derby
(
de Ferrers
), Norman nobleman
- Walter de Clifford
(or
FitzRichard
), English nobleman
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Choniates, Nicetas (1984).
O city of Byzantium: annals of Niketas Choniat?s
. Translated by Magoulias, Harry J. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p.
224
.
ISBN
0814317642
.
OCLC
10605650
.
- ^
Loud, G. A. (2010).
The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of Emperor Frederick and Related Texts
, p. 104. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing.
ISBN
978-0-75466-575-5
.
- ^
Alan Ambrisco (1999).
Cannibalism and Cultural Encounters in Richard Coeur de Lion
, pp. 105?106. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies.
- ^
Kennedy, Hugh (1994).
Crusader Castles
, pp. 43?44. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
0-521-42068-7
.
- ^
Pryor, John H. (2015).
A Medieval Siege of Troy: The Fight to the Death at Acre, 1189?1191
, p. 108. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing.
ISBN
978-1-47241-958-3
.
- ^
Loud, G. A. (2010).
The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of Emperor Frederick and Related Texts
, pp. 110?111. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing.
ISBN
978-0-75466-575-5
.
- ^
Steven Runciman
(1952).
A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre
, pp. 13?14.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0
.
- ^
Kenneth P. Czech.
Third Crusade: Siege of Acre
, p. 3. Originally published in August 2001. Military History Magazine.
- ^
Wolff and Hazard, p. 57
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
Steven Runciman (1952).
A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre
, p. 33.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0
.
- ^
Steven Runciman (1952).
A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre
, pp. 34?35.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0
.
- ^
Picard, Christophe (1997).
La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siecle
. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.