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?-L-M

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Shin - Lamedh - Mem is a triconsonantal root of many Semitic words (many of which are used as names). [1] The root meaning translates to "whole, safe, intact, unharmed, to go free, without blemish". Its earliest known form is in the name of Shalim , the ancient god of dusk of Ugarit . Derived from this are meanings of "to be safe, secure, at peace", hence "well-being, health" and passively "to be secured, pacified, submitted".

  • Central Semitic ?-L-M
    • Arabic : ?-?-? , S-L-M
    • Imperial Aramaic : ?-?-? , ?-L-M
    • Canaanite : ?-L-M (c.f. Shalem )
    • Hebrew : ?-?-? ‎, ?-L-M ( Paleo-Hebrew ??-??-??; Samaritan Hebrew ?-?-?)
  • East Semitic S-L-M
  • South Semitic "S-L-M"

Arabic sal?m ( ?????? ), Maltese sliem , Hebrew ??l?m ( ??????? ‎), Ge'ez salam ( ??? ), Syriac ?lama (pronounced Shlama, or Shlomo in the Western Syriac dialect) ( ???? ) are cognate Semitic terms for 'peace', deriving from a Proto-Semitic *?al?m- .

Given names related to the same root include Solomon ( Suleyman ), Absalom , Selim , Salem , Salim , Salma, Salmah, Salman, Selimah, Shelimah, Salome, Szlama (Polish) etc.

Arabic (and by extension Maltese), Hebrew, Ge'ez, and Aramaic have cognate expressions meaning 'peace be upon you' used as a greeting:

  • Arabic: As-sal?mu ?alaykum ( ?????? ????? ) is used to greet others and is an Arabic equivalent of 'hello'. The appropriate response to such a greeting is "and upon you be peace" ( wa-?alaykum as-sal?m ).
    • Maltese: Sliem għalikom .
  • Hebrew: Sh?lom ?ale?em ( ???? ????? ‎) is the equivalent of the Arabic expression, the response being ????? ???? ‎ ?Ale?em sh?lom , 'upon you be peace'.
  • Ge'ez: Selami ?likayimi ( ??? ????? )
  • Neo-Aramaic : ?lamaloxun , ?lama 'lokh ( ??? ???? ), classically, ?l?m lakh ??? ?? .

East Semitic [ edit ]

In the Amarna letters , a few of the 382 letters discuss the exchange of "peace gifts", greeting-gifts (Shulmani) between the Pharaoh and the other ruler involving the letter. [2] Examples are Zita (Hittite prince) , and Tushratta of Mitanni . Also, Kadashman-Enlil of Babylon , ( Kardunia? of the letters).

?al?m ( shalamu ) is also used in letter introductions to express the authors' health. An example letter EA19, from Tushratta to Pharaoh, states:

"...the king of Mittani, your brother. For me all goes well . For you may all go well." (lines 2-4) [3]

In Akkadian : [4]

  • Salimatu "alliance"
  • Salimu "peace, concord"
  • Shalamu "to be(come) whole, safe; to recover; to succeed, prosper"
  • Shulmu "health, well-being"; also a common greeting

Arabic [ edit ]

"Sal?m"

The Arabic word sal?m is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Arabic and Islamic speech and writing. "Al-Sal?m" is one of the 99 names of God in Islam , and also a male given name in conjunction with ?abd . ?Abd al-Sal?m translates to 'Slave of [the embodiment of] Peace', i.e. of Allah . [5]

  • ???? sal?m 'Peace'
  • ?????? ????? as-sal?mu ?alaykum 'Peace be upon you'
  • ????? ?isl?m 'Submission'
  • ???? muslim 'One who submits'
  • ????? tasl?m ? 'Delivering peace ? giving a salutation or a submission'
  • ??????? istisl?m ? 'The act of submitting (oneself), surrenderring'
  • ?????? mustaslim ? 'One who submits (oneself), surrenders'
  • ???? s?lim ? 'subject of SLM ? its SLM, 'the vase is SLM', 'the vase is whole, unbroken'
  • ???????? musallam ? 'undisputed'
  • Catholic Church : in the rosary : ?????? ???? ?? ???? as-sal?m ?alayki y? Maryam ' Hail Mary '.

In Maltese :

  • Sliem ? 'peace'
  • Sellem ? 'to greet, to salute'

Arabic Isl?m [ edit ]

Further information: Islam § Etymology and meaning

The word ????? ?isl?m is a verbal noun derived from s-l-m , meaning "submission" (i.e. entrusting one's wholeness to a higher force), which may be interpreted as humility . "One who submits" is signified by the participle ???? , Muslim (fem. ????? , muslimah ). [6]

The word is given a number of meanings in the Qur'an . In some verses ( ?y?t ), the quality of Islam as an internal conviction is stressed: "Whomsoever God desires to guide, He expands his breast to Islam." [7] Other verses connect isl?m and d?n (usually translated as "religion"): "Today, I have perfected your religion ( d?n ) for you; I have completed My blessing upon you; I have approved Islam for your religion." [8] Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God?more than just a verbal affirmation of faith. [9]

Given names [ edit ]

See also: Arabic name
  • Salam ( ???? Sal?m )
  • Salman ( ????? Salm?n )
  • Salim ( ???? S?lim )
  • Selim ( ???? , originally: Sal?m )
  • Suleim ( ????? Sulaym )
  • Suleiman ( ?????? Sulaym?n )

Northwest Semitic [ edit ]

"Shalom"
"Shlama/Shlomo in (top) Madnkhaya, (middle) Serto, and (bottom) Estrangela script"
Further information: Shalim

The Koine Greek New Testament text uses eir?n? ( ε?ρ?νη ) for 'peace', [10] which perhaps [ citation needed ] represents Jesus saying ?lama ; this Greek form became the northern feminine name Irene . In the Epistles , it often occurs alongside the usual Greek greeting chairein ( χα?ρειν ) in the phrase 'grace and peace'. However, comparison of the Greek Septuagint and Hebrew Masoretic Old Testament texts shows some instances where shalom was translated instead as soteria ( σωτηρ?α , meaning 'salvation'). [11]

In Hebrew :

  • Shalom
  • Mushlam ( ????? ‎) ? perfect
  • Shalem ( ??? ‎) ? whole, complete
  • Lehashlim ( ?????? ‎) ? to complete, fill in
  • Leshallem ( ???? ‎) ? to pay
  • Tashlum ( ????? ‎) ? payment
  • Shillumim ( ??????? ‎) ? reparations
  • Lehishtallem ( ?????? ‎) ? to be worth it, to "pay"
  • Absalom ( ?????? ‎) ? a personal name, literally means 'Father [of] Peace'.

In Aramaic :

Given names [ edit ]

See also [ edit ]

References [ edit ]

  1. ^ "?-L-M from the Harvard Semitic Museum" . blogs.brandeis.edu . 2015-08-17 . Retrieved 2023-06-24 .
  2. ^ Moran, Wiliam L., ed. (1992). The Amarna letters . Translated by Moran, Wiliam L. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. ISBN   978-0-8018-6715-6 .
  3. ^ William L. Moran (January 2002). The Amarana letters . p. 43. ISBN   0-8018-6715-0 .
  4. ^ Huehnergard, J. (2005). A Grammar of Akkadian . Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
  5. ^ "Seeking the Source of Peace: Allah's Name as-Sal?m" . Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research . Retrieved 2023-06-24 .
  6. ^ Entry for ?lm , p. 2067, Appendix B: Semitic Roots, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , 4th ed., Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, ISBN   0-618-08230-1 .
  7. ^ Quran 6:125 , Quran 61:7 , Quran 39:22
  8. ^ Quran 5:3 , Quran 3:19 , Quran 3:83
  9. ^ See:
  10. ^ Lk 24:36; Jn 20:19,26; vide NA27 per sy .
  11. ^ "Salvation - Soteria: A Greek Word Study | Precept Austin" . www.preceptaustin.org . Retrieved 2023-06-24 .


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