1915 novel by John Buchan
The Thirty-Nine Steps
is a 1915
adventure novel
by the
Scottish author
John Buchan
, first published by
William Blackwood and Sons
, Edinburgh. It was
serialized
in
All-Story Weekly
issues of 5 and 12 June 1915, and in
Blackwood's Magazine
(credited to "H. de V.") between July and September 1915, before being published in book form in October of that year. It is the first of five novels featuring
Richard Hannay
, an all-action hero with a
stiff upper lip
and a knack for getting himself out of tricky situations.
[2]
[3]
The novel has been adapted many times, including several films and a long-running stage play.
[2]
In 2003, the book was listed on the BBC's
Big Read
poll of Britain's "best-loved novels."
[4]
Plot
[
edit
]
The story's narrator, Richard Hannay, arrives in London from
Rhodesia
early in 1914, having made a modest fortune as a mining engineer. Disillusioned with his uneventful life as a man about town, he is on the brink of resolving to leave England for good when a panicked neighbour, Franklin Scudder, knocks at the door of his flat in
Portland Place
. Scudder is a freelance journalist who claims to have uncovered a plot against the Premier of Greece, Constantine Karolides. According to Scudder, Karolides is to be assassinated in London in a few weeks' time, on 15 June, an event which the plotters hope will trigger war in Europe.
Fearing for his life, Scudder has gone to the trouble of faking his own death, and needs to disappear from view. Hannay permits him to hide in his flat, and is horrified when a few days later he returns to find Scudder with a knife through his heart, now truly dead. Determined to warn the government of the plot, but unwilling to go to the police for fear of being arrested for murder, Hannay escapes the building disguised as a
milkman
and takes a train to Scotland, intending to find a remote area where he can lie low. He takes with him the coded notebook in which Scudder had recorded his findings.
Hannay alights at a rural station in the
Galloway Hills
, and a cat-and-mouse chase ensues as he evades both the plotters, who attempt to spot him on the open hillside from an aeroplane, and the police. Deciphering Scudder's notes, he learns that his adversaries are members of a German spy ring known as the "Black Stone" whose goal is to steal Britain's naval defence plans before war breaks out. Hannay meets Sir Harry, landowner and local parliamentary candidate, and takes him into his confidence. Sir Harry promises to write to his godfather, Sir Walter Bullivant,
Permanent Secretary
at the
Foreign Office
, to warn him of the plot.
Narrowly avoiding his pursuers, Hannay stumbles into a lonely cottage and finds himself face to face with the Black Stone's leader. Hannay's lies are convincing enough to leave the spies in doubt as to his true identity, and they lock him in a storeroom rather than killing him outright. Finding a cabinet full of explosives, Hannay uses his experience as a mining engineer to escape by blowing the window from its frame. Eventually he manages to catch a train south, hoping to find Sir Walter Bullivant at his home in
Berkshire
.
Sir Walter accepts the bulk of Hannay's story, but doubts that Karolides' life is in danger. An urgent government phone call, however, informs him that Karolides is already dead. The two men travel to London, where Sir Walter is to host a high-level official meeting at his
city
townhouse. Hannay, now cleared of the Portland Place murder, is left to his own devices, but a general feeling of unease prompts him to call at Sir Walter's house. He arrives just in time to see the
First Sea Lord
leaving; their eyes briefly meet, and Hannay recognizes him as one of the spies in disguise. Hannay breaks into the meeting, but by the time the deception is confirmed the man has long gone, taking with him the naval secrets he has just learned.
Realising that the spies will have to cross the
Channel
to get their information back to Germany, Hannay and the meeting attendees comb Scudder's notebook for clues as to the planned point of departure. An entry reading "Thirty-nine steps ? I counted them ? High tide, 10.17 p.m." leads them to a clifftop villa in
Kent
with a private flight of steps ? 39 in total ? running down to the sea. A yacht waits offshore. Hannay confronts the occupants of the villa and is mortified to find what appears to be a perfectly ordinary group of English friends who have been enjoying a game of tennis in the sun. But then one of the men droops his eyelids in a characteristic gesture that Hannay recognizes ? it is the owner of the cottage in Scotland. Hannay blows his whistle, and the spies are arrested before they can reach the yacht. Britain enters the
Great War
seven weeks later, and Hannay is commissioned as a captain in the army. He comments, "But I had done my best service, I think, before I put on
khaki
.”
[5]
Principal characters
[
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]
- Richard Hannay
? protagonist and narrator; mining engineer recently arrived from Southern Africa
- Franklin P Scudder ? freelance journalist
- Sir Harry ? Scottish landowner and local parliamentary candidate
- Sir Walter Bullivant ?
Permanent Secretary
at the
Foreign Office
; Sir Harry's godfather
- Alexander Turnbull ? roadmender
Background
[
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]
The Thirty-Nine Steps
first appeared in
All-Story Weekly
magazine of 5 and 12 June 1915
John Buchan
wrote
The Thirty-Nine Steps
while he was ill in bed with a
duodenal ulcer
, an illness which remained with him all his life. Buchan's son
William
later wrote that the name of the book originated when the author's daughter was counting the stairs at St Cuby, a private nursing home on Cliff Promenade in
Broadstairs
, where Buchan was convalescing. "There was a wooden staircase leading down to the beach. My sister, who was about six, and who had just learnt to count properly, went down them and gleefully announced: there are 39 steps." The tunnelled stairway through the cliff actually consisted of 78 steps, but Buchan halved the number to make a better title. When the original oak steps were later replaced, one of them, complete with a brass plaque, was sent to Buchan.
[6]
The concrete steps now number 108, still running from the garden to the beach.
[7]
This novel was his first "
shocker
", as he called it ? a story combining personal and political dramas. It marked a turning point in Buchan's literary career and introduced his adventuring hero
Richard Hannay
. He described a "shocker" as an adventure where the events in the story are unlikely and the reader is only just able to believe that they really happened.
[6]
Dedication
[
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]
Buchan dedicated the novel to his friend
Thomas Arthur Nelson
, saying "My Dear Tommy, / You and I have long cherished an affection for that elemental type of tale which Americans call the 'dime novel' and which we know as the 'shocker' ? the romance where the incidents defy the probabilities, and march just inside the borders of the possible. During an illness last winter I exhausted my store of those aids to cheerfulness, and was driven to write one for myself. This little volume is the result, and I should like to put your name on it in memory of our long friendship, in the days when the wildest fictions are so much less improbable than the facts.
[8]
Literary significance and criticism
[
edit
]
The Thirty-Nine Steps
is one of the earliest examples of the '"man-on-the-run" thriller
archetype
subsequently adopted by film makers as a much-used plot device. In
The Thirty-Nine Steps
, Buchan holds up Richard Hannay as an example to his readers of an ordinary man who puts his country's interests before his own safety. The story was a great success with the men in the First World War
trenches
. One soldier wrote to Buchan, "The story is greatly appreciated in the midst of mud and rain and shells, and all that could make trench life depressing."
[9]
Hannay continued his adventures in four subsequent books. Two were set during the war, when he continued his undercover work against the Germans and their allies the
Turks
in
Greenmantle
(1916) and
Mr Standfast
(1919). The other two stories,
The Three Hostages
(1924) and
The Island of Sheep
(1936) were set in the postwar period, when Hannay's opponents were
criminal
gangs.
Adaptations
[
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]
The novel has been adapted for multiple media; many of these versions depart significantly from the text ? for example, by introducing a love interest absent from the original novel and inspired by Hitchcock's film. In most cases, the title is often abbreviated to
The 39 Steps
, but the full title is more commonly used for the book and 1978 film adaptation.
[2]
Film
[
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]
The 39 Steps
(1935)
[
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]
The 1935 black-and-white film directed by
Alfred Hitchcock
deviates substantially from the book.
[2]
It stars
Robert Donat
as Hannay and
Madeleine Carroll
as a woman he meets on the train.
[10]
It is regarded by many critics as the best film version.
[11]
This was one of several Hitchcock films based upon the idea of an "innocent man on the run", such as
Saboteur
and
North by Northwest
. In 1999, it came 4th in a
BFI poll
of British films and in 2004
Total Film
named it the 21st greatest British film of all time.
[12]
The 39 Steps
(1959)
[
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]
The 1959 film directed by
Ralph Thomas
was the first colour version, starring
Kenneth More
as Hannay and
Taina Elg
as Miss Fisher.
[2]
It is closely based on Hitchcock's adaptation, including the music-hall finale with "Mr. Memory" and Hannay's escape from a train on the
Forth Bridge
, scenes not present in the book. It features a musical score by
Clifton Parker
.
The Thirty Nine Steps
(1978)
[
edit
]
The 1978 version was directed by
Don Sharp
and starred
Robert Powell
as Hannay,
Karen Dotrice
as Alex,
John Mills
as Colonel Scudder.
[13]
It is generally regarded as the closest to the book, being set at the same time as the novel, pre-Great War, but still bears little resemblance to Buchan's original story. Its climax bore no relation to the novel's denouement, instead seeing Hannay hanging from the hands of
Big Ben
. The film was followed by a spin-off television series,
Hannay
, also starring Powell and featuring adventures occurring before the events in
The Thirty-Nine Steps
.
[2]
The 39 Steps
(2008)
[
edit
]
The BBC commissioned a new television adaptation of the novel, scripted by
Lizzie Mickery
and produced by
BBC Scotland
's drama unit.
[14]
[15]
The 90-minute film stars
Rupert Penry-Jones
,
Lydia Leonard
,
Patrick Malahide
and
Eddie Marsan
, and was first broadcast on 28 December 2008
[16]
A romantic subplot was added to the story, featuring
Lydia Leonard
. The storyline only very tenuously follows that of the book, many characters being renamed, or omitted altogether. The film ends with a scene involving a submarine in a Scottish loch, rather than the original setting off the Kent coast, and the apparent death of one character.
Radio
[
edit
]
There were numerous American radio adaptations during the two decades following the release of Hitchcock's film, most of which were based on its heavily altered plot. It remains a popular subject for modern live productions done in a similar,
old-time radio
style.
[2]
[17]
- 1937, starring
Robert Montgomery
and
Ida Lupino
, part of the
Lux Radio Theater
series.
- 1938, starring
Orson Welles
, part of
The Mercury Theatre on the Air
series.
- 1943, starring
Herbert Marshall
and
Madeleine Carroll
, part of the
Philip Morris Playhouse
series.
- 1946, starring
David Niven
, part of
The Hour of Mystery
series.
- 1947, part of the
Canadian Broadcasting Company
Stage Series
.
- 1948, starring
Glenn Ford
and
Mercedes McCambridge
, part of the
Studio One
series.
- 1952, starring
Herbert Marshall
, part of the
Suspense
series.
[18]
There have been many full cast adaptations for
BBC Radio
and all are based directly on Buchan's novel.
[2]
- 1939, in six parts, adapted by Winifred Carey and produced by James McKechnie.
[19]
- 1944, in six parts, adapted by Winifred Carey and produced by
Derek McCulloch
.
[20]
- 1950,
The Adventures of Richard Hannay
in 12 half-hour parts, based on
The Thirty-Nine Steps
and
Mr Standfast
adapted by Winifred Carey and produced by Donald McLean.
[21]
- 1950,
The Adventures of Richard Hannay
in eight half-hour parts, based on
The Thirty-Nine Steps
and
Mr Standfast
adapted by Winifred Carey and produced by Donald McLean.
[22]
- 1960, in six episodes, adapted by J. C. Gosforth and produced by Frederick Bradnum.
[23]
- 1972,
The Adventures of Richard Hannay
based on
The Thirty-Nine Steps
and
Mr Standfast
in six episodes, adapted by Winifred Carey and produced by Norman Wright.
[24]
- 1989, dramatised by Peter Buckman and directed by Patrick Rayner.
[25]
- 2001, starring
David Robb
,
Tom Baker
and
William Hope
, adapted by
Bert Coules
.
[26]
[27]
There are also several BBC solo readings:
- 1947, in 12 parts, abridged by
Hilton Brown
and read by Arthur Bush.
[28]
- 1978, in five parts, abridged by Barry Campbell and read by Frank Duncan.
[29]
- 1996, in ten parts, produced by Jane Marshall and read by
John Nettles
.
[30]
Other solo readings:
- 1994, abridged, read by
James Fox
and released by
Orbis Publishing
, as part of their "Talking Classics" series. It consisted of an illustrated magazine accompanied by a double CD or cassette.
- 2007, unabridged, read by
Robert Powell
and released by
Audible
audiobooks
.
[31]
- 2007, unabridged, read by Peter Joyce and released by Assembled Stories audiobooks.
[32]
In 2014,
BBC Radio 3
broadcast
Landmark: The Thirty-Nine Steps and World War I
, a 45-minute documentary on the novel's initial impact at home and abroad.
[33]
Theatre
[
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]
A
comic theatrical adaptation
[34]
by
Simon Corble
and Nobby Dimon for a cast of four actors premiered in 1995 at the
Georgian Theatre Royal
in
Richmond
, North Yorkshire, before embarking on a tour of village halls across the north of England.
[35]
In 2005,
Patrick Barlow
rewrote the script, keeping the scenes, staging and small-scale feel,
[35]
and in June 2005 this re-adaptation premiered at the
West Yorkshire Playhouse
,
[36]
[37]
The play then opened in London's
Tricycle Theatre
, and after a successful run transferred to the
Criterion Theatre
in
Piccadilly
where it became the fifth longest running play until it closed in September 2015.
[38]
Although drawing on Buchan's novel, it is strongly influenced by Hitchcock's 1935 film adaptation. On 15 January 2008, the show made its US
Broadway
premiere at the
American Airlines Theatre
; it transferred to the
Cort Theatre
on 29 April 2008 and then moved to the
Helen Hayes Theatre
on 21 January 2009, where it ended its run on 10 January 2010. It reopened on Stage One of
New York's
Off-Broadway
venue
New World Stages
on 25 March 2010 and closed on 15 April 2010.
[39]
The Broadway production received six
Tony Award
nominations, winning two ? Best Lighting Design and Best Sound Design ? with the London show winning an
Olivier
in 2007 and two Tony Awards in 2008. The play also won the
Drama Desk Award
, Unique Theatrical Experience.
[40]
[41]
Television
[
edit
]
A 1988 prequel television series named
Hannay
was spawned from the 1978 feature film version.
The 39 Steps
is a Netflix miniseries to be directed by
Edward Berger
[42]
[43]
Video game
[
edit
]
A 2013, Scottish developer
The Story Mechanics
used
the Unity game engine
to create
The 39 Steps
, a digital adaptation.
[44]
[45]
Interactive fiction
[
edit
]
In 2008,
Penguin Books
adapted the story as
interactive fiction
under the authorship of
Charles Cumming
calling it
The 21 Steps
.
[46]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
"British Library Item details"
.
primocat.bl.uk
. Retrieved
9 August
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
"Alfred Hitchcock Collectors' Guide: The 39 Steps (1935)"
.
Brenton Film
. February 2020.
- ^
"The Thirty-Nine Steps first edition dustwrapper"
. Johnbuchansociety.co.uk. 19 October 1915. Archived from
the original
on 13 October 2013
. Retrieved
12 October
2013
.
- ^
"BBC ? The Big Read"
. BBC. April 2003. Retrieved 23 August 2017
- ^
Buchan, John.
The Thirty-Nine Steps
. Chapter X, last sentence of the novel.
- ^
a
b
"Lord Tweedsmuir: novelist and son of John Buchan"
, obituary,
The Times
of London, 4 July 2008 ("In 1990 [William] Buchan published a memoir of his own early life, The Rags of Time, in which he described his family life [...]"). Retrieved 8 December 2008
- ^
"The 39 Steps: Thanet Area"
. undergroundkent.co.uk. Archived from
the original
on 2 April 2007
. Retrieved
1 March
2018
.
- ^
Buchan, John (1993). Harvie, Christopher (ed.).
The Thirty-Nine Steps
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-19-150028-2
.
- ^
Rimington, Stella (11 January 2011).
"John Buchan and The Thirty-Nine Steps"
.
The Telegraph
. Retrieved
12 August
2023
.
- ^
The 39 Steps (1935)
at
IMDb
- ^
The BFI 100
Archived
17 May 2012 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"The BFI 100: The 39 Steps"
. BFI.
- ^
The Thirty-Nine Steps (1978)
at
IMDb
- ^
The 39 Steps (2008) (TV)
at
IMDb
- ^
Rushton, Katherine (20 August 2008).
"BBC plots 39 Steps remake"
.
Broadcast Now
. EMAP
. Retrieved
21 August
2008
.
- ^
"Network TV Programme Information BBC ONE Weeks 52/53"
. BBC
. Retrieved
2 September
2013
.
- ^
From Old-Time Airwaves to Terry Concert Hall, "The 39 Steps" Radio Play Opens Friday 3 Oct. 2014
- ^
Kirby, Walter (2 March 1952).
"Better Radio Programs for the Week"
.
The Decatur Daily Review
. The Decatur Daily Review. p. 42
. Retrieved
28 May
2015
– via
Newspapers.com
.
- ^
BBC Genome:
The Thirty-Nine Steps
(1939)
- ^
BBC Genome:
The Thirty-Nine Steps
(1944)
- ^
BBC Genome:
The Adventures of Richard Hannay
(1950)
- ^
BBC Genome:
The Adventures of Richard Hannay
(1950)
- ^
BBC Genome:
The Thirty-Nine Steps
(1960)
- ^
BBC Radio 4:
The Adventures of Richard Hannay
(1972)
- ^
BBC Radio 4:
The Thirty-Nine Steps
(1989)
- ^
BBC Radio 4:
The Thirty-Nine Steps
(2003)
- ^
BBC Genome:
The Thirty-Nine Steps
(2001)
- ^
BBC Genome:
The Thirty-Nine Steps
(1947)
- ^
BBC Genome:
The Thirty-Nine Steps
[radio] (1978)
- ^
BBC Genome:
The Thirty-Nine Steps
[radio] (1978)
- ^
Amazon Audible:
The Thirty-Nine Steps
(2007)
- ^
Amazon Assembled Stories:
The Thirty-Nine Steps
(2007)
- ^
BBC Radio 3:
Landmark: The Thirty-Nine Steps and World War I
(2014)
- ^
Kachka, Boris (13 January 2008).
"How 'The 39 Steps' Went From Tense British Thriller to Broadway Comedy"
.
New York Magazine
. Retrieved
29 December
2016
.
- ^
a
b
Johnson, Andrew (15 June 2008).
"Thirty-nine steps to an unlikely theatrical triumph"
.
The Independent
.
Archived
from the original on 20 June 2022
. Retrieved
1 May
2013
.
- ^
Kate Bassett (3 July 2005).
"
The 39 Steps
, West Yorkshire, Playhouse, Leeds"
.
The Independent
. Archived from
the original
on 18 June 2009
. Retrieved
4 April
2008
.
- ^
Sam Marlowe (18 August 2006).
"The 39 Steps"
.
The Times
. Retrieved
30 March
2008
.
- ^
Georgia Snow (17 June 2015).
"The 39 Steps to close after nine years in the West End"
.
The Stage
. Retrieved
23 June
2015
.
- ^
"The 39 Steps, review, New World Stages/Stage 1, Off-Broadway"
. Newyorktheatreguide.com
. Retrieved
12 October
2013
.
- ^
The Broadway League.
"Internet Broadway Database listing, "39 Steps"
"
. Ibdb.com
. Retrieved
12 October
2013
.
- ^
Jones, Kenneth.
"The 39 Steps Will Step Into the Helen Hayes in January 2009", playbill.com, 17 October 2008
Archived
20 October 2008 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"New year arts: Observer critics pick the culture to get us through to spring"
.
the Guardian
. 2 January 2022
. Retrieved
24 January
2022
.
- ^
Fleming, Mike Jr. (9 April 2021).
"Netflix Lands 'The 39 Steps' Limited Series; Benedict Cumberbatch, Director Edward Berger & Scribe Mark L. Smith Update A Classic"
.
Deadline Hollywood
. Retrieved
9 April
2021
.
- ^
"The 39 Steps for PC"
.
GameRankings
. Retrieved
2 September
2013
.
- ^
Oxford, Nadia (30 April 2013).
"The 39 Steps Review"
.
Gamezebo
. Archived from
the original
on 3 May 2013
. Retrieved
2 September
2013
.
- ^
The 21 Steps
Archived
20 March 2008 at the
Wayback Machine
, interactive fiction
External links
[
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]
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Edward Leithen novels
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Dickson McCunn trilogy
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