Depiction of everyday experience in art and entertainment
This article is about the genre of fiction. For other uses, see
A Slice of Life
.
Slice of life
is a depiction of mundane experiences in
art
and
entertainment
.
[1]
In theater, slice of life refers to
naturalism
, while in literary parlance it is a
narrative
technique in which a seemingly arbitrary sequence of events in a character's life is presented, often lacking plot development,
conflict
and
exposition
, as well as often having an open ending.
Film and theater
[
edit
]
In theatrical parlance, the term
slice of life
refers to a
naturalistic
representation of
real life
, sometimes used as an adjective, as in "a
play
with 'slice of life' dialogues". The term originated between 1890 and 1895 as a
calque
from the
French phrase
tranche de vie
, credited to the
French
playwright
Jean Jullien (1854?1919).
[2]
Jullien introduced the term not long after a staging of his play
The Serenade
, as noted by Wayne S. Turney in his
essay
"Notes on Naturalism in the Theatre":
The Serenade
was introduced by the
Theatre Libre
in 1887. It is a prime example of
rosserie
, that is, plays dealing with corrupt,
morally bankrupt
characters who seem to be respectable, "smiling, smiling, damned villains..." Jullien gave us the famous apothegm defining naturalism in his
The Living Theatre
(1892): "A play is a slice of life put onstage with art." He goes on to say that "...our purpose is not to create laughter, but thought." He felt that the story of a play does not end with the curtain, which is "only an arbitrary interruption of the action which leaves the spectator free to speculate about what goes on beyond your expectation..."
[3]
During the 1950s, the phrase was commonly used in critical reviews of live television dramas, notably
teleplays
by
JP Miller
,
Paddy Chayefsky
[4]
and
Reginald Rose
.
[5]
At that time, it was sometimes used
synonymously
with the term "
kitchen sink realism
", adopted from British films and theatre.
In 2017, screenwriter and scholar
Eric R. Williams
identified slice-of-life films as one of eleven super-genres in his
screenwriters' taxonomy
, claiming that all feature-length narrative films can be classified by these super-genres. The other ten super-genres are:
action
,
crime
,
fantasy
,
horror
,
romance
,
science fiction
,
sports
,
thriller
,
war
and
western
.
[6]
Williams identifies the following films as some examples of films in the slice-of-life super-genre:
The Station Agent
,
Boyhood
,
Captain Fantastic
,
Fences
,
Moonlight
and
Waitress
.
[7]
According to his taxonomy, drama and comedy are identified as film "types", not super-genres.
[7]
Literature
[
edit
]
In literary parlance, the term "slice of life" refers to a
storytelling
technique that presents a seemingly arbitrary sample of a
character's
life, which often lacks a coherent
plot
, conflict, or ending.
[8]
The story may have little plot progress and often has no exposition, conflict, or
denouement
, but rather has an open ending. A work that focuses on a minute and faithful reproduction of some bit of reality, without selection, organization, or judgment, and where every small detail is presented with scientific fidelity, is an example of the "slice of life" novel.
[9]
This is demonstrated in the case of
Guy de Maupassant
's novel
A Woman's Life
, which told the story of a woman who transformed an unrequited love for her husband into a
pathological
affection towards her son.
[10]
In the United States, slice of life stories were given particular emphasis by the
Chicago school
at the end of the 19th century, a period when the novel and social sciences became different systems of discourse.
[11]
These produced literary texts by researcher-authors that were written to represent the subject's stories and sentiment-free social realism using the language of ordinary people.
[11]
It formed part of the late 19th- and early 20th-century naturalism movement in literature, which was inspired by the adaptation of principles and methods of social sciences such as the Darwinian view of nature.
[12]
The movement was an extension of realism, presenting the faithful representation of reality without moral judgment.
[12]
Some authors, particularly playwrights, used it by focusing on the "underbelly of life" to expose
social ills
and repressive social codes with the aim of shocking the audience and motivating them towards
social reform
.
[13]
Anime and manga
[
edit
]
Slice of life anime and manga are narratives "without fantastical aspects, which [take] place in a recognisable, everyday setting, such as a suburban
high school
, and which [focus] on human relationships that are often romantic in nature."
[14]
The genre favors "the creation of emotional ties with the characters."
[15]
The popularity of slice of life anime started to increase in the mid-1980s.
[14]
Masayuki Nishida writes that slice of life anime and manga can still involve elements of fantasy or a fantastical world: "Fantasy is sometimes used as a means to express the 'reality' of human beings under certain possible conditions."
[16]
Robin E. Brenner's 2007 book
Understanding Manga and Anime
holds that in
anime
and
manga
, "slice of life" is a genre that is more akin to
melodrama
than
drama
, bordering on absurd due to the large numbers of dramatic and comedic events in very short spans. The author compares it to teen dramas such as
Dawson's Creek
or
The O.C.
This genre claims a large section of the Japanese manga market and usually focuses on school and
interpersonal relationships
.
[17]
One subgenre of slice of life in anime and manga is
k?ki-kei
(
空?系
, "air type")
, also called
nichij?-kei
(
日常系
, "everyday type")
. In this genre, "descriptions of deep personal relationships or fully fledged romantic relationships are deliberately eliminated from the story in order to tell a light, non-serious story that focuses on the everyday lives and conversations of the
bish?jo
characters."
[18]
This relies on a "specificity of place," as well as a "peaceful, heartwarming sense of daily life".
[19]
The
nichij?-kei
genre developed from
yonkoma
manga, and includes works like
Azumanga Daioh
,
K-On!
, and
Hidamari Sketch
.
[20]
Takayoshi Yamamura argues that the rise in popularity of this subgenre in the mid-2000s enabled the increasing popularity of
media tourism
to locations featured in anime.
[18]
Stevie Suan writes that slice of life anime such as
Azumanga Daioh
often involve exaggerated versions of the "conventionalized expressions" of the medium, such as "white circles for eyes in times of trouble, shining, vibrant big eyes to depict overflowing emotion, sweat drops, animal teeth, and simplistic human rendering."
[21]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Jewell, Elizabeth J.; Abate, Frank R., eds. (September 2001).
"Slice of Life"
.
The New Oxford American Dictionary
(First ed.). Oxford University Press.
ISBN
0-19-511227-X
.
- ^
"Slice of life".
Random House Unabridged Dictionary
. 2006.
- ^
Turney, Wayne S.
"Notes on Naturalism in the Theatre"
.
wayneturney.20m.com
. Archived from
the original
on 2008-05-14.
- ^
Gottfried, Martin.
All His Jazz
, Da Capo, 2003.
- ^
"Dowler, Kevin. "Reginald Rose". Museum of Broadcast Communications"
. Archived from
the original
on 2006-04-23
. Retrieved
2008-06-20
.
- ^
Williams, Eric R. (2017).
The screenwriters taxonomy : a roadmap to collaborative storytelling
. New York, NY: Routledge Studies in Media Theory and Practice.
ISBN
978-1-315-10864-3
.
OCLC
993983488
. P. 21
- ^
a
b
Williams, Eric R. (2017).
The screenwriters taxonomy : a roadmap to collaborative storytelling
. New York, NY: Routledge Studies in Media Theory and Practice.
ISBN
978-1-315-10864-3
.
OCLC
993983488
.
- ^
Stuart Eddy Baker (2002).
Bernard Shaw's remarkable religion: a faith that fits the facts
. University Press of Florida. pp. 83?84.
ISBN
978-0-8130-2432-5
.
- ^
Walcutt, Charles (1966).
American Literary Naturalism, a Divided Stream
. St. Paul, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. p. 21.
ISBN
978-0-8166-5885-5
.
- ^
Lehan, Richard (2005).
Realism and Naturalism: The Novel in an Age of Transition
. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 193.
ISBN
0-299-20870-2
.
- ^
a
b
Denzin, Norman; Lincoln, Yvonna (2005).
The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research
. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. pp.
16
.
ISBN
0-7619-2757-3
.
- ^
a
b
Augustyn, Adam (2010).
American Literature from the 1850s to 1945
. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 71.
ISBN
978-1-61530-234-5
.
- ^
Downs, William; Wright, Lou Anne; Ramsey, Erik (2016).
The Art of Theatre: Then and Now
. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. p. 372.
ISBN
978-1-305-95470-0
.
- ^
a
b
Rivera Rusca, Renato (2016). "The Changing Role of Manga and Anime Magazines in the Japanese Animation Industry". In Pasfield-Neofitou, Sarah E.; Sell, Cathy (eds.).
Manga vision : cultural and communicative perspectives
. Clayton, Vic.: Monash University Publishing. pp. 61?62.
ISBN
978-1-925377-07-1
.
OCLC
953459173
.
- ^
Hernandez-rogelio, Manuel generenze
; scot (December 2019).
"Otaku Tourists Out of Japan: Fictionality , Shared Memories, and the Role of National Branding in the Japanese Pilgrimages of Anime Fans in the United Kingdom"
.
The Journal of Popular Culture
.
52
(6): 1524.
doi
:
10.1111/jpcu.12871
.
ISSN
0022-3840
.
S2CID
213535272
.
- ^
Nishida, Masayuki (2016-06-06).
"Locality in Japanese Animation: Transboundary Interactions between the Animation Tamayura and Takehara City in Hiroshima, Japan"
.
JSN Journal
.
6
(1): 29.
ISSN
2586-937X
.
- ^
Brenner, Robin (2007).
Understanding Manga and Anime
. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 112.
ISBN
978-1-59158-332-5
.
- ^
a
b
Yamamura, Takayoshi (2015-01-02).
"Contents tourism and local community response: Lucky star and collaborative anime-induced tourism in Washimiya"
.
Japan Forum
.
27
(1): 60?61.
doi
:
10.1080/09555803.2014.962567
.
ISSN
0955-5803
.
S2CID
143690685
.
- ^
Clyde, Deirdre (2020-01-02).
"Pilgrimage and prestige: American anime fans and their travels to Japan"
.
Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change
.
18
(1): 63.
doi
:
10.1080/14766825.2020.1707464
.
ISSN
1476-6825
.
S2CID
213737486
.
- ^
Tanaka, Motoko (29 July 2014).
"Trends of Fiction in 2000s Japanese Pop Culture"
.
Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies
.
14
(2).
- ^
Suan, Stevie (2013).
The anime paradox : patterns and practices through the lens of traditional Japanese theater
. Leiden: Global Oriental. p. 252.
ISBN
978-90-04-22215-1
.
OCLC
844939529
.
External links
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