Russian military commander and statesman
Count Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov
(
Russian
:
Граф Павел Александрович Строганов
; 18 June 1774 ? 22 June 1817) was a Russian military commander and statesman,
Lieutenant General
,
Adjutant General
to
Alexander I of Russia
. He took part in the
Privy Committee
that outlined
Government reform of Alexander I
.
Early life
[
edit
]
Count Stroganov was born on 18 June 1772 in Paris, and was called "Popo" in his family. He was a son of
Alexander Sergeyevich Stroganov
and, his second wife, Princess Ekaterina Petrovna
Trubetskaya
(daughter of Prince Peter Nikitich Trubetskoy).
[1]
His godfather was the Russian Emperor
Paul I
, and his childhood friend was the future Tsar
Alexander I
. His father was a
Count of the Holy Roman Empire
, who later became a
Count
of the
Russian Empire
. After his father's death in 1811, Pavel, as the only son, inherited his father's entire fortune.
[2]
At the time of his birth, his parents were living in Paris at the court of
Louis XVI
and
Marie Antoinette
, where they had moved following their 1769 marriage. In Paris, he was educated by
Gilbert Romme
, who had lived in Paris since 1774 and earned his living by teaching mathematics. After a ten-year stay in France, Stroganov's parents returned to
St. Petersburg
in the beginning of 1779. Shortly thereafter, they separated and his mother relocated to her
Brattsevo
Estate and took up with
Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov
, a former lover of Empress
Catherine the Great
.
[a]
In order to hide the relationship from Pavel, his father sent him on a years long journey, both in Russia and abroad, with his tutor, Gilbert Romme.
[4]
Career
[
edit
]
In 1779, the young Stroganov was enlisted for military service as a
cornet
of the Horse Regiment of the
Life Guards
and he received the rank of
Second lieutenant
of the
Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment
in 1786. At the time, Stroganov was serving under Prince
Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin
, who gave him permission to leave Russia to complete his education.
[6]
He left Russia, accompanied by Romme, the artist
Andrei Voronikhin
(who later became a famous architect), and his cousin,
Grigory Alexandrovich Stroganov
.
[7]
From 1786 to 1789, they traveled all over Europe, visiting many European countries such as
Switzerland
,
Italy
,
Austria
,
Prussia
and
France
. He initially visited
Riom
, Romme's hometown, and from 1787 he began to study botany at the
University of Geneva
. Later, Stroganov took up the study of theology, as well as chemistry and physics. In addition, he practiced his German and took up various sports, most notably fencing and horseback riding. In his free time, he made trips to the mountains and was engaged in amateur mineralogy. At the end of May 1788, Romme and Count Stroganov left Switzerland, moving first to a house owned by Romme's mother in
Auvergne
, before visiting
Creusot
and
Lyon
, and moving to Paris, where the
French Revolution
was just flaring up. Pavel wrote to his father that they had gone to Paris in connection with the forthcoming convocation of the
Estates General
.
[8]
French Revolution
[
edit
]
Stroganov arrival in Paris coincided with the election of Deputies to the
National Assembly
. At the insistence of his tutor, Stroganov changed his last name, did not mention his title anywhere and became known as Paul Ocher. In Paris, he continued to study, attending classes in military art and focusing on science. In May 1789, Stroganov and Romme began to visit
Versailles
regularly, where the Estates General met. Romme rented an apartment in Versailles, where he lived with Stroganov until the National Assembly moved to Paris.
[9]
On 10 January 1790, Romme established the Societe des amis de la loi ("Society of Friends of the Law"), with Stroganov as librarian. In a letter dated 18 March 1790, Stroganov's father recommended that Romme take Pavel away from Paris, but Romme ignored the advice. On 19 June 1790, Romme organized an oath celebration in the ballroom attended by Stroganov, as well as later famous revolutionaries:
Antoine Barnave
, brothers
Charles
and
Alexandre Lameth
,
Adrien Duport
,
Maximilien Robespierre
, and
Georges Danton
. Stroganov's signature appears under the appeal of the "Society of Friends of the Oath in the Ball Game Hall", which was presented on 3 July 1790 to the National Assembly.
[9]
On 16 July 1790, Romme received a letter from Stroganov's father dated 20 June 1790 demanding he leave Paris. Before leaving, they managed to enroll Pavel in the
Jacobin Club
(under the name citizen Ocher; Romme joined three years later in 1793). On 10 August 1790, Pavel and Romme were issued passports to travel to Riom, before moving to Zhimo where Romme began to prepare for the elections. In November 1790, his cousin
Nikolay Novosiltsev
arrived in France to retrieve Pavel,
[10]
likely because of his connection with the revolutionary
Theroigne de Mericourt
(who had been arrested by the Austrian government), and the two left for Russia in December 1790.
[11]
Political career
[
edit
]
Upon his return to Russia, the young Count Stroganov was advised to settle in the
Brattsevo
estate near
Moscow
, where his mother lived, as he was forbidden to return to St. Petersburg. During this time, Stroganov was a member of the
Preobrazhensky Regiment
and by 1791 he was a lieutenant. By 1792, he was a Chamber-
Junker
.
[6]
Stroganov returned to St. Petersburg at the end of Catherine's reign.
[12]
In 1795, Stroganov resumed communication with his childhood friend, Tsarevich Alexander, the future Emperor Alexander I, who told him that he was "an enthusiastic admirer of the French Revolution" and also considered himself a "Jacobin".
[13]
Stroganov was alarmed by such sentiments of the Grand Duke, the count considered that Alexander was in the grip of "dangerous delusions" and turned to his cousin Novosiltsev to jointly protect Alexander from rash actions.
[14]
After the assassination of the Emperor
Paul I
in March 1801, and the accession of Alexander to the throne, Count Stroganov became a favorite of the new Emperor. In July of the same year, he presented the Emperor with his idea for the creation of a
Privy Committee
, that outlined
plans for reforms in the country
. As founder and member of the Committee, he was at the head of the triumvirate which included Prince
Viktor Kochubey
and Prince
Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
. In addition, he was a supporter of the abolition of
serfdom in Russia
.
[15]
In 1798, he was promoted to
Chamberlain
. From 1802 to 1807, he concurrently served as Privy Councillor,
Senator
, Vice-
Minister of Foreign Affairs
, and Assistant
Minister of the Internal Affairs
. In 1806, Alexander appointed him
Charge d'affaires
and head of a diplomatic mission to London.
[6]
Its mission was to promote rapprochement between Russia and the United Kingdom. Stroganov began negotiations with the British in an attempt to form a coalition against
Napoleon
. During negotiations, his friend, Prince Adam Czartoryski, resigned as Minister of Foreign Affairs, and
Andreas Eberhard von Budberg
, who had a deep dislike for Stroganov, became his successor. Stroganov's position became untenable so he left Great Britain in August 1806, returning to Russia.
[16]
He resigned his position as Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs and his position of Senator in March 1807, but continued to play an important role as advisor to Emperor Alexander, who continued to seek his advice on diplomacy and military affairs.
[17]
Military career
[
edit
]
Count Stroganov accompanied Emperor Alexander in the campaign against Napoleon as part of the
Third Coalition
and became a participant in the 1805
Battle of Austerlitz
which led to a French victory in which the
Treaty of Pressburg
precipitated an effective end of the Third Coalition and dissolved the
Holy Roman Empire
and creation of the
Confederation of the Rhine
.
[8]
In 1807, he headed the
Cossack
Regiment after entering as a volunteer. On 22 August August 1807, he was awarded the
Order of St. George
3rd Class. On 21 December 1807, he was granted the rank of
Major General
, and on 27 January 1808, he joined the
Izmailovsky Life Guards Regiment
, taking part in the
Finnish War
of 1808 to 1809, serving under Gen. Prince
Pyotr Bagration
. He also took part in the capture of the
Aland Islands
.
[6]
From 1809 to 1811, he served in the
Army of the Danube
, participating in many battles with the
Turks
during the conflict between the Russian and
Ottoman Empires
.
[6]
For courage shown in battles, he was awarded a gold sword with diamonds and the inscription "For Courage", the
Order of Saint Anna
, 1st Class, and
Order of Saint Vladimir
, 2nd Class (in 1809), and Order of Saint Anna, 1st Class (in 1810). On May 28, 1809, he was appointed Commander of the
Life-Guards Grenadier Regiment
and, at the same time,
Brigade commander
of the
1st Grenadier Division
. On 15 November 1811, he was promoted to
Adjutant General
.
[8]
On September 7, 1812, during the
Battle of Borodino
, he commanded the 1st Grenadier Division, replacing General
Nikolai Tuchkov
, who had been wounded, as commander of the 3rd Infantry Corps. On 30 October 1812, he was promoted to
Lieutenant General
.
[6]
As the head of the 3rd Infantry Corps, he took part in the
Battles of Tarutino
on 18 October 1812,
Maloyaroslavets
on 24 October 1812, and
Krasnoi
from the 15 to 18 November 1812. From the 16 to 19 October 1813, he participated in the so-called
Battle of the Nations
near
Leipzig
, for which he was awarded the
Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky
. He also led Russian troops during the assault on the
Stade
fortress near
Hamburg
.
[8]
In 1814, during a campaign in France, he commanded a Corps at the
Battle of Craonne
during the
War of the Sixth Coalition
. For this battle, on 23 April 1814, he was awarded the
Order of St. George
, 2nd Class. On 23 February 1814, during the
Battle of Craonne
, his 19-year-old son Count Alexandre Pavlovich Stroganov, was decapitated by a cannonball. Reportedly, after the tragedy, Count Stroganov plunged into deep melancholy and began to lose interest in life. For two days he searched the battlefield for the body of his son before returning to Russia with his body. Later, on 3 September 1814, he led the
2nd Guards Infantry Division
.
[8]
Later years and legacy
[
edit
]
In 1816, as his eldest son and male heir had died, and not wanting to split up the family estate between his four daughters, Count Stroganov and his wife, asked Emperor Alexander I to make their estate a
Majorat
. On 11 August 1817, two months after his death, an Imperial decree from the
Senate
, declared that all real estate of the late Count Stroganov in the
Perm
,
Nizhny Novgorod
and
Saint
forever passes in its entirety from one person into the possession of another.
[8]
After the death of her husband, the Stroganov lordship was ruled by his widow. In 1833, the Stroganovs' Majorate of Perm, which comprised 1,551,625 acres of land, on which there were 57,778 male serfs, and 67,312 female serfs, and "was divided into five districts:
Ilyinsky
(with an area of 397,638
dessiatines
), Novousolsky (331,548 dessiatines),
Ochersky
(361,142 dessiatines),
Invensky
(390,179 dessiatines), and Bilimbaevsky (71,118 dessiatines).
[18]
After the death of his widow in 1845, their eldest daughter Natalia Pavlovna inherited the Perm
primacy
, who issued a power of attorney to her husband
Sergei Grigoryevich Stroganov
to manage the primacy. For another daughter, Adelaida Pavlovna, a Majorat was established on the basis of the
Maryino Estate
, which passed into the
Golitsyn family
.
[8]
Personal life
[
edit
]
On 6 May 1793, Stroganov married Princess
Sophie Golitysn
at the
Brattsevo
Estate. Princess Golitysn was a daughter of Prince
Vladimir Borisovich Golitsyn
and his wife Countess
Natalya Chernyshyova
.
[19]
Together, they had five children, one son and four daughters:
- Alexandre Pavlovitch Stroganov (1794?1814), who was killed at the
Battle of Craonne
during the
War of the Sixth Coalition
.
[8]
- Natalia Pavlovna Stroganova (1796?1872), sole heir to the Stroganov estates; she married her cousin Count
Sergei Grigoryevich Stroganov
(1794?1882) in 1818.
[20]
- Adelaida Pavlovna Stroganova (1799?1882), who inherited
Maryino Estate
from her mother in 1845; she married Prince Vassili Sergueievitch
Golitsyn
(1794?1836) in 1821.
[21]
- Elizaveta Pavlovna Stroganova (1802?1863), who married Prince Ivan Dmitrievitch
Saltykov
(1797?1832).
[22]
- Olga Pavlovna Stroganova (1808?1837), who married Count Pavel Karlovitch
Fersen
(1800?1884).
[22]
Count Stroganov died of
consumption
on 22 June 1817 while on a ship on his way to
Copenhagen
. His remains were returned to Russia and he was buried at
Lazarevskoe Cemetery
in St. Petersburg.
[8]
In popular culture
[
edit
]
According to the cookbook,
A Taste of Russia
, the original
Beef Stroganoff
recipe derived from a basic
French mustard
for seasoning
beef
, combined with a dollop of Russian
sour cream
, and named after Count Stroganov by his chef.
[23]
References
[
edit
]
- Notes
- ^
With
Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov
, his mother had four more children: Varvara, Vladimir, Vassily and Sophia, who were given the surname Ladomirsky (the name of an extinct Polish noble family), and were ennobled by an Imperial
ukase
in 1798.
[3]
His half-sister, Varvara, married Ivan Dimitrievitch Narishkin, and was the grandmother of Prince Nikolai Borisovich Yusupov (1827?1891) and great-grandmother of Princess
Zinaida Yusupova
(1861?1939).
- Sources
- ^
"Count Pavel Stroganov"
.
www.rusartnet.com
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
- ^
Berlin, Isaiah (9 February 2004).
The Soviet Mind: Russian Culture under Communism
.
Rowman & Littlefield
. p. 220.
ISBN
978-0-8157-9633-6
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
- ^
"Elisabeth Louise Vigee Le Brun | Varvara Ivanovna Ladomirskaya"
.
www.metmuseum.org
.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
- ^
Gilbert Romme (1750-1795) et son temps
(in French). Presses Univ Blaise Pascal. 1966. p. 77.
ISBN
978-2-87741-000-7
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
- ^
Helm, W. H. (13 March 2018).
Elisabeth Louise Vigee-Lebrun
. Parkstone International. p. 331.
ISBN
978-1-68325-608-3
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Mikaberidze, Alexander (2005).
Russian Officer Corps of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
. Savas Beatie.
ISBN
9781611210026
.
- ^
Palmer, R. R. (1 June 2014).
The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800 - Updated Edition
.
Princeton University Press
. p. 479.
ISBN
978-0-691-16128-0
. Retrieved
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2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Russia), Nikola? Mikha?lovich (Grand Duke of (1905).
Le Comte Paul Stroganov
(in French). Imprimerie nationale. p. 158
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
- ^
a
b
Roudinesco, Elisabeth (17 October 1992).
Madness and Revolution
. Verso. p. 284.
ISBN
978-0-86091-597-3
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
- ^
Bartlett, Roger (29 September 2022).
The Bentham Brothers and Russia: The Imperial Russian Constitution and the St Petersburg Panopticon
.
UCL Press
. p. 26.
ISBN
978-1-80008-237-3
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
- ^
Cheneviere, Antoine (2001).
Russian Furniture: The Golden Age, 1780-1840
. Antique Collectors' Club. p. 148.
ISBN
978-1-85149-355-5
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
- ^
Solovyov, Sergei Mikhailovich
(1976).
History of Russia: Catherine the Great in power: domestic and foreign affairs, 1763-1764
. Academic International Press.
ISBN
978-0-87569-066-7
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
- ^
Daly, Jonathan (24 September 2018).
Pillars of the Profession: The Correspondence of Richard Pipes and Marc Raeff
. BRILL. p. 113.
ISBN
978-90-04-37250-4
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
- ^
Cate, Curtis (1985).
The War of the Two Emperors: The Duel Between Napoleon and Alexander -- Russia, 1812
. Random House.
ISBN
978-0-394-53670-5
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
- ^
Tolstoy, Leo (5 October 2011).
War and Peace: Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky
. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 1262.
ISBN
978-0-307-80658-1
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
- ^
Madison, James (2021).
The Papers of James Madison: 1 June 1806-31 October 1806
.
University of Virginia Press
.
ISBN
978-0-8139-4612-2
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
- ^
"Pavel Aleksandrovich, Count Stroganov | Russian statesman"
.
www.britannica.com
.
Britannica
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
- ^
Hamilton, George Heard (1 January 1983).
The Art and Architecture of Russia
.
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. p. 478.
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.
- ^
Wieczynski, Joseph L. (1976).
The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History
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.
- ^
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Letters to Martin Van Buren: An edition of John Van Buren's 'Travel journal for a trip to Europe, 1838-1839'
. Routledge. p. 79.
ISBN
978-1-000-59584-0
. Retrieved
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2023
.
- ^
Offord, Derek (29 June 2015).
French and Russian in Imperial Russia: Language Use among the Russian Elite
.
Edinburgh University Press
. p. 64.
ISBN
978-0-7486-9552-2
. Retrieved
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2023
.
- ^
a
b
Galitzine, Christine Howard (2002).
The Princes Galitzine: Before 1917-- and Afterwards
. Galitzine Books. p. 193
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
- ^
Lew, Mike (16 January 2014).
"Beef Stroganoff Is Named for Who Exactly?"
.
Bon Appetit
. Retrieved
6 April
2023
.
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