Italian neofascist militant organization
The
Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari
(English:
"
Armed Revolutionary Nuclei
"
), abbreviated
NAR
, was an
Italian
terrorist
neo-fascist
militant
organization active during the
Years of Lead
from 1977 to November 1981. It committed over 100 murders in four years, and had planned to assassinate the politicians
Francesco Cossiga
,
Gianfranco Fini
and
Adolfo Urso
. The group maintained close links with the
Banda della Magliana
, a Rome-based criminal organization, which provided such logistical support as lodging, false papers, weapons, and bombs to the NAR. In November 1981, it was discovered that the NAR hid weapons in the basements of the Health Ministry. The first trial against them sentenced 53 people in May 1985 on charges of terrorist activities.
[2]
[3]
Ideology
[
edit
]
The late seventies were a time of political violence in the form of bombings, assassinations, and street warfare between rival militant factions. Young neo-fascists saw the state-sanctioned far-right political party
MSI
as betraying them, through inaction in the face of attacks by political opponents and the police such as the
Acca Larentia killings
.
[4]
Influenced by leftist movements, a large group of far-right youths, including Fioravanti and his close associates, moved from street-fighting to terrorism. Unlike their left-wing counterparts, they emphasised personal qualities like spontaneity and willingness to fight, even in a lost cause, over political objectives.
[2]
Fioravanti has said, "About defeat we never cared, we are a generation of losers, always on the side of the defeated."
[5]
Members
[
edit
]
The NAR were directed by former
RAI
child actor
,
Valerio Fioravanti
, his brother
Cristiano Fioravanti
,
Dario Pedretti
,
Francesca Mambro
and
Alessandro Alibrandi
, who were previous militants of the
Italian Social Movement
(MSI).
[6]
Other important members included:
Luigi Ciavardini
,
Gilberto Cavallini
,
Stefano Soderini
,
Franco Anselmi
,
Giorgio Vale
,
Massimo Carminati
,
Claudio Bracci
,
Stefano Bracci
,
Mario Corsi
a.k.a. "Marione" (
Big Mario
),
Stefano Tiraboschi
,
Lino Lai
,
Paolo Pizzonia
,
Patrizio Trochei
,
Walter Sordi
,
Marco Mario Massimi
,
Pasquale Belsito
,
Fiorenzo Trincanato
,
Andrea Vian
.
[
citation needed
]
In 1980, NAR member
Giorgio Vale
became the leader of
Terza Posizione
, which was used as a front for the NAR.
[
citation needed
]
Actions
[
edit
]
1980 Bologna massacre
[
edit
]
The
1980 bombing of the Bologna main train station
, which killed 85 people, was part of the
strategy of tension
and intended to cast blame on militant leftist groups. NAR members
Valerio Fioravanti
and
Francesca Mambro
were convicted of the bombing.
[7]
Weapons cache in the Health Ministry
[
edit
]
On 25 November 1981, Italian authorities discovered a weapons cache in the basements of the Health Ministry. According to the
Banda della Magliana
pentito
,
Maurizio Abbatino
, NAR member
Massimo Carminati
was the only one who could freely access the weapons cache. Massimo Carminati not only held close links with the
Banda della Magliana
, but also with
SISMI
secret agents, in particular General
Pietro Musumeci
and Colonel
Giuseppe Belmonte
, a member of the
Propaganda Due
Masonic lodge.
[
citation needed
]
Assassinations
[
edit
]
On 23 June 1980, NAR members
Gilberto Cavallini
[
it
]
and
Luigi Ciavardini
[
it
]
(who was later sentenced to a 30-year prison term in 2007 for his role in the 1980 Bologna bombings)
[8]
assassinated magistrate
Mario Amato
. Amato had been made responsible for investigations into the
radical right in Italy
after the assassination of judge
Vittorio Occorsio
[
it
]
on 10 July 1976 (Occorsio was shot by
Pierluigi Concutelli
, leader of the armed groups of the
Ordine Nuovo
). The two NAR members were also responsible for the earlier slaying of
Francesco Evangelista
on 28 May 1980.
[9]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Colombo, Andrea (2007).
Storia Nera
. Cairo.
ISBN
978-88-6052-091-3
.
- ^
a
b
Zanarini, Manuel (10 June 2008).
"NAR: lo spontaneismo armato neofascista"
.
Arianna Editrice
(in Italian)
. Retrieved
10 October
2019
.
- ^
"Fioravanti e lo spontaneismo armato dei NAR"
.
Corriere della Sera
(in Italian). 3 August 2009
. Retrieved
10 October
2019
.
- ^
Minnucci, Marzia (2014).
"A destra del MSI: evoluzione armata della destra radicale"
(PDF)
.
LuissThesis
.
School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton
: 3
. Retrieved
10 October
2019
.
- ^
Ferraresi, Franco (1996).
Threats to Democracy: The Radical Right in Italy After the War
.
Princeton University Press
. p. 192.
doi
:
10.2307/2585728
.
ISBN
9781400815845
.
JSTOR
j.ctt7sspj
.
- ^
NAR: “spostati” o figli (il)legittimi del Movimento Sociale Italiano? Una replica da lontano al Fatto Quotidiano
,
Fascinazione
, December 08, 2014
(in Italian)
- ^
Tassinari, 2008, p. 626
- ^
"Strage di Bologna, 30 anni a Ciavardini - Cassazione conferma la condanna all'ex Nar"
.
La Repubblica
(in Italian).
Gruppo Editoriale L’Espresso Spa
. 11 April 2007
. Retrieved
10 October
2019
.
- ^
"Arrestato l'estremista nero Ciavardini per una rapina a mano armata"
.
La Repubblica
(in Italian).
Gruppo Editoriale L’Espresso Spa
. 10 October 2006
. Retrieved
10 October
2019
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
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