Lithuanian veterinarian, agronomist, sociologist, archeologist and zoologist
Konradas Juozas Aleksa
(19 February 1881 ? 6 November 1956) was a Lithuanian
veterinarian
,
agronomist
,
sociologist
,
archeologist
, and
zoologist
. He is best known as a professor of the
Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy
and one of the creators of the
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences
Veterinary Academy. Aleksa introduced veterinary to Lithuania and was Lithuania's first proponent of
eugenics
.
[1]
[2]
Biography
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]
Early life
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]
Konradas Juozas Aleksa was born on 19 February 1881 in the village of
Obelupiai
in
Congress Poland
of the
Russian Empire
. His brothers were
Zigmas Angarietis
(later a Communist revolutionary) and
Jonas Pranas Aleksa
(an agronomist). Aleksa collected Lithuanian folklore and folk songs in his youth, which would be lost during
World War I
. In 1899 Aleksa graduated from the
Marijampol? Gymnasium
,
[3]
and then traveled to
Warsaw
to study at the
Warsaw Institute of Veterinary Medicine
. On 1 May 1901 he participated in an anti-Tsarist demonstration in
Warsaw
, where he was injured and arrested. In 1903 he graduated from the Warsaw Institute of Veterinary Medicine, where he continued working. He also practiced veterinary at
?akiai
,
Kalvarija
, and
Balaklava
. Until the beginning of the First World War, he collected scientific knowledge and wrote in the press.
[4]
Conscription in Russian armies
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]
Aleksa joined the
Russian Imperial Army
and fought in the
Russo-Japanese War
from 1904 to 1905. As a person with a medical background, Aleksa served as a medic during the First World War. Aleksa was elected as a regimental delegate to the Russian Army Congress to represent non-Russian people, i.e. people from the occupied territories. Aleksa was elected senior veterinarian in the city of
Daugavpils
(Dvinsk), but his regiment soon deserted the Russian army, which at that time was in complete disarray. Aleksa traveled back to famine-ridden Balaklava, where his family lived at the time. Aleksa later got a job as a clerk in the city municipality's office to financially provide for his exhausted family and recover. Aleksa was soon mobilized into Lieutenant General
Anton Denikin
's army, being discharged only when he fell seriously ill. After recovering, he worked in the Balaklava city cooperative. However, Aleksa was then mobilized for a second time under General
Pyotr Wrangel
. After Wrangel's forces ultimately lost against the
Bolshevik
forces, Aleksa became a
prisoner of war
.
[3]
In 1920 he was imprisoned by the new Russian government and tried by the
NKVD troika
. It is said that Aleksas's defense speech in court saved his life; Aleksa claimed that representatives of peoples enslaved by the Russian Tsar could not be volunteers in the White Army, and so consequently Aleksa ended up in it against his will. After Aleksa's speech, him and one Latvian were acquitted, while the others were shot.
[5]
In 1922 he got a job in
Kharkov
in the Lithuanian embassy. After he formed an echelon of Lithuanian war exiles in
Crimea
, he arrived in Lithuania in the summer of 1922.
[4]
He and his wife Marija Aleksien?
nee
Ko?anevska adopted two children.
Professor in Lithuania
[
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]
From 1922 to 1924 Aleksa lectured at the
Dotnuva
School of Agriculture, and the
Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy
from 1924 to 1938. From 1926 to 1927 and from 1928 to 1936 he was a
prorector
. In 1923 Aleksa became one of the creators of the Lithuanian Veterinary Doctor Academy, being its chairman for a few years. From 1932 to 1938 Aleksa was a permanent representative of Lithuania at the
Office International des Epizooties
in
Paris
. Aleksa was made professor in 1927. In 1928 he was awarded the
Order of the Grand Duke Gediminas
, 3rd degree.
[6]
Aleksa was the first to do sociological research on women living in urban villages, publishing the book
Lietuvos moteris sodiet?
in 1932 with his own funds, distributing copies for free.
[4]
[5]
In 1930 he opened a new Household Section in the Agriculture Academy, where female household agronomists were trained. Aleksa was one of the main creators of the
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences
Veterinary Academy, being its lecturer from 1938 to 1940. Aleksa was a co-author of a book on veterinary published in 1936 in
Toulouse
. Aleksa was the first to write on the history of veterinary in Lithuania and do research on coprology. Aleksa was also one of the first to create Lithuanian names for veterinary terms and to study
zoopsychology
. As an archeologist, Aleksa was the first to study horse skeletons in mass graves in Lithuania. Aleksa contributed to numerous publications such as
Karys
,
Gamta
,
Lietuvos ?inios
, and
Naujoji Romuva
. From 1931 to 1944 he wrote articles for the
Lietuvi?koji enciklopedija
[
lt
]
(
Lithuanian Encyclopedia
), the first Lithuanian encyclopedia.
[4]
[5]
Later years
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During the Nazi occupation of Lithuania, Aleksa declined a more career-prospective position, which in turn would please the local Nazi government, and as such was prohibited from living and working in
Kaunas
. From 1941 to 1944 he was the head of the
Vilnius District
's veterinary hospital. He was also the head of the Department of Special Zootechnics, being made an honorary doctor in 1941 and its prorector from 1944 until 1946. From 1944 to 1956 Aleksa again was made lecturer of the Veterinary Academy. Aleksa wrote for the underground Lithuanian press, and during Soviet occupation secretly lectured students on
genetics
, which was prohibited at the time. For his illegal lectures, private property and recognition of Western scientists, Aleksa was regularly criticized and persecuted by the Soviet government.
[4]
[5]
He died on 6 November 1956. He was buried in the
Eiguliai
Cemetery in Kaunas.
[5]
References
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]